Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES
BASED ON REIFORCEMENT AND
RESIN PROPERTIES
1.3 Material Properties

Suitable polyster resin is used for making the FRP components the estimated
properties of the resin and glass reinforcement in various forms are:
Heat distorsion temperaure(470-300)

THDT 98.9

Young's modulus of resin

Er 3600

Rupture strain of the matrix resin

Poissons ratio for resin

r 0.038
r 0.35

Specific gravity of the resin

r 1.2

Poissons ratio for glass

g 0.22

Young's modulus of glass

Specific gravity of glass

Estimated specific gravity of FRP material

Density of WR

Density of CSM

Density of Unidirectional WR
Density of (+/-) 45o mat
Thickness of gel coat

oC

MPa

Eg 77500 MPa

g 2.68

FRP 1.6
mwr 0.6

mcsm 0.45
mudl 0.6
m45 0.6
tgel 0.8

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

2. PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FRP LAMINATE

The minimum values of glass material in various forms, such as, chopped
strand mat (CSM), woven rovings (WR) and unidirectional woven (or
otherwise) rovings (UWR) for their surface mass desities (i.e. for kg/m2) are
given in Table 3 of EN 13121-3. An earlier version of it in the draft standard is
reproduced below.

2.1 Thickness of the Laminate

The thickness of the lamina per kg of the glass reinforcement per sq. meter is
given as
ti mg

100 mg
mg r

where m g is the reinforcement content by % mass and r is the resin specific gravity.
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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

Assuming 35% glass content by weight for CSM and 45% for WR, for
"Hand-Lay-Up" process are respectively, the nominal thicknesses for 0.300 and
0.450 kg/m2 of CSM and 0.610 kg/m2 of WR are:
tcsm0.3 0.3 ti ( 35)

tcsm0.3 0.576

mm

twr0.60 0.60 ti ( 50)

twr0.60 0.724

mm

tcsm0.45 0.45 ti ( 35)

tcsm0.45 0.864

mm

For the pultrusion process with higher glass content the same values are:
tcsm0.3p 0.3 ti ( 65)

tcsm0.3p 0.247

mm

twr0.61p 0.61 ti ( 75)

twr0.61p 0.397

mm

tcsm0.45p 0.45 ti ( 75)

t45p m45 ti ( 75)

tcsm0.45p 0.293

2.1.1 Volume Frac ons

t45p 0.391

mm
mm

The glass content of often required as a volume fraction of glass to compute the
mechanical properties of composite lamiante. The volume fractiion of glass is
given by
Vg mgper

mgper r

100 g mgper g r

where mgper is the mass content of glass in percent.

2.2 Allowable Design Strains

The allowable design strain can be worked out from different considerations and
the lowest value has to be chosen as the allowable value.
Assuming the factor of safety for this kind of item as
K 6

(For chemical vessels this value is around 10)

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

1. The allowable strain from the resin properties:

ar 0.1 r

ar 3.8 10

2. Allowable strain from the lamina properties from Table 3

For CSM

200
14000 K

csm

For bidirectional WR

wr

csm 2.381 10

250
16000 K

wr 2.604 10

For Unidirectional WR along the length

uwrL

500
28000 K

uwrL 2.976 10

uwrN

60
4000 K

uwrN 2.5 10

For Unidirectional WR normal to the fibres,

For (+/-) 45o laminate one can a strain such that its resolved component normal
to the fibres does not exceed the value above.

45 2 uwrN
For pure shear considering the normal strain limit of the (+/-) 45o laminate, the
allowable shear strain is also,

d 2 uwrN

Since the laminate construction is going to be a combination of above types

of laminates the design strain is to taken as the minimum of the above
values:

d min ar csm uwrL uwrN 45

d 2.381 10

The allowable strain for only WR-CSM hand lay-up laminate is

dhl min ar csm wr

Hence the normal strain value of

is satisfactory.

dhl 2.381 10

d 2.381 10

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

Shear strain limited by across fibre strain is

3

d 2 uwrN

d 5 10

However, considering combined loading it can also be limited to

d d

2.3 Allowable Design Loading

2.3.1 Extensibility of Dierent Type of Reinforcements

The extensibility for each type of reiforcement per/kg of mass is given in the
table above.
However, the value for (+/-) 45o are not given. These values for per kg of mass
have to be derived from 'micro-mechanics' of composites. (Ref:Vinson &
Sierakowsky)
Shear modulus of glass

Gg

Shear modulus of the resin

Gr

Parameters

Gr

Gg

Eg

Er

Pr

1
Gr

2 1 g
2 1 r

Pg

Pr 1 Vg mgper Pg Vg mgper
P mgper
Vg mgper 1 Vg mgper

1
Gg

The shear modulus for unidirectional layer of mgper percent of glass by mass is:
G12 mgper

1
P mgper

The Poisson's ratio of unidirectional laminate is:

12 mgper g Vg mgper r 1 Vg mgper

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

Hence, the tensile extensibility of (+/-) 45o laminate for one kg/sq.m of glass
would be
Q11 mgper
Q12 mgper

28000

1 12 mgper

Q22 mgper

4000 12 mgper
1 12 mgper

4000

1 12 mgper

The extensibily for tensile load

X45 mgper Q11 mgper 2 Q12 mgper 2 G12 mgper
Q m
22 gper

4
1

Shear Extensibilities
The shear extensibily of (+/-) 45o laminate of (+/-) 45o laminate would be
X45sh mgper

2
1

Q11 mgper Q22 mgper 2 Q12 mgper

2

G12 mgper ( 0)

Shear extensibility of CSM

Xcsmsh

14000
2 ( 1 0.3)

being pseudo-isotropic
Shear extensibility of UDL
Shear extensibility of WR

Xudlsh mgper G12 mgper

Xwrsh mgper G12 mgper

These are all estimated values.

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

2.3.2 Extensibility of the Combined Laminates

The extensibility of the laminates for different type of construction in terms

of the mass of reinforcement is given as follows. For a combined
unidirectional, hoop filament winding and CSM laminate the extensibility
along 1-1 direction is
Xlam1 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 mgper 28000 nudl1 mudl
4000 nudl2 mudl
14000 ncsm mcsm
16000 nwr mwr
X45 mgper m45 n45

Extensibility in the 2-2 direction(perpendicular to earlier direction) with

UD,WR and CSM combination is
Xlam2 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 mgper 4000 nudl1 mudl
28000 nudl2 mudl
14000 ncsm mcsm
16000 nwr mwr
X45 mgper m45 n45
Xlam2 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 mgper 28000 nudl2 mudl
4000 nudl1 mudl
14000 ncsm mcsm
16000 nwr mwr
X45 mgper m45 n45
The extensibility of the laminate in shear is

Xlam12 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 mgper X45sh mgper m45 n45
Xudlsh mgper mudl nudl1
Xudlsh mgper mudl nudl2
Xwrsh mgper mwr nwr
Xcsmsh mcsm ncsm

mudl here includes udl-reinforcement in both 1-1 and 2-2 directions.

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

2.3.3 Nominal Thickness of the Laminate

The nominal thickness of the laminate for same content glass, depends on the
process of fabrication. It is much lower where compaction occurs.
The nominal thickness of a laminate made by Hand-lay-up process is:
tnomHL nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 ncsm mcsm ti ( 35)
nwr mwr ti ( 50)
nudl1 mudl ti ( 50)
nudl2 mudl ti ( 50)
n45 m45 ti ( 50)

The nominal thickness for pultruded laminate would be

tnompl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 ncsm mcsm ti ( 60)
nwr mwr ti ( 60)
nudl1 mudl ti ( 60)
nudl2 mudl ti ( 60)
n45 m45 ti ( 60)

2.3.4 Elas c Contas of Laminates

For Hand-Lay-Up

The Young's modulus of the Hand-lay-up laminate in 1-1 direction is

E11hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

tnomcsm450 ncsm ncsm mcsm ti ( 35)

E11csm450

Xlam1 ( 0 0 1 0 0 45)
tnomcsm450 ( 1)

Xlam1 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 45

tnomHL nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

E11csm450 7.289 10

12 ( 35) 0.325

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

tnomwr600 nwr nwr mwr ti ( 50)

E11wr600

Xlam1 ( 0 0 0 1 0 45)

E11wr600 1.326 10

tnomwr600 ( 1)

12 ( 50) 0.31
In 2-2 direction

E22hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

G12hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

Xlam2 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 45

tnomHL nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

Xlam12 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 45

tnomHL nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

G12csm G12hl ( 0 0 1 0 0)

G12csm 2.803 10

G12wr G12hl ( 0 0 0 1 0)

G12wr 3.743 10

For Unidirectionally Reinforced Sections

The Young's modulus of the Pultruded sections in 1-1 direction is

E11pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45
E11ud E11pl ( 1 0 0 0 0)
In 2-2 direction

E22pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

Xlam1 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 60

tnompl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

E11ud 3.015 10

Xlam2 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 60

tnompl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45
3

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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

E22ud E22pl ( 1 0 0 0 0)

E22ud 4.307 10

The shear modulus of the pultruded sections is:

G12pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45
G12ud G12pl ( 1 0 0 0 0)

Xlam12 nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 60

tnompl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

G12ud 6.327 10

12 ( 60) 0.298

2.3.5 Allowable Tensile Loading

The allowable design unit loading in tension for a type of reinforcement is:

Ui Xi d d Xi

where Xi is the unit tensile modulus for that type of reinforcement.

Hand-Lay-Up

The allowable stress in the lengthwise 1-1 direction for HL laminate, based on
limiting strain is:

11hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 d E11hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

In 2-2 direction

22hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 d E22hl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

Pultruded Sections

Allowable lengthwise (1-1) stress for pultruded sections is:

11pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 d E11pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45
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Prof S C Lakkad

23-09-2016

The allowable shear stress is

12pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45 d G12pl nudl1 nudl2 ncsm nwr n45

Note:
The glass content of the CSM is taken as 35%, of Woven Roving as 45% for
handlay-up process. The Values for pultrusion are taken as 75%. These values can
be changed in the functions.

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