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Chapter (3)
Body of higher
temperature
direction of energy
transfer
Body of lower
temperature
Units:
Heat (Q) kJ
Heat per unit mass q
Q
kJ / kg
m
Sign convention
- Heat transfer to the system (heat gain), Q > 0
Example:
10 kJ is transferred to the system Q = + 10 kJ or Qin = 10 kJ
- Heat transfer from the system (heat loss), Q < 0
Example:
The heat loss from the system is 20 kJ Q = - 20 kJ or Qout = 20 kJ
3.3 Work
Any energy interaction between the system and the surrounding that is not
driven by the temperature difference is known as "work" (e.g; moving-piston
work, rotating shaft work, etc...)
Units:
Work (W) kJ
Work per unit mass w
W
kJ / kg
m
Sign convention
- Work done by the system, W > 0
Example:
10 kJ work is done by the system W = + 10 kJ or Wout = 10 kJ
- Work done on the system, W < 0
Example:
20 kJ work is done on the system is W = - 20 kJ or Win = 20 kJ
Moving-piston Work
Work due to the movement of inner face of a piston (part of boundary). It is
usually called "Work of Moving Boundary (Wb)"
moving boundary
GAS
fixed boundary
Piston- cylinder
device
ds
P
GAS
kJ
Wb PdV
1
dA
dV
P
Since Wb equals the area
under the process path,
A
1
B
2
C
V
Net work is defined as:
Wnet Wout Win
In a cycle, Wnet is
1
Wnet
2
1
V1
V2
Example:
A gas expands from 500 kPa, 2 m3 to 100 kPa, 5 m3. Assuming a linear
behavior, determine the work done during this expansion.
Solution:
Plot the process path on a P-V diagram. It is a straight-line segment.
The work done is equal to the total area, AT, under this segment.
1
AT Arec tan gle Atriangle 100 (5 2) (500 100) (5 2) 900kJ
2
Wb PdV
but dV = 0
V=constant
Wb = 0
2
Wb PdV
1
2
P dV
1 P=constant
P [ V ]12
Wb P( V2 V1 )
Wb
V
V1
V2
Example:
A hot-air balloon has a volume of 20 m3 at atmospheric pressure 100 kPa. If the
balloon was inflated (expanded) to 1020 m3, how much work was done during
this expansion process. Assume the pressure inside the balloon is approximately
constant.
Solution:
Since the balloon expansion occurs under constant pressure conditions;
Therefore, W = P(V2-V1) = 100(1020 20) = 105 kJ
Wb PdV
(P1 V1 = P2 V2 =)
T=constant
C
V
Wb
2
V
C
dV
Wb dV C
C ln 2
V
V
V1
1
V1
V
V
Wb P1V1 ln 2 P2V2 ln 2
V1
V1
V2 P1
V1 P2
V2
Example:
a) How much work is required to compress 2 kg of air from 500 kPa to 1 MPa
if the compression process is isothermal at 250 oC?
b) Find the final volume of the air
Assumption:
Air is treated as an ideal gas
Properties:
R 0.287kJ / kgK
Analysis:
a) Isothermal process
V1
Wb P1V1 ln
P1
P2
V1 0.6m3
P1
500
Wb 500 0.6 ln
500
207.94kJ (done on the air)
1000
b) P1V1 P2V2 V2
P1
500
V1
0.6 V2 0.3m3
P2
1000
Wb PdV
1
1
PVn = C
Since PV = constant = C
( P1V1n P2V2n ... )
Wb
2
V
V1
V2
C
Vn
V
2
V n 1 2
C
dV
Wb n dV C n C
1
V
V
V1
1
1
2
Wb C 2
1
n 1
Wb
P1V1 P2V2
n 1
Example:
A perfect gas in a piston-cylinder assembly expands according to pV1.5 = const.
If the initial pressure and volume are 450 kPa and 0.1 m3 respectively, determine
the work done during the expansion process. Final pressure is 200 kPa.
Solution:
p
P1=450 kPa
1
PV1.5 = C
Wb
P2=200 kPa
V1=0.1m3
2
V2=?
Wb
P1V1 P2V2
n 1
, P2=200 kPa , V2 = ?
To get V2
p1V11.5 p2V21.5
1 / 1.5
V2 p1
V1 p2
Wb
1 / 1.5
450
V2 0.1
200
0.1717m3
21.32 kJ
n 1
1.5 1
Net energy
transfer to or
from a system as
heat and work
Net increase or
decrease in the
total energy of
the system
Esystem
Q-W
i.e. Q W = E
Q =Qnet = Qin Qout
11
Example:
11
Example:
Note:
The internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only.
W Q P1V1 ln
V2
V1
0.5
(1.5 10 )( 0.2 )ln
274.89kJ
0.2
3
0.
12
Problems set # 3
(1) A gas expands from a volume of 0.2 m3 and a pressure of 300 kPa to a volume
of 0.7 m3 and a pressure of 100 kPa such that the process path on the p-V
diagram is a straight line. Calculate the work done during the expansion.
(2)
(3) A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80 C.
The air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature inside
the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done during this process.
(4)
(5) **A gas at 10 bar inside a cylinder having a volume of 0.05 m3. Calculate the
work done by the gas when it expands;
(a) at constant pressure to a final volume of 0.2 m3.
(b) according to a linear law to a final volume of 0.2 m3 and a final pressure of 2
bar.
(c) according to: pV = constant to a final volume of 0.1 m3.
(d) according to: pV3 = constant to a final volume of 0.06 m3.
13
(6) **One kilogram of air expands according to a linear behavior from 4.2 bar &
0.004 m3 to 1.4 bar & 0.02 m3. If the air is then cooled at constant pressure,
and finally compressed according to pV = constant back to the initial
conditions of 4.2 bar and 0.004 m3. Calculate:
(a) the work done in each process; is it done by or on the air ?
(b) the net work of the cycle.
(c) sketch the cycle on the p-V diagram
(7) A gas is heated at constant pressure of 1.05 bar until it has a specific volume of
0.1 m3/kg. It is then compressed according to pV=constant to a pressure of
4.2 bar, followed by expansion according to pV1.3 = constant, and finally
heated at constant volume back to the initial conditions. If the mass of the gas
is 0.2 kg, and the work done in the constant-pressure process is 515 J, calculate
the net work done in the cycle, and sketch the cycle on the p-V diagram. Is the
cycle work done by or on the gas ?.
(8) **Fill in the missing data for each of the following processes of a closed system
between states 1 and 2. Everything is in kJ.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
18
-10
-6
12
25
E1
E2
35
4
3
14
14
E
-15
32
10