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Classical animal phylogeny: based on coelom

chordates
echinoderms
arthropods
tardigrades
annelids
mollusks

Echinoderms and Chordates

Deuterostomes

Protostomes

Coelomate animals
rotifers
Pseudocoelomate animals
roundworms

Readings:

Chapter 25, pp 414-415; pp 418-435

flatworms

Acoelomate animals

Animals with a 3-layer embryo

cnidarians

Animals with tissues

sponges
placozoans

Animals
Fig. 25-7a, p. 407

Alternative: Phylogeny based on DNA and proteins

Deuterostomes

chordates
echinoderms

arthropods
tardigrades

Neither tree considers advanced characteristics

Sociality

Ecdysozoa

roundworms

Present in insects & vertebrates

Protostomes

rotifers

Complex behaviour

mollusks Lophotrochozoa
annelids
flatworms

Lifestyle: active or sessile

Present in insects & vertebrates

Both occur in echinoderms, molluscs

Animals with a 3-layer embryo

cnidarians
sponges
placozoans

Animals with tissues

Animals
Fig. 25-7b, p. 407

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Characteristics of Echinodermata

Phylum: Echinodermata

Tube feet

Spicules, spines, or plates

Entirely marine

Invertebrate

Deuterostomes

10,000species

made of calcium carbonate

(echinoderm means spiny skin).

Sea stars

Starfish

upper
stomach

Sea urchins

Brittle stars

Sand dollars

Sea cucumbers

Major marine predators

anus

gonad

ossicle (stiffening,
support structure)

spine

lower
stomach

Eat mollusks, other animals

coelom

Regenerative capacity

digestive gland

Sea stars can regenerate entire arms

eyespot

spine

Symmetry

Pentaradial in adults

Bilateral in larvae

ossicle

Summarizing Echinoderms

Phylum Echinodermata:

Sea Urchins

Sand dollars

etc

Browsers

Major players in marine ecosystems

Can be extremely damaging to kelp forests and to coral reefs

Symmetry

Bilateral in larvae

Pentaradial in adults

Uncephalized

Neural net; no brain

Deuterostomes (like vertebrates)

Uncephalized

Unsegmented

Relationship to other phyla

Name means spiny skin

Characteristics

Spicules in skin

Internal skeleton

made of calcium carbonate

Tube-feet

Unclear

Derive from bilaterally
symmetrical animals

Characteristics

Note outer defensive spicules

Walk on tube feet

Major model system

fertilization, embryogenesis, and development

Genome of one species of sea urchin has been sequenced.

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Phylum Chordata: Classification

Phylum Chordata

Classes: Vertebrata

Major subphyla

Vertebrates

Urochordata or
Tunicates

Cephalochordata or
Lancelets

Vertebrata or vertebrates

Agnatha

Placodermi

Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

Minor subphylum

Xenoturbella

Prototheria or
monotremes

Metatheria or
marsupials

Eutheria or
placental mammals

Defining characteristics


(May be present only in larval stages)

1. Notochord

2. Tubular dorsal nerve cord

(contrast with ventral nerve cord of annelids)

3. Pharynx

1. Muscular tube derived from mesoderm

2. Functions in feeding and/or respiration

3. Not homologous with pharynx of protostomes

(note this in idssecting the earthworm)

4. Wall of pharynx contains gill slits

5. Tail extending beyond anus

Subphylum: Urochordata, Class Tunicates

Larva

Named for tough outer layer or tunic.

Examples: Sea squirts

Squirt filtered water out of a siphon

Basic chordate features in larvae

Sessile as adults

Retain only the filter-feeding pharynx

Note -- this pharynx is not homologous
to that of planaria or cephalopods, but
analogous.

atrial opening
(water that passed
through pharynx
leaves this way)

nerve cord
notochord

pharynx with
gill slits

oral opening

Agnatha: lamprey eel

Sea squirt:

a urochordate

Lancelet:

a cephalochordate

Adult

2 Amphibians

2 Teleosts

2 egg-laying
mammals

Some Representative Species of the Phylum Chordata

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Lancelet

dorsal, tubular
nerve cord

Subphylum Cephalochordata;

Class Lancelets

Subphylum name: cephalized as adults.

Chordate plan maintained in adults.


Genus: Amphioxus found in Tampa Bay


filter-feeders


Genome has been sequenced.

Ciona sea squirt has also been sequenced.

pharynx with gill slits

What Do You Know About Vertebrates?

tail extending
past anus

notochord

segmented
tentaclelike
structures around muscles
mouth

aorta gonad
midgut

hindgut

Subphylum Vertebrata

8 major classes:

Agnatha or jawless fish

Placodermi : 1st jawed fish

Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes

Osteichthyes or bony fishes

Amphibia or amphibians

Reptilia or reptiles

Aves or birds

Mammalia or mammals

anus
pore of
atrial cavity

Class Agnatha: Hagfishes and Lampreys

1st lineages to evolve spine & skull

Date from Cambrian

500 Myr ago.

Look like large worms or eels

Highly evolved specialized lineages

Lifestyles could only have evolved
after true fish

Original agnathans were probably filter
feeders.

Represented today by 2 lineages

Hagfish

Lamprey eels

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Placodermi: 1st jawed fish

Class Agnatha: Hagfish and Lampreys

Lampreys

Parasites with sucker-mouths

Problem in Great Lakes

Collapse of trout fishing industry

Gill slits:
12 pair

Tentacles

Sucker

Armored

Extinct

Dominant marine predators

~ 100 Myr

Hagfish

Scavengers

Eat dead or dying fish

Mucous

glands

Gill slits:

7 pair

Jaws evolved from the anterior gill arches of Agnatha.

Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes

supporting structures

Sharks, Rays,

Characteristics

Early jawless fish (an agnathan)

gill slit

Jaws

Fins

Clear gill slits persist

Mostly marine

A few freshwater species

Feeding varies

Early jawed fish (a placoderm)
jaw
spiracle (small
gill slit)

Modern jawed fish (a shark)

jaw
support

White shark eats sea lion

Whale shark filter-feeds

small crustaceans

other plankton

Skate

Chimera

Skates, rays eat ocean-bottom prey

Giant manta ray is filter feeder

jaw

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Osteicthyes: Bony Fishes

Osteicthyes: Teleost Fins

First vertebrates with bones

Replaces cartilage

~ 50 bones form skull around brain

Complex circulatory system

Some Teleosts

dorsal fins

Supported by rays (bone)

countercurrent circulation maximizes

removal of O2 from water

Swim bladder

Regulates buoyancy

Largest living group of vertebrates

Poikolothermic (cold-blooded)

Adaptations for climates

Ray-finned fish

Teleosts

Largest subgroup

Lobe-finned fishes

Coelocanths

Lungfishes

Pectoral (paired)

Pelvic (paired)

Dorsal (vary in number)

Ventral anal fin

Tail fin

caudal fin

anal fin

pectoral fin (1 of 2)

pelvic fin(1 of 2)

Osteicthyes: Lobe-finned Fishes

Fleshy ventral fins

Only coelocanths survive

First seen 1938 off East London, S
Africa

Also found near

Comoro islands of East Africa

Malaysia, on the other side of the
Indian Ocean.

Lung-like sacs

Do not function in respiration

Gills used for all air exchange

Osteicthyes: Lungfish

Freshwater

A few relict species

South America

Africa

Australia

Lungs allow survival in drought

Fossil record 300-400 Myr

Relatively unchanged from modern
species

Distribution suggests origin during

existence of Gondwanaland

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Lungfish on the three southern continents

Amphibians

Evolved from lobe- or lung-fishes

Adaptations to terrestrial life:

Skeletal and muscle changes

Lungs

derived from swim bladders?

Closed circulatory system

delivery of oxygen to tissues

Dependence on aquatic habitats

Juveniles are aquatic

Metamorphosis marks transition

Loss of gills

Lung function

Reproductive maturity

bony or cartiliginous structures in lobed

fin undergoing modification

Skins are thin, dry easily

Frogs still breathe through skin

limb bones of early amphibians

Eggs are soft-shelled

Dehydrate if not in water

Amphibians: Orders

Frogs and toads

Some quite terrestrial

Salamanders and newts

Still rely on very moist habitats
Might best represent earliest forms.

Caecilians,

Highly evolved

Legless

Look like a cross between an
earthworm and a snake

(analogy, not homology).

Transition to terrestrial life

~ 300 Myr

Much later than arthropods, plants

Adaptations:

Reptiles

Leathery eggs do not dessicate

Amnion

An additional membrane
inside shell

Scaly skins

Internal fertilization

Swift movement on land

Requires new sensory skills

Larger brain to process
sensory information

Skull became single bony structure

Numerous teeth

Uniform shape

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Vertebrates: Aves (Birds)

Probably a specialized lineage of theropod dinosaurs

Characterized by

Feathers

Presumably evolved from the scales of reptiles

scales still present on legs which they retain on their legs

Are feathers an adaptation for warm-bloodedness?

Loss of teeth

Formation of a beak

Beak is analogous to that of turtles and octopi

Hard shelled eggs

Well-developed sternum

To which their chest flight muscles are attached.

Reduction of the fingers

1-2 digits support primary flight feathers.

yolk sac embryo

chorion
amnion

Mammals

skull

radius
ulna

pectoral
girdle

Therapsid lineage

~ 220 Myr

Characteristics

humerus

hardened shell
albumin (white of the egg)

pelvic
girdle

Produce milk in
mammary glands

to feed young

Hair (or modified hair)
on some part of body

Teeth of different shapes

incisors

molars

premolars
canine

sternum
attachment of flight muscles to sternum

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Mammals

Derive from therapsid reptiles

ca 220 Myr

Characteristics:

Placental mammals:

~ 4000 species in 17 orders

Genomes already sequenced: human, chimp, mouse, and rat

Coming soon: orangutan, macaque, cow, possum, wallaby, platypus,
elephant, cat, shrew, tenrec, rabbit, guinea pig

Hair or fur on some part of body

Mammary glands produce milk

Nourishment for young

Teeth of different shapes

Classes

Prototheria or monotremes

Egg-laying mammals

Duck-billed platypus

Echidna (spiny anteater)

Metatheria or marsupials

Young finish development in maternal pouch

Opossum

Australian megafauna

Eutheria or placental mammals

Development occurs in maternal uterus

There are courses available on subsets of these animal groups:

IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB

433
466
460
461
462
463
464

Comparative Vertebrate Morphology


Invertebrate Zoology


Introduction to Entomology


Ornithology


Mammalogy


Ichthyology


Herpetology

Please read chapter 2 in preparation for Mondays lecture.