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Roxas (1946-1948)
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Since the country was severely tarnished by the war, the economy was struggling
because of low output growth and high unemployment rates. Production became
low because farms and factories were ruined. Production of rice, sugar, coconuts,
abaca, coconut oil, cigars, tobacco, gold and chrome, and manganese and lumber
was put to a halt because of the destruction of manufacturing facilities. Because
businesses were closing, there were no more jobs available for people.
Unemployment rates were rising at a fast pace. Education also severely weakened.
School buildings were destroyed and instruments to teach children were obliterated.
In the government sector, there were too many interference by the American
government. Policies done by Roxas were highly influenced by US officials. These
policies mostly benefited the welfare of their country. Because of the existing
Western influences allowed by the former president, the HUKBALAHAP movement
still created immense riot and commotion in the country.
He believes that the foundation stone of national rehabilitation can be achieved by:
Feeding the hungry, healing the sick, caring for widows and orphans, waging war
against inflation and unemployment (by increasing higher wages and production).
Besides asking help from the International Monetary and Rehabilitation Bank, United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration for financial aid, he wants
assistance from America. He believes that the United States is the source of most
finances of all these organizations.
A new tenacy law will take effect and usury will be halted. Lands will be purchased
by the Government and resold to tenants; new agricultural areas will be opened to
settlement and modern method of agriculture will be taught. It is his aim to raise
the status of the farm worker, to increase his earnings, to spread wide the benefits
of modern technology. (Roxas, 1946)
Roxas supported the acceptance of two important laws passed by the Congress of
the United States to the Philippines. These laws were The Philippine Rehabilitation
Act and the Philippine Trade Act (Bell trade act).
On August 5, 1946, the Treaty of General Relations was ratified between the
Philippines and the US. It recognized Philippine independence as of July 4, 1946 and
relinquished American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands. The establishment of
US bases was also included in this treaty. On March 14, 1947, the Treaty of General
Relations was signed.
On September 7, 1946, Manuel Roxas granted a General Amnesty to guerrillas who
were imprisoned during World War 2. On January 28, 1948, General Amnesty was
given to all those arrested for conniving with Japan. An earlier amnesty hindered
Roxas because of his fear that the Americans might stop rendering financial
assistance to the country.
On January 1, 1947 under the Bell Trade Act, the Parity Amendment was introduced.
It gave American citizens and corporations equal rights to Filipinos to utilize natural
resources and operate public utilities. On March 11, 1947, it was ratified in a
national plebiscite.
General Amnesty was beneficial for the people who were caught conniving with
Japan during World War II. Guerillas and people who served in key positions during
the Japanese occupation may be reinstated in the government like Jose P. Laurel
who was the president during the Japanese occupation.
The Bell trade act (the inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the constitution and the
signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement) was dominantly an advantage for the
American citizens and businesses. As mentioned, they were given equal rights as
Filipinos to exploit the countrys natural resources. There was a great interference
Graft and corruption did not stop in the government. Scandals such as the surplus
war property scandal, school supplies scandal and Chinese immigration scandals
emerged during his time.
The citizens felt that he surrendered the countrys freedom to the Americans
because of the revisions in the Philippine constitution. The new law gave parity
rights to the Americans in exchange for rehabilitation money to fix the country.
People were aggravated because most of his policies were dictated by General Mac
Arthur and Commissioner Paul McNutt.
People were infuriated at Roxas to the point that there were plans of assassinating
him. Fortunately for the former president, he escaped an attempted murder by a
Tondo barber, Julio Guillen, who threw a grenade on the platform at Plaza Miranda
after the President addressed the rally of citizens.
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
When Manuel Roxas started his term as the first president of the third republic, he
was left with the post-war state of Philippines. Production decreased, education
diminished, unemployment rate increased, interference from America heightened,
and the HUKBALAHAP movement intensified. Since this was the state of the country,
his inauguration speech centralized on the rehabilitation of the country. In exchange
for 800 million dollars of rehabilitation money, the Bell Trade Act or the Philippine
Trade Act was signed. Along with that policy, others like the General Amnesty and
Military Bases Agreement was implemented. Most policies were manipulated by
American government officials who made the policies more beneficial to the
American citizens. Issues like the Bell Trade Act were highly criticized by people
because it allowed Americans to exploit the Philippines natural resources. The
countrymen felt bought because that right should have been exclusive to Filipino
citizens. The Military Bases Agreement further angered the people because it
allowed the American military to have their leased bases in the Philippines till year
2045. Roxas had a hard time managing people who did not agree with his policies.
People attempted to murder him, but fortunately for him, he was able to escape
death.
If I were to give him a grade, I would give him a 1. I only gave him passing mark
because although he was able to obtain rehabilitation money to repair the country,
the welfare and the nationalism of the country and the countrymen were
jeopardized. He was highly influenced by the American government and failed to
see the consequences of agreements he made (like the Bell Trade Act). He allowed
the exploitation of resources and the establishment of military bases until 2045
which is highly absurd. Behind his great caliber is a puppet controlled by the
American government. He depended too much on the aid of the United States.
Ulterior motives involving policies were grave during his administration.
After the war, Quirino was elected vice-president in 1946 election, consequently the
second and last for the Commonwealth and first for the third republic. After the
death of the incumbent president Manuel Roxas in 1948, he succeeded the
presidency. In what was claimed to be a dishonest and fraudulent 1949 presidential
election, he won the presidents office under Liberal Party ticket, defeating
Nacionalista vie and former president Jos P. Laurel as well as fellow Liberalista and
former senate president Jos Avelino.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Poverty was present specifically by the starvation problems of the people in the
Mountain Province. Wages of people cannot compensate with the expenses of th
people and the prices of the products due to inflation. Famrlands were also
disturbed by locusts and plagues of rats which render crops and was useless for the
farmers. Housing was a huge problem since the war destroyed several sites in the
rural areas which cannot be renovated for future use. Unemployment was also
evident because the Americans were gradually decreasing their business in the
Philippines.
faith and confidence of the people in the government body of the Philippines. To do
this, he revived former president Quezons fireside chats which updated the
people about the government via live radio broadcast from the Malacanang palace.
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
When Quirinos administration started, postwar reconstruction was still undergoing
and the HUKS were still creating riot in the country. The economy was fluctuating
because of the rise in the unemployment rate and inflation; and problems regarding
housing, education, poverty and farmland intensified. To solve the problems in the
country, he promised to repair the existing system. He also plans to control the
prices and make producers consumers too. PACSA, ACCFA, Labor Management
Advisory Board, Rural Banks, Fireside chats, and HUKBALAHAP amnesty were the
programs/policies he established during his administration. Unfortunate families,
farmers, his administration, HUKBALAHAP members, and the general public were
benefited from this. Problems like the uprising of the HUKS still resumed during his
time despite the amnesty. He was also not able to remedy the problems of the
masses. Controversies like cheating in the elections and using government money
to purchase a Golden Orinola made the people despise his administration.
The flow of imports had greatly increased making the Philippines heavily dependent
of imported products. Imports coming from the United States were also allowed to
enter the country without tariffs, the Philippines also promised not to change its
exchange rate from $1 is to P2.
The condition of the Philippines before the administration of Garcia was the
Philippines is just recovering from the after effects of World War 2, with this the
Philippines experienced several economic challenges.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
The main problem that was facing the Garcia administration was the current
economic situation during that time. Corruption was also prevalent in the country
since he had just inherited the Magsaysay administration. Several cases of
corruption were found within the government offices during his administration.
The imports that were coming in the country greatly outnumbered the exports that
we were shipping out of the country, making the Philippines highly dependent on
foreign products that required dollars to purchase.
reorienting our national economic policies toward doing first things first
must first produce here, by and for ourselves, enough to provide for the
fundamental needs of life food, shelter and clothing
step up the tempo of establishing the agricultural industries to utilize with the
least delay the abundant natural resources
The Government will continue its low-cost housing projects and its land
redistribution and resettlement program
BohlenSerrano Agreement
The Bohlen-Serrano Agreement was the law that shortened the original 99 year
lease of US bases here in the Philippines to 25 years, the agreement was renewable
for periods only up to 5 years.
Austerity Program
The Austerity Program was implemented by Garcia in order to curt the rampant
graft and corruption within the country. The program centered on wise spending,
industry, thrift, trustworthiness, integrity and honesty. He also urged people to avoid
luxury items and to live a simple life and reminded government officials and
employees corruption destroys the peoples trust in the government.
Austerity Program
The austerity program benefited the common Filipino and the Garcia administration,
because of the implementation of this program the government was able to regain
some of the trust that they lost due to the rampant corruption in the country. While
the Filipinos were able to once again trust the government.
Austerity Program
Even though the Austerity Program was launched in order to help eliminate the
corruption within the government. The result was very unsuccessful since the
problem carried over to the next administration.
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
The focus of the Garcia administration focused on economic independence from
foreign interest. Garcia wanted the Philippines to be an industrialized, self
sustaining country that would not have to heavily rely on the products of foreign
companies.
Garcia also tried implanting his Austerity Program in hopes of eliminating corruption
in his administration all the while bolstering moral fiber to the government leaders
and employees.
At the end of his term Garcia was criticized for his lack of program for the Filipino
common man which was the focus of the next president Macapagal that is why he
lost the election to him.
We gave President Carlos Garcia a 3.5 because we believe that he was able to
accomplish something most of the presidents failed to do. He helped the Philippines
rise from being a victim of war to a self-sustaining country that was considered one
of the richest countries during his time.
During his administration the Philippines was one of the innovators of South East
Asia. He promoted the reliance of our own product and at the same time promoted
our products in the global competition. He also had the Austerity Program even
though it failed. It still showed how much he really wanted to improve the lives of
the Filipinos.
Continues to undergo the economic controls that had been in operation since 1948
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Unemployment
Foreigners could now buy and control more local businesses easily because of the
exchange rate. They were richer than the Philippines.
Garcia appointed 350 people into certain positions before he stepped down as
president (A few hours before) Most controversial position was the central bank
governor. This act was against the Saligang Batas; However, the supreme court still
had the final authority/say.
He declared that he would be the president of both the rich and the poor. He
promises to erase that line between the wealthy and the unfortunate. Mostly by
elevating the poors status to have a more copious life.
I shall be president not only of the rich but more so of the poor. We must help
bridge the wide gap between the poor man and the man of wealth, not by pulling
down the rich to his level as Communism desires, but by raising the poor towards
the more abundant life.
Dismissed Corruption in the government when the official couldnt justify his sudden
acquisition of wealth.
Macapagal wasnt able to effectively maximize the programs for the people to
alleviate poverty
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
Diosdado Macapagal was chosen by the people of the Philippines to be their
president in 1961 and his term ended in 1965. Considered to be incorruptible by
most during the time, he may have served as an inspiration to his people. Thats
why he included the need for the country to have a good grasp of good morals and
ethics. He also wanted to end corruption, poverty, homelessness, and other various
problems that plagued the common man. During his entire term however, none of
what he promised or wanted was really achieved. This makes him look quite bad as
a leader of the country contrary to what he was supposed to be seen as. Hes the
type of person whos more on talk rather than action. The devaluation of the
Philippine Peso started during his term which makes him, in the eyes of some, the
root of a lot of todays problems in the country. Other than that, he returned free
trade and free enterprise to the country which crushed local goods and businesses
which continue to suffer up to today. When it came to his promises to the common
man, the farmers in particular, he was unable to keep his them during his term. He
was unable to give them the land they needed because aside from having no
specific time table as to when they were to receive the land, the government didnt
have the money to purchase the land from the hacienderos which was to be
distributed to the farmers in the first place. Basically, he made really good speeches
and the country didnt die when he was in power but he wasnt able to do
anything great that problems were removed. If common people today are asked
about what he did, the answer may be as extreme as Nothing! or funny as He
fathered a dwarf! Diosdado probably wasnt a bad man and may actually be
incorruptible despite the issues. Unfortunately, his term and his leadership are
now seen as either unproductive to the country or were the root causes the still
continuing fall of the Philippine economy today. That is why he is rated just high
enough to pass but not high enough to be considered a good president.
The Marcoses established good relations with world leaders, therefore bringing the
Philippines image to higher grounds. Foreign relations brought foreign investments
in and made the economy boom. During this time, the ratio of the peso to a dollar is
1:1. However, the economy took a downturn during his second term and the prices
of the market increased.
Corruption allegations against the government and peoples oppositions to the laws
and dictatorship of Marcos brought about uprisings and reformation movements
to oust the president (PP1)
The inflation rate was high and critics claim it was because of overspending the
1969 budget.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Unemployment
Destabilized Economy
Rampant Corruption in the Government and abuse of authority and power
Increased crime rates (before martial law) due to poverty
Diminish, prevent, and attack the problem of the government regarding
corruption
This nation can be great again. This I have said over and over. It is my articles of
faith, and Divine Providence has willed that you and I can now translate this faith
into deeds.
Decentralization Act
Investment Incentives Act of 1967
In his earlier term, good governance was present. However, upon entry of his wife,
Imelda, corruption started to surface.
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
During his first term Marcos focused on developing the countrys infrastructure,
economy and the agriculture industry. Marcos helped the Philippines reach
economic prosperity during the first few years of his terms, also putting up a lot of
schools; he put up more schools than all of the previous presidents combined.
The downfall of his administration came when Benigno Aquino was assassinated this
fueled even more activist to go into rallies to fight against his administration. In
1986 Marcos held a snap election in order to stop rumors that his government was
being overthrown. Ultimately he was driven out of the country with People Power.
Marcos aimed to establish the Philippines in the foreign context. He further built
foreign relations with world royalties and powers and he succeeded in this endeavor.
During his reign, he had hoped to establish the Philippine culture and make the
country known as a civilized society as opposed to what other first world nations
had thought of prior. He encouraged tourism, economic growth, foreign recognition,
and discipline, which he was able to attain during his first term. However a sharp
downfall came during his later years in the presidency. He declared martial law
which started a chaotic nation under his dictatorship and tyranny. Because of his
good start and accomplishments that we can say helped develop the good parts
of today; but, we cannot neglect the lack of leadership in the last few years of his
term and the unanswered questions regarding the controversies plus the
shortcomings of his presidency.