6-34 - U6-352 tension, compression, or radial deformation, including faring, resulting from pressure and differential thermal expansion, s haved ama factor af cafoty of at least fone Ifa tapered pipe thread is used, the requirements of Table UG-43 shall also be met. Seal welding may be used, if desired. (13) Sketch (}. C= 0.33 for circular plates having a dimension d not exceeding 18 in. (450 mm) inserted into the vessel as shown and atherwise meeting the require- ‘ments for the respective types of welded vessels. The tend of the vessel shall be crimped over at least 30 deg, ‘but not more than 45 deg. The crimping may be done cold only when this operation will not injure the metal. The throat of the weld shall be not less than the thickness of the flat head or shell, whichever is greater, (14) Sketch (5). C= 0.23 for circular heveled plates having a diameter d not exceeding 18 in, (450 mm), in- serted into a vessel, the end of which is crimped over at Teast 30 deg, but not more than 45 deg, and when the un- dercutting for seating leaves at least 80% of the shell thickness. The beveling shall be not less than 75% of the head thickness. The crimping shall be done when the entire circumference of the cylinder is uniformly heated to the proper forging temperature for the material used, For this construction, the ratio t,/d shall be not less than the ratio P/S nor less than 0.05. The maximum al- lowable pressure for this construction shall not exceed P = S/5d for Customary units (P = 1278 /d for SI units. This construction is not permissible if machined from rolled plate. UG-35.1 Dished Covers Requirements for design of dished heads with bolting flanges are given in 1-6, (UG-35.2 =e (0) Definitions (1) Quiekeretuating oF quick-opening clasures are those that permit substantially faster access to the con- tents space ofa pressure vessel than would be expected witha standard botted flange connection (bolting through one or both flanges). Closures with swing bolts are not considered quick-actuating (quick-opening) (2) Holding elements are parts ofthe closure used to hold the cover to the vessel, and/or to provide the load required to seal the closure. Hinge pins or bolts can be holding elements (3) Locking components are parts ofthe closure that prevent a reduction in the load on a holding element that provides the force required to seal the closure, or prevent the release of a holding element. Locking components may also be used as holding elements (4) The locking mechanism or locking device may consist of a combination of locking components 36 (5) The use of a multi-link component, such as a chain, asa holding element is not permitted. 2) General Design Requirements (1) Quick-actuating closures shall be designed such that the locking elements willbe engaged prior to or upon application of pressure and will not disengage until the pressure is released 2) Quick-actuating closures shall be designed such thatthe failure ofa single locking component while the vessel is pressurized (or contains a static head of liquid acting atthe closure) will no: a) cause or allow the closure to be opened or leaky or (C4) result in the failure of any other locking com- ponent or holding element; or (Ce) inerease the stress in any other locking com- ponent or holding element by more than 50% above the allowable stress ofthe component. (G3) Quick-actuating closures shall be designed and installed such that it may be determined by visual exter- nal observation that the holding elements are in saisfac- tory condition (4) Quick-actuating closures shall also be designed so that al locking components can be verified to be fully en- ‘gaged by visual observation or other means prior to the application of pressure to the vessel (6) When installed all vessels having quick actuating closures shall be provided with a pressure indicating de- vice visible from the operating area and suitable to detect pressure atthe closure (©) Specific Design Requirements (2) Quick-actuating closures that are held in position bby positive locking devices and that are fully released by Partial rotation or limited movement of the closure itself or the locking mechanism, and any closure that is other than manually operated, shall be so designed that when the vessel is installed the following conditions are met (Gee also Nonmandatory Appendix FF} (a) The closure and its holding elements are fully engaged in their intended operating position before pres- sure can be applied in the vessel (Cb) Pressure tending to force the closure open or discharge the vessel contents clear of the vessel shall be released before the closure can be fully opened for access. (Ce) In the event that compliance with (-2) and (-b) above is not inherent in the design of the closure and its holding elements, provisions shall be made so that devices to accomplish this can be added wien the vessel is installea _(2) The design rules of Mandatory Appendix 2 of this Division may not be applicable to design quick-actuating ‘or quick-opening closures; see 2-1(e). (3) The designer shall consider the effects of cyclic loading, other loadings (see UG-22) and mechanical wear fn the holding and locking components.(4) tis recognized that itis impractical to write re- quirements to cover the multiplicity of devices used for fniel acres, ar tn prevent negligent operatian ar the cir ‘cumventing of safety devices. Any device or devices that will provide the safeguards broadly described in (1)(-), (1)b), and (1)(-c) above will meet the intent of this Division, (@) Alternative Designs for Manually Operated Closures (2) Quick-aetwating closures that are held in position by a locking mechanism designed for manual operation shall be designed such that ifan attempt is made to open the closure when the vessel is under pressure, the closure ‘will leak prior to full disengagement of the locking com: ponents and release of the closure. The design of the clo- ssure and vessel shall be such that any leakage shall be direrted away fram the narmal pasition oF the aperatar (2) Manually operated closures need not satisfy (Ea), (ICO), oF (€)(1)0) above, but such clo- sures shall be equipped with an audible or visible warn- ing device that will warn the operator if pressure is applied to the vessel before the holding elements and locking components are fully engaged in their intended position or ifan attempt is made to disengage the locking ‘mechanism before the pressure within the vessel is released, | OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENTS”® UG-36 OPENINGS IN PRESSURE VESSELS (a) Shape of Opening *” (2 Openings in cylindrical or conical portions of ves: sels,or in formed heads, shall preferably be circular, ellip: cal, or obround.”* When the long dimension of an ‘llipseal or obround opening exceeds twice the shart di mensions, the reinforcement across the short dimensions shall be increased as necessary to provide against exces- sive distortion due to twisting moment. (2) Openings may be of other shapes than those gl ven in (1) above, and all corners shall be provided with 2 suitahle radius: When the apanings are of such prapar. tions that their strength cannot be computed with assur: ance of accuracy, or when doubt exists as to the safety of a vessel with such openings the part of the vessel affected shall be subjected to a proof hydrostatic test as pre- seribed in UG-101 (b) Size of Openings (2) Properly reinforced openings in cylindrical and conical shells are not limited ast size except with the fol lowing provisions for design. The rule in UG-36 through UG-43 apply to openings not exceeding the following: for a7 6-352 - 06-36 vessels 60 in. (1.500 mm) inside diameter and less, one- half the vessel diameter, but not to exceed 20 in. (600 mm); for vessels over Klin (150A mms) inside dine meter, one-third the vessel diameter, but not to exceed 401i, (1.000 mm). (For conical shells, the inside shel dia- meter as used above is the cone diameter at the center of, the opening) For openings exceeding these limits, supple- mental rules of 1-7 shall be satisfied in addition to the rules af this paragraph. Alternatively, openings in eylind- rical or conical shells exceeding these limits may be de- signed for internal pressure using the rules of 1-10 [see RICH (2) Properly reinforced openings in formed heads and spherical shells are not limited in size. For an opening inan end closure, which is larger than one-half the inside diameter ofthe shell, one of the following alternatives to reinforcement may also be used: (-a) a conical section as shown in Figure UG-36 sketch (a); (2) a cone with a knuckle radius atthe large end as shown in Figure UG-36 sketch (b; (-e) a reverse curve seetion as shown in Figure UG-36 sketches (6) and (@); or (-d) using a are radius at the small end as shown in Figure UG-33.1 sketch (4). ‘The design shall comply with all the requirements of the rules for reducer sections [see (@) below] insofar as these rules are applicable. (2) Strength and Design of Finished Openings (1 All eferences to dimensions inthis and sueceed- ing paragraphs apply to the finished construction after deduction has been made for material added as corrosion allowance. For design purposes, no metal added as corro sion allowance may be considered as reinforcement. The finished opening diameter is the diameter d as defined in UG-37 and in Figure UG-40. (2) See below: (-a) Openings in cylindrical or conical shells, or formed heads shall be reinforced to satisty the require- ments in UG-3/ except as given in (-c), (-d), and (3) below. (-b) Openings in flat heads shall be reinforced as required by UG-39 (-e) Openings in eylindrical and conical shells sub- jected to internal pressure may be designed to satisfy the Fequirements in Mandatory Append 1, 1-9 in Hew of the intemal pressure requirements in UG-37. (-d) Openings in cylindrical and conical shells sub- jected to internal pressure may be designed to satisty the requirements in Mandatory Appendix 1, 1-10 in Kew of the internal pressure requirements in UG-37. (3) Openings in vessels not subject to rapid fluctua- tions in pressure do not require reinforcement other than that inherent in the construction under the following conditions:ee FF-1_ INTRODUCTION ‘This Appendix provides guidance in the form of recom: ‘mendations for the installation, operation, and mainte- nance of quick-actuating closures. This guidance is primarily for the use of the Owner and the user. The safety of the quick-actuating closure is the responsibility of the user. This includes the requirement for the user to provide training for all operating personnel, follow safety procedures, periodically inspect the closure, pro- vide scheduled maintenance, and have all necessary re- pairs made in a timely fashion, ‘This Appendix also contains guidance for use by the De- signer. The rules specific to the design and construction of 4uick-actuating closures are found in para. UG-35.2 of this Division. ‘The Manufacturer should supply to the Owner a copy’ (©) of the Installation, Operational, and Maintenance Man- ual for the quick-actuating closure which should, as @ ‘minimum, address the requirements described in this Ap- pendix. The Owner should supply a copy of the Installa- tion, Operational, and Maintenance Manual to the user, FF-2 RESPONSIBILITIES It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sensing and safety devices and equipment specified by the Manufacturer are properly installed before initial op- eration, and maintained during subsequent operation. Provision of written operation and maintenance proce- duree and training of perzonnel are alea the responsibility of the Owner or user. ‘The user must not remove any devices furnished or specified by the Manufacturer of the vessel, and any re- pairs or replacements must be the same as, or equal to the original equipment furnished or specified by the Manufacturer. ‘The rules of this Division do not require these safety devices to be supplied by the Manufacturer of the vessel or of the quick-actuating closure. Because of the multiple requirements imposed on the design, it should be prepared by a designer with suitable experience and training in the design of quick-actuating closures, ‘The design must be safe, reliable, and allow for quick: and safe opening and closing. Therefore, sensing and, safety devices and equipment are integral and vitally im= portant parts of the closure, and are to be furnished or specified by the Manufacturer of the vessel or the quick- actuating closure. These devices must never be removed by the user. It should be noted that there is a higher likelihood of personnel being close to the vessel and the closure when accidents during opening occur, especially those due to violations of operating procedures. An example Is at- ‘tempting to pry open the closure when they believe the vessel has heen depressurized and when it may not he. ‘The passive safety features described below can help to protect against such actions, but most can still be sub- verted, Protection against subversion of safety features is covered under Inspection, Training, and Administrative Controls, below. Some suggestions, which are not mandatory and which are not necessarily applicable to each design, are pro- vvided below for illustrative purposes. Structural elements in the vessel and the closure are designed using required design margins. However, itis also important to provide the features listed below for the prevention of erroneous opening. (@) Passive Actuation. A passively actuated safety feature or device does not require the operator to take any action to provide safety. An example is a pressure re- lief valve in a vessel, ora pressure-actuated locking device in a quick-actuating closure. @) Redundancy. A redundant safety feature or de- vice is one of two or more features or devices that per- form the same safety function. Two pressure-actuated locking devices in parallel are an example appliable to uick-actuating closures. Another example is two or more 616.