CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ABOUT COMPANY
3. ELECTRIC
3.1 Low Voltage Systems
3.2 Medium Voltage Systems
4. WHAT IS THE GROUNDING
5. POWER SYSTEM ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
6. POWER DISTIRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION

I have performed my first summer practice in Kozenerji . Kozenerji is providing

customers; low voltage sytems, medium voltage systems , and energy systems. My summer
practice spread about 4 weeks. I started at 08.08.2016 and finished 05.09.2016. In this report ,
I give a description about factory and I explain what I learned in summer practice.
The report starts with the description of the company.This report includes a detailed
description of everything that has been done and observed during the summer practice and
test environment.

2. ABOUT COMPANY
Company Name: Kozenerji

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy used in the printing and typesetting industry are texts.Lorem Ipsum, a
typeface in the name of an unknown sample book printer industry standard since the 1500s by taking
the mix to create a font gallery is used as dummy text. not only survived five centuries, but also the
leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged so. 1960 Lorem Ipsum passages,
and has become popular with the release of Letraset sheets containing containing Lorem Ipsum and
more recently versions of desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker.

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy used in the printing and typesetting industry are texts. Lorem
Ipsum, a typeface in the name of an unknown sample book printer industry standard since the
1500s by taking the mix to create a font gallery is used as dummy text. not only survived five
centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged
so. 1960 Lorem Ipsum passages, and has become popular with the release of Letraset sheets
containing containing Lorem Ipsum and more recently versions of desktop publishing
software like Aldus PageMaker.
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy used in the printing and typesetting industry are texts. Lorem
Ipsum, a typeface in the name of an unknown sample book printer industry standard since the
1500s by taking the mix to create a font gallery is used as dummy text. not only survived five
centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged
so.1960 Lorem Ipsum passages, and has become popular with the release of Letraset sheets
containing containing Lorem Ipsum and more recently versions of desktop publishing
software like Aldus PageMaker.

Company Contact : www.kozenerji.com

3. ELECTRIC
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of
electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static
electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current. In addition, electricity permits the
creation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves.
In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields which act on other charges. Electricity
occurs due to several types of physics:

electric charge: a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their

electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces,
electromagnetic fields.

electric field (see electrostatics): an especially simple type of electromagnetic field

produced by an electric charge even when it is not moving (i.e., there is no electric current).
The electric field produces a force on other charges in its vicinity.

electric potential: the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge,

typically measured in volts.

electric current: a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically

measured in amperes.

electromagnets: Moving charges produce a magnetic field. Electric currents generate

magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields generate electric currents.
In electrical engineering, electricity is used for:

electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment;

electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors,diodes and integrated circuits, and associated
passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical
understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even then,
practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth
century that engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion
in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society.
Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of
applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation.
Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society.

3.1 LOW VOLTAGE SYTEMS

Low voltage is a relative term, the definition varying by context. Different definitions are
used in electric power transmission and distribution, and in the electrical safety codes define
"low voltage" circuits that are exempt from the protection required at higher voltages. These
definitions vary by country and specific code.
In electrical power systems low voltage most commonly refers to mains voltage as used by
lighting and portable appliances. "Low voltage" in this context still presents a risk of electric
shock, but only a minor risk of electric arcs through the air.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as
voltage in the range 501000 V AC or 1201500 V DC.
British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines supply system low voltage as:
501000 V AC or 1201500 V ripple-free DC between conductors;
50600 V AC or 120900 V ripple-free DC between conductors and Earth.
In electrical power distribution, the United States 2005 National Electrical Code (NEC)
defines low (distribution system) voltage as 0 - 49 volt. Low distribution system voltage is
covered by 250.20(A) of this code.
The NFPA standard 79 article 6.4.1.1 defines distribution protected extra low voltage (PELV)
as nominal voltage of 30 Vrms or 60 Vdc ripple free for dry locations and 6 Vrms or 15 Vdc
in all other cases.
UL standard 508A article 43 (Table1) defines 0-20 V peak/ 5 A or 20.1-42.4 V peak/ 100 VA
as Low-Voltage Limited Energy circuits.
Kozenerji provides a full range of low voltage solutions to connect, protect, control and
measure a wide range of electrical installations, enclosures, switchboards, electronics and
electromechanical devices. The business improves the reliability and efficiency of its
customers activities across all major industries including the residential sector.

IEC voltage range

AC (Vrms)

DC (V)

Defining risk

High voltage (supply system)

> 1000

> 1500

Electrical arcing

Low voltage (supply system)

501000

1201500

Electrical shock

Extra-low voltage (supply system)

< 50

< 120

Low risk

Table 1

3.2 Medium Voltage Systems

Answer a question with a question, what could be simpler than defining one agreed-upon
range for medium voltage? Actually, medium voltage is far from uniformly defined, with
specifications varying widely by industry, application, standards organizations, and other
sources.
At the broad system level, IEEE (Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Std. 100
defines nominal medium voltage (MV) as greater than 1 kV and less than 100 kV.
Moreover, this is followed by two still higher class designationshigh voltage(HV) ranging
to 230 kV and extra high voltage (EHV) above that point. For power cables, the same IEEE
standard specifies the top end of MV as 72.5 kV.
Closer to our area of interest, a NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
designation for MV cables has ratings between 600 V and 69 kV. The same top figure applies
to some electric wire and cable manufacturers specifications. Other IEEE references
designate MV electrical devices as designed to operate between 1 kV and 35 kV. Some
manufacturers rate MV switchgear up to 38 kV.
As mentioned in the main article, MV variable-frequency drives have a narrower practical
voltage range of around 2.3 to 15 kV, because few MV drives are built outside that range. In
addition, only a few common input voltages have been standardized worldwidesuch as
2.3 and 4.16 kV in the 60-Hz world and 3.3 and 6.6 kV in the 50-Hz world.
An anecdotal way to illustrate the blurring of MV definitions is to recall that certain servo
drive vendors proudly advertise their 480-V offering as a high voltage product.

4.What is the Grounding?

The grounding , the electric-powered device taken against the danger of a
possible leakage of electricity is a vital measure. Stray an electrical conductor is
a simple system that allows buried. Grounding against electrical leakage risk to
jeopardize the life span of human life and must never be carried out. Thus the
device may occur in more electric load resistance will be too little to be buried
and out of the ground line of life-threatening disappeared who touches the
appliance.
Types Of Ground
according to the purpose of the grounding varieties can be classified in 3
different ways:
1. Protection grounding
2. Operation ground
3. Function grounding

Protection Grounding
potential danger is the kind of additional ground immediately made to protect humans and other
creatures against touch voltages. Besides the electronic equipment does not exceed the current
active part of the electrical current passing touch, but with the way the current threat of a possible
leak, which is grounded in non-human transmission of the metal parts. Metal fences, tanks,
escalators ... to people contact is expected, including the grounding protection for all metal
surfaces. (See. Figure 4)

This method is one of the methods of protection against contact voltage can be used for lowvoltage installations; It is the only method that can be used if high-voltage facilities.

Operation Ground
Opeation ground is the kind of ground to be made in the desired value of the electrical current
value in business; while methods used in medium and high voltage network to not exceed a
certain value of the voltage between ground and the system in low voltage networks varies
according to country regulations. This can be done through resistance in the network or directly to
the ground.

Function Grounding
Function grounding of the ground varieties made for the obvious purpose; klar lightning
protection, grounding, such as rail. We can see this on the example of the three types of
grounding a single ground plan (Ref. Figure 5)

The grounding resistance of certain types we use in doing basic grounding account is as
follows
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Specific Earth Resistance;

Spreading Resistance of grounding or earthing Facility;
Grounding Resistor;
Total Grounding Resistor
Ground Impedance
Earth resistance
Before grounding projects drawn ground plan of the building will be made, in
accordance with regulations made by examining the research project (specific earth
resistance, the building's purpose, apartments, schools, etc.). Minimize risks and
uncertainties that results must try to get as soon as possible.
Preparing architectural plans applicable laws, regulations, specifications, must be
prepared in accordance with TSE and international standards. The prerequisite is
planned architecture. Architectural plans are important for energy input and

distribution. The location of the building site plan, the plan view shows geographical
aspects. Architectural plans are shown separately, starting from the basement to the
last floor. Electricity dated 12/03/2003 Interior Installation preparation of architectural
plans must comply with the requirements specified in the guidelines. Otherwise still
applies improper installation provisions contained in the regulations.
The provisions of the earthing and grounding plant is located in these provisions in
Article 44 and 45. all the detailed procedures which will be grounded in the Official
Gazette No. 24500 dated 21.08.2001 of tmmob'lg made in accordance with the
provisions contained therein. basic dimensions of the building are available on the
architectural plans drawn. These measures and the building's purpose (schools,
apartment buildings, hotels, etc.), operating voltage used in building value is
calculated taking into account the necessary grounding.
Regulations regarding grounding in electrical installations; Article 4-b of Article 5,
Article 6, Article 9, appendix K and additional L article are related to ground
regulations.
In addition, internal plant regulations of Public Works and Settlement Ministry of
Science has prepared regulations for men are also in part on the ground. In short, this
regulation describes how the earth and us should be adhering to the conditions under
which an electrical engineer and not a job outside these regulations. Make it would
have committed a crime if legally.

Ground Calculation:

Substation Types
Basically has 3 type subtations

a) Pole Type Substations

b) Outdoor Floor (Air) Substation
c) Building Type Substation

Pole Type Substations

Power transformers that are less than 400kva transformer platform called the
space used to place directly on them. Tasks can keep people away from the
transformer tap and is used to move the transformer. The properties; pole type
transformer substation platform used in the iron pole pieces consist of at an
angle. In concrete pole it consists of concrete made with special mold parts
mounted to the housing. Transformers platforms so that they can be mounted
and 400kva'lk 160kva'lk transformer substation is designed in two types. Type of
project 160kva'lk transformer mounted on the platform of "small type platform",
the platform is mounted transformer of 400kva'lk "large type platform" called.
may increase in future power transformer is recommended to use large type. The
main reason is that the use of medium-voltage transmission line will reduce the
low voltage can be used by consumers and therefore is mounted on the mast and
called pole-type transformers to the substation. Such substations are often used
to feed a remote subscriber to the main distribution transformer with small
settlements. These transformers medium voltage (34.5 kV), low voltage (400 V),
they reduce the value. Overall pole type transformers are installed in the power
of 400 kVA. also optionally 25 kV, 50 kV, 160 kV, 250 kV power produced.

Outdoor Floor (Air) Substation

Substations are designed in two different ways. They are constantly used in the
open air insulated switchgear substations established in the domains of the
indoor and outdoor and the other indoor and enclosed insulated substations with
SF6 gas.
Air insulated substations, which take into account the environmental conditions
and restrictions in place everywhere where there is widely used. Open floor type
can be designed for high voltage substations up to 800kv. Their installation costs
are low. Each element of the domains of those of open switchgear substations will
be installed in the plant. However, due to the elements formed in the open field,
to work under stress and is dangerous to touch. These substations are directly
exposed to weather and environmental effects.
Province and substations in the district, deployment and provide ease of
expropriation, the floor was durable, it would be appropriate to establish the
place without disturbing the aesthetics. In this regard, in terms of substations
weight-bearing load / pose is in locations that are not the most important
requirement. Substations are usually installed outside the city center. Times due
to population growth and residential area, remained within the residential area.
Be firm on the ground is an important feature. It is far from the high voltage
transmission line and transmission line
Attention should be paid to areas where shooting is difficult. because it is outside
all materials installed in outdoor areas affected by atmospheric conditions. This is
where poor weather conditions often causes the onset of failure.

Building Type Substation

Electricity transformer building the transmission line are logged in as medium
voltage serves as a low-voltage output after passing the required cells.
conductors and connectors used herein is accomplished by overhead lines or
ground lines.
According to the way the energy input transformer building;
a) Air Line: Insulators help carrying conductors voltage ranges depending on
the weather outside, leaving the building insulators mounted on medium
voltage busbar into the building help connected.
b) Location Line: To be affected by weather conditions and to obtain a
better image than aesthetic, transmission lines and transformer input and
output has started today with the laying underground cables. Air lines
previously projected in the channel are brought to the area where the
transformer building excavated, moved into the building. It contains is
connected to the conductive medium voltage busbars. After connection,
set the stage after the project completes the circuit by connecting the lowvoltage network.

Great design for the building type transformer substations strong center is
a preferred method. Because both major is strong both in street situations
of danger to human life can bring this great power occurs is minimized in
this way because establishing a connection via cable only with the exterior
of the building, in this case thanks to stringent measures taken, even life
and property safety is maximized. Factories and substations verilbil we
have seen in the neighborhood as an example. This use of care is a very
large area and the number is too high.

About Compensation
One of the most important factors in determining the efficiency of an
electric system is compensation and compensation account. What is the
compensation was examined and compensation account how an electrical
project, were informed about these issues.
Technically;
between current and voltage, the phase difference would not be ideal. As a
result of the effect of inductive or capacitive load current signal generated
by a maximum of 90 degrees phase shifted by the voltage signal.
inductive and capacitive effects result of correcting the phase shift
between voltage and current signals occurs in close to ideal (0 degrees) is
called the compensation process for holding steady.
In practice, however;

The electrical system, electric motor winding etc. such as back shift of the
magnetization effect of the electrical energy again into electrical energy or
the magnetization effect of the phase currents of a different energy to turn
the device (indutif power formation) results is called the compensation to
reverse the process to form the balancing inductive reactive power they
have created on the network and should be the phase currents.
Static phase shifters (condenser) and dynamic phase shifters (synchronous
motor) kompanzaso is made to be used in two ways.
The engine by changing the synchronous motor excitation current can be
supplied to operate as capacitive or inductive. Also the quantity of the
reactive power drawn from the power supply synchronous motor can be
adjusted by the excitation current. Hence, synchronous motors, are used
as dynamic power compensator. Synchronous motor is used as the power
compensators, on no load, the active power draw from the source, it is
necessary not only to meet the mechanical losses. Synchronous motors, if
compensation is made in the system is not used for any other purpose is
not economical. in reactive power compensation system is due to the
economic capacitors are used extensively.
Capacitors are static phase shifters. The lack of capacitor
maintenance costs, are currently utilized in the reactive power
compensation because they are not economic
It stated that the amount of reactive power required to pass in the form of a
sinusoidal wave of eating:
QC = Q2 - Q1 = P x [tan1-tan2]
active power
Power factor, reactive power and power factor uncorrected previous shot
After power factor corrected power factor and reactive power drawn
capacitive reactive power required to improve the power factor
Kc = = tan1 - tan2
QC = KC x P
Sample:
attracting an average power of 300 kW and 3-phase system power factor
from 0.93 to 0.8 is required to be removed.
KC is located in the table 0.355.
Power factor correction due to the current drawn is reduced from 540 to
460 e.

The reduction of 15%

Thyristor Compensation;
Static compensation system used in situations where a quick change of
reactive power. transient formation is prevented. system is maintenancefree. the load change is necessary to use where fast. Static (thyristor
switched) in compensation systems, the bus voltage capacitor voltage
capacitor banks at zero and commissioning works on the deactivation of
the current zero point.
thyristors used as switching elements in static compensation system. The
thyristor is a semiconductor switching element. Power thyristors used in
electronic circuits have a very fast opening and closing feature. They are
available thyristors that turn on and off 25,000 times per second.
Thyristors occurred four floors of a semiconductor (P-N-P-N) gate (gate) is
made thyristors can operate until the end of the conductor our 2400 Volt
Ampere and 3300.
Static thyristor indicate the advantages of compensation systems;
Circuit input and output time of less than 20 ms.
Often engaged and interests.
It takes stage without having to wait for the capacitors to discharge.
Each phase individually and "0" transition will be triggered immediately.
Maintenance.
Stage power can be increased as desired.
It does not emit sound.
Reagent ratio remains very low.
Ark constitute.

Breakers

Blades are one of the most important elements used in the cell while a
substation installation and project. In this context it has been viewed cutter
types used in electrical project and obtain detailed information on this
subject.
It composed of several faults in the lines and transformers. The
equipment failure must be made as soon as the tension. Faults are cleared
giving control to open the circuit breaker are detected by means of relays.
The importance of this reason, the cutting system is large. In addition, care
is provided by opening the circuit breaker is installed in a line or leave for
reasons such as tension maneuver. Briefly breakers are devices for cutting
the load current and short circuit current. The major types are as follows:
1- Air Cutters: control and extinguishing the arc cutter cutting is
performed in such a high-pressure air. which ensures a high pressure air
compressor needed for this. These cutters; very high voltage, current,
and are manufactured in breaking capacity, operating speeds are high,
due to the relatively short duration of less maintenance needs and arc
flash duration is widely used in areas of high and very high voltage
system, although it is expensive.

2- Fat blockers: These cutters are inexpensive cutting, assembly is easy,

but after a few short fully open because of the need for a costly
maintenance. Our system of 154 KV and 3500 MVA in less oil being
used up almost everywhere in smaller voltage breakers and will
continue to be used for a longer period of time.

3- Full fat blockers: The main contacts of this type of cutter is

completely fat, large volumes are being used so much in our system.

4- SF6 Circuit Breakers: These are the types of cutting off the right,
volume is very small. Main contacts, which works in electro-negative
property of SF6 gas. due to the characteristics of gas arc easily
extinguished. The inside of the building and installation, will find broad
applicability to many economies in recent years.

Opening of cutting capacity on the label is given in terms of current or

power. For example, voltage 35 KV, contact breaker with breaking
capacity of 10 K to 10 K can cut like flow. That opening force of the
cutter;
N = 1.73 * 35 * 10 = 600 MVA.
Cutters; operating voltage, rated current, short-term withstand
current, switching off time and again ... and so is selected based on
such characteristics.
Each work is done as a M. V substation there are rules and standards that must
be complied with in the assembly. Accordingly, the rules to be followed while
installation;
1- According to the configuration as shown in the manufacturing application
will be made.
2- Of height in the area for mounting the metal pavilion in the selected area
will be poured at the construction site at least 30 cm concrete block.
Particular attention should be spilled on the concrete block being the
balance. The decision of the pavement share should be given on site.
3- 100 of the metal frame of the pavilion is made of iron dimensions are
288x420 cm.
M.10 bolts 4 with chassis consisting of part (2 evil units) will be tightened.
After tightening the bolts is the balance of the chassis - that will look at
whether more. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT
4- Manufacturing number shown in the picture frames, should be carefully
sorting should be done on the chassis frame assembly. 900 together with
two bolts 5 in the first frame according to the size of the chassis
balanmaldr.erev they will be connected by the 10 round-head bolts
ball. Knob bolts should be used in the framework of an equal number of 10
(in BOLT TIGHTENING SHARE THIS PHASE - SPACE MUST BE KEPT.) Must be
taken to tighten the bolts. Frames should be noted that when put side by
side on the same plane with square frames.
5- After the reset of all outstanding frame of the cell naked carcass shown in
three-dimensional images, all in the framework of horizontal and vertical
ball-head bolts must be tightened. Then tighten the bolts in the chassis
literally. the separation of metal found in the mansion (the separation
element) sum is 6. After instead it will be mounted instead of roofing
elements according to the numbers on the drawing. M.6 roof elements will
be connected by bolts to the frame. Twisted on top of the roof profile
elements to be connected and will be protected from the rain by pulling
silicon. According to the business end residential doors will be installed in
the project. Protection grounding strip galvanized metal pavilion and
ground measurements should be done must be done. (Recommended
value is under 2 ohms or 2 ohms.) Exhaust pipe outlet of the generator

OTP into the side of the verilmelidir.metal mansion - Transformer section 3 75W armature for the generator section of the illumination (E / 75W)
fasteners are provided for. Installation should be carried to any place.

4. Power System Electrical Equipments

This chapter provides information regarding the requirements for, and the
application of, major apparatus used in an electric power distribution system.
Power equipment is normally rated according to the nominal system voltage. In
equipment terminology, the voltage ratings fall into four classes:

Low voltage - 600 V or less.

Medium voltage - above 600 V to 72,500 V.

High voltage - above 72,500 V to 242,000 V.

Extra-high voltage - above 242,000 V to 800,000 V.

The equipment discussed in this chapter will generally be in the low and
medium voltage classes. . The major system components described in this
chapter are:

Transformers.

Voltage Regulators.

Switches.

Power Circuit Breakers.

Automatic Circuit Reclosers.

Power Capacitors.

Busbar.

Bars.

Contactors.

Thermal Magnetic Circuit Breaker.

Relay.

Fuse.

4.1.Transformers
A transformers is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors which is the transformers coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a magnetic flux in the
transformers core which is made by siliceous sheets and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field
induced a varying electromotive force, or voltage, in the secondary winding. This
effect is called mutual induction.
Transformers supply electrical energy which is produced to load at appropriate
voltage and current. If a load is connected to secondary winding, an electric
current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be
transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an
ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an

alternating current voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or
"stepped down" by making Ns less than Np .
Transformers dont change the frequency and power. At input of the
transformer, voltage is high and the current is low and at the output of the
transformer voltage is low and the current is high. This situation is provided if N s
> Np.
Transformers is operated with magnetic field. This magnetic field will be
produced with primary and secondary winding passing into each other. And also
by nucleus passing into both of them. This nucleus is made by siliceous sheets.
This metal is preferred because of appropriate magnetic features. Fundamentally,
transformers carry the energy from one circuit to another by using
electromagnetic induction. Changing the voltage, especially, supplies the transfer
of the electrical energy from the power planet to far away. For example, if voltage
is increased to 230 kV or up to it, this provide decreasing weigth of the cable
which is needed when energy is transferred. So that, it will be economical.There
are two types of transformers;
1-Step-up transformers
2-Step-down transformers
3-Special Transformers

4.1.1.STEP-UP Transformers:
This type of transformer is generally used for increasing the voltage which is
produced by alternator at power planet. In our country, alternative current which
is produced at power station is increased to 154000 volt and carried with high
voltage transmission lines.
4.1.2.STEP-DOWN Transformers:
This type of transformers are used for decreasing the delivered high voltage to
normal voltage value ( 240V-220V).There are four types step-down transformer;

External Transformers

Internal Transformers

Dry Type Transformers

Oil Type Transformers

Dry Type Transformers:

Magnetic circuit and coils are not filled with any dielectric liquid in dry type
transformers.The features of dry type transformers;
-

The materials which are using on insulating the coils are

combustible.

This transformers can be operated at moisture condition, moistureresistance.

Cooling system of this transformer is fan.

There is a heat control system which protect the coil from excessive
heat.

Using place of the dry type transformers; distribution substation, hotels, shopping
centers,airports, hospitals.

Oil Type Transformers:

There are two types of oil transformers, hermetic type and with expansion
tank.Coils of both of two types transformers are in oil. However, hermetic type
transformers closed to atmosphere and it doesnt need to maintain. On the other
hand, transformers
with expansion tanks need to maintain regularly

because oil of this type of transformers always connect with air and can lose its
feature about insulator.
Hermetic Transformers
Transformers With Expansion Tanks
Hermetic Transformers;
Coils are in oil on hermetic transformers and transformers with expansion tanks.
Also, form of nucleus and coils of this transformer is same as transformers with
expansion tanks. There is no expansion tanks of hermetic transformers and tank
which contains coils and nucleus is entirely filled with oil. Hermetic type
transformers are closed to atmosphere with setting hermetic pressure in fabric
ambiance. Expansion which is because of thermal effects of the oil is controlled
with wavy and flexible tanks. Wavy walls transmits the heat which is produced by
some effects in tanks, and also expanding the additional oil is absorbed with
expanding and shrinking wavy walls.
There is no air in the tanks because oil of hermetic transformers does not contact
with air. So, oil can not be aged by depending on the air. Because of no touching
with air, oil of transformers does not get wet from air. Therefore, hermetic type
transformers has longer life than transformers with expansion tank.
Hermetic transformers dont need to maintain except bushing cleaning and
control of protecting devices.
Length of transformer is lower than transformers with expansion tank. Because
of that, transformers mount in small spaces. It has advantages in compact
transformers station. In transformers with expansion tank, expansion tanks have
negative effects on cable and busbar connections in terms of safety distances.
But, hermetic type transformers doesnt have expansion tank, so, it has no
negative effect on cable and busbar connection.

Picture 2: A Hermetic Transformer

Transformers With Expansion Tanks;
As hermetic type, coils of transformers with expansion tank are filled with
oil and oil of these transformers connects with air. So, oil can be oxidized. This
oxidation disturbs the structure of oil insulation. Periodically, this type of
transformers needs to maintain. According to hermetic type transformers, it is
short-lived. As its name, it has an expansion tank. Expansion tank is like a
cylindrical which is added to hermetic type transformers and it is up to
transformers.
When oil of transformers expands because of high temperature which
created by coils or atmospheric affects, oil rises up to expansion tank and
transformers protected from any damages.
Transformers with expansion tank is open to the atmosphere, due to
thermal effects, oil pressure is changing in the tank. Slicagel (air dryer) is
provided with moisture in the air by taking air exchange. Actually, when
transformers with expansion tank is maintained, slicagel box is changed. Because
slicagel are deformed.
In front of factory, TEDA generally uses transformers with expansion tanks
because of safety. In factory, there are many motors and appliances which uses
high power and this means that they draw high current, so that reason, TEDA
use transformers with expansion tanks.
On the other hand, in the center of city, generally TEDA uses hermetic
type of transformers.

Picture

3: A transformer with expansion tank

4.1.3.Special Transformers:
There are various transformers used in special applications,
such as autotransformers, grounding, constant-current, furnace, and selfprotected transformers.
4.1.3.1 Autotransformers. Autotransformers are constructed with a single
winding per phase, such that part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary sides. The common portion is called the common winding, and the
remainder is called the series winding. The high-voltage terminal is called the
series terminal, and the low-voltage terminal is called the common terminal.
Similarly, autotransformers are used for generator step-up transformers to feed
two different transmission systems.
4.1.3.2 Grounding Transformers. A grounding transformer is intended
primarily for the purpose of providing a neutral point for grounding purposes. One
such application could be grounding a Delta-connected system. Grounding
transformers may be either of the Zigzag- or Wye-Delta type.
4.2 Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level.It may use an electromechanical mechanism or passive or

active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to

regulate one or more AC or DC voltage. In HES 1 the load of generetors which
supplies the grid is change hour by hour. These loads are mostly inductive loads,
and inductive loads are let the generator output voltage decreases so thats why
we need adjust out put voltage of generator under load situations. If we change
the rev/min number of generator than frequncy will automaticlly changes thus it
is a useless application instead of that we change voltage by adjusting excitation
current. So under changing load conditions we use voltage regulators in order to
keep output voltage stabil we use automatic voltage regulators. Automatic
voltage regulator works briefly in such a principle; If the output voltage decrease,
related relay make close the conductor so the resistance would be short circuit as
a result of this excition current value and magnetic flux value will increase, than
induced voltage would increase, likewise , if there is a increasment on output
voltage , the condactor will opened and because of resistance current decrases
so induced voltage also decreased
4.3 Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is a mechanical device for closing and interrupting a circuit and
carrying current under both normal load and fault current conditions. One
function of circuit breakers is to prevent or limit damage to circuits and apparatus
during fault or overload conditions and to minimize their effect on the remainder
of the system. During a fault or overload, the zone that includes the faulted or
overloaded apparatus is isolated from the system.
A circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching under normal conditions. A
circuit breaker, when operated within its rating, is capable of closing into, of
carrying, and of interrupting short-circuit current without being damaged.
Circuit breakers are rated in terms of voltage, continuous current, momentary
current, and interrupting capability. In the normal operation of a circuit breaker
the limitations imposed by a given breaker rating should not be exceeded;
otherwise, excessive maintenance or unsatisfactory operation may be
experienced.

Picture

4: A Circuit Breaker

4.4 Automatic Recloser

In electric power distribution, a recloser, or autorecloser, is a circuit
breaker equipped with a mechanism that can automatically close the breaker
after it has been opened due to a fault. Reclosers are used on overhead
distribution systems to detect and interrupt momentary faults. Since many shortcircuits on overhead lines clear themselves, a recloser improves service
continuity by automatically restoring power to the line after a momentary fault.

Picture

5: Automatic Recloser

4.5 Power Capacitors

Power capacitors are used in distribution systems to supply reactive voltamperes (Vars) to the system. When applied to a system or circuit having a
lagging power factor, several beneficial results are obtained. These results
include power factor increase, voltage increase, system loss reduction, and
release of electric system capacity.

Picture

6: Power Capacitors

4.6.Busbar
Busbar is a useful and important device. Lots of factories or emporiums use
busbar nowadays. Because busbar prevents the use of more electricity cables. It
means that the factories or emporiums pay less money to distribute electricity to
their working areas.
In textile industry, there are lots of carpet and yarn looms. Instead of distributing
electricity lines from transformer to the looms one by one, masters just distribute
a line from transformer to the looms. This line is connected a busbar at every
loom. And busbar send electricity to the board.
4.6.1.How To Work
The line which is distributed to looms ,has 4 outputs at every loom. These
outputs are 3 phase and 1 neutral. Busbar has 4 inputs. These inputs and outputs
are connected to each other. There is a handle on busbar and a circuit breaker in
busbar. When we connect busbar to line and turn the handle, circuit breaker will
be normally closed instead of normally open. And then busbar will send electricity
to the board. There is no energy loss if we use busbar.

4.6.2.Some Advantages Of Busbar

It can be assembled fast and easily.
It is not needed to maintenance.
Defective parts inside the busbar can be changed easily.
It can resist the fire.

Picture 7: Busbar

4.7.Bars
Bar is a unit which is used to collect and distribute the same voltage and
frequency electrical energy. They are used in places such as transformer centers,
distribution panels, measuring centers and etc. Bars make relationship between
the units which control the electrical energy. For this reason, they have
conductive property. They are usually made of copper and aluminum. But, copper
bars are mostly used in industry. Because, they can carry more 25% current then
aluminum bars.

Picture 8: Copper bars in control panel

4.8.Contactors
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power
circuit. A contactor is controlled by a circuit. Contactors come in many forms with
varying capacities and features. A contactor is not designed to interrupt a short
circuit current. They are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating,
capacitor banks, thermal evaporators, and other electrical loads.
4.8.1.Structure Of A Contactor
The basic elements in the structure of a contactor are iron core, coil and
contacts.
4.8.1.1.Iron Core
They are made of thin sheet in alternating current (AC) contactors and
made of soft iron in direct current (DC) contactors.
4.8.1.2.Coil
Current pass through the coil. Then, coil supplies magnetic property to iron
core. The number of turns on the coil depends on the operating voltage.
4.8.1.3.Contacts
There are two different types of contactors. One type is normally open and
the other type is normally closed. Contactors are normally open or normally
closed at initially. When energy is supplied to coils, contactors change their
positions. If they are normally open at initially, they will be normally closed. Or
vice versa.
Normally open contactors are called main contacts and normally closed
contactors are called auxiliary contacts. Main contacts are used to run motor and
so on. Auxiliary contacts are used to operate time relay, overload relay,
temperature control relay and so on.
4.8.2.Operating Principle
When a contactor applies voltage to a coil, coil is magnetized and coil pulls
pallet. Motile contacts on the pallet link with fixed contacts. And then, they
opens. In this way, normally closed contacts are opened and normally open
contacts are closed.
4.8.3.Contactors Connection
Energy cable which comes from the output of the fuse is connected to the
fixed input bar of the contactor. And then, the cable which is the output bar of the
contactor is connected to the motor or the terminals of the other components.

Picture 9: Contactors and Operation

4.9.Thermal Magnetic Circuit Breaker
These circuit breakers are mostly used in industry. They are electrical
circuit devices. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, also known as compact
switches are the low voltage circuit breakers which supply thermic and magnetic
protection.
These circuit breakers control to open or close the circuit in normal
situations. In other situations such as short-circuit or exceeding current, these
circuit breakers cut out the circuit and protect it.

4.9.1.Structure
These circuit breakers consist of some components. They are fixed contact,
moving contact, trip unit, tripper bar and thermal overcurrent sensing element.

4.9.2.Operating Principle
The trip unit is the part of the circuit breaker that determines when the
contacts will open automatically.
In a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker, the trip unit includes elements
designed to sense the heat and magnetic field resulting from an overload
condition and the high current resulting from a short circuit. In addition, some
thermal-magnetic circuit breakers incorporate a Push-to-Trip button.

The trip unit includes a trip mechanism that is held in place by the tripper
bar. As long as the tripper bar holds the trip mechanism, the mechanism remains
firmly locked in place.
The operating mechanism is held in the ON position by the trip
mechanism. When a trip is activated, the trip mechanism releases the operating
mechanism, which opens the contacts.

Picture 10: Thermal-Magnetic circuit breaker

Picture 11: Mechanism of Thermal-Magnetic Circuit Breaker

4.10.RELAY
4.10.1.THERMAL RELAY
As the name suggests, it is a kind of relay which opens or closes its
contacts depending on the changing temperature. In general, relays make
opening or closing based on the magnetic field of the current. But thermal relays
are based on heat effect of the flowing current. It is important to use this kind of
relays for big type motors. Because, these motors must be protected every

outside dangers.Thermal relays consist of coils, bimetals, springs and contacts in

mainly.
Circuit current passes through the heater which wraps on the bimetal.
When current is passed through more than usual heater coil windings heats the
bimetal and bimetal leans in the direction of the crown and then contacts are
seperated from eachothers. Thus, the energy of the device is cutted which takes
excessive current. These relays are always connected in series.
If the excessive current passes in a short time, bimetals do not lean
immediately. So, bimetal can not protect the device. Thermal relays are not used
alone. They are used with fuses or contactors. It is located between fuse and
contactor.
If we have a 3-phase motor, we must connect three thermal relay. It means
that, we must connect one thermal relay for each phase. If excessive current
passes, normally closed contacts will be opened. Then, running contactor and
motor are removed from the circuit.
Thermal relays are especially used to protect three-phase motors because
these motors can break down with excessive currents.

Picture 12: Thermal Relay

Picture 13: Parts and Mechanism of Thermal Relay

4.10.2.OVERLOAD RELAY
Excessive currents damage the motors. There are different circuit
components to prevent this problem. Overload relay is an another circuit
component to help this problem.
It is used to prevent excessive currents for motor windings.
In one-phase alternating current circuits, this relay is connected to a
conductive. In three-phase alternating current circuits, three relays are connected
to three conductives. It controls the contacts which are connected in series in
circuit.
Current settings can be done by adjusting screw which is located on the relay.
This setting must be done according to the motors nominal current.
If the current is in the range of relay, contacts will be closed. But, if the
current pass the limit, contacts will be opened after the delaying time. After that,
motor or the system will be removed from the circuit.
Also, it is connected in series to the motor circuit. It has current which is
passes through the motor.
4.10.3.TIME - DELAY RELAY
Some relays are constructed for shock absorber mechanism. They are
attached to the armature which prevents full motion when the coil is either
energized or de-energized. This gives the relay the property of timedelay actuation. Time-delay relays can be constructed to delay armature motion
on coil energization, de-energization, or both.

Time-delay relay contacts must be specified not in the form of normallyopen or normally-closed. But, the delay operates in the direction of closing or in
the direction of opening. They are 4 types of its contacts :
1: Normally-open, timed-closed (NOTC) ; These relays open immediately upon coil
de-energization and close only if the coil is continuously energized for the time
duration period.
2: Normally-open, timed-open (NOTO) ; These relays close immediately upon coil
energization and open after the coil has been de-energized for the time duration
period.
3: Normally-closed, timed-open (NCTO) ; These relays close immediately upon
coil de-energization and open only if the coil is continuously energized for the
time duration period.
4: Normally-closed, timed-closed (NCTC) ; These relays open immediately upon
coil energization and close after the coil has been de-energized for the time
duration period.

Picture 14: Time-delay relay

4.11.Fuse
Fuses are used in industry so much. There are lots of machines in a factory
and these machines have to be protected from excessive currents.

All boards have lots of fuses. These fuses protect the machine up to 120A
or 160A or 250A and so on.Now, I will describe fuses in detail.
Fuses are electrical devices which protect circuit elements and connected
receivers of the circuit. They provides protection against accidents and
malfunctions they may ocur.
Fuses are connected to the a circuit in series. They prevent the passage of
over-current. There is a specific current value on a fuse. If the passing current
value through the circuit is greater than that specific value,fuses open the
contacts and prevent current flow.

Picture 15: Fuses

There are three kinds of fuses which open circuit in a situation of over-current.
4.11.1.Wire Fuses
Wire fuses have conducting wires. These wires have a low melting
temperature. When the excessive current flows from the circuit, wire melts and
breaks. In this way, circuit electric current flow is prevented.

Picture 16: Operation of wire fuses

4.11.2.Magnetic Fuses
Magnetic fuses have a coil inside. When the excessive current flows from the
circuit,this coil is magnetized.And then,coil pulls the metal block and circuit
current flow is cutted.

Picture 17: Operation of magnetic fuses

4.11.3.Bimetallic Fuses

Bimetallic fuses have two different metals. These metals have different
expansions.If over-current flows from the circuit,high-expanded metal bends
toward to less-expanded metal.In this way,contacts are opened and circuit
current flow is prevented.

Picture 18: Operation of bimetallic fuses

5.Power Distribution Cable System

5.1 Cable Specifications

A cable is defined as a single conductor or an assembly of conductors

covered by solid electrical insulation. Cable specifications generally start with the
conductor and progress radially through the insulation and coverings. The
following is a typical list of specifications:

Number of conductors in cable.

Conductor size and material.

Insulation type.

Voltage rating.

Shielding system.

Outer finishes

Installation.

Picture 19: A XLPE Cable Section

5.1.1.Conductors

The two conductor materials in common use are copper and aluminum. Copper
has historically been used for conductors of insulated cables primarily for its
desirable electrical and mechanical properties. The use of aluminum is based
mainly on its favorable conductivity-to-weight ratio, its ready availability, and the
stable low cost of the primary metal.

5.1.2.Insulations

Insulations can be classified in broad categories as solid, taped or specialpurpose insulations. Basic insulating materials are either organic or inorganic.
The following is a list of insulations commonly used:

Thermosetting compounds .
Thermoplastic compounds .

 Paper-laminated tapes.
Varnished cloth-laminated tapes.
Mineral inorganic insulation.

5.1.3.Shielding

Shielding is the practice of confining the electric field of the cable to the
insulation surrounding the conductor by means of conducting or semiconducting
layers, closely fitting or bonded to the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation.
In other words, the outer shield confines the electric field to the space
between conductor and shield.Insulation shields have several purposes:
Confine the electric field within the cable.
Equalize voltage stress within the insulation, minimizing surface
discharges.
Protect cable from induced potentials.
Limit electromagnetic or electrostatic interference (radio, TV, etc.).
Reduce shock hazard (when properly grounded).

5.1.4 Cable Outer Finishes

Cable outer finishes or outer coverings are used to protect the underlying cable
components from the environmental and installation conditions associated with
intended service. The choice of cable outer finishes for a particular application is
based on electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical considerations.
Combinations of metallic and nonmetallic finishes are usually required to provide
the total protection needed for the installation and operation.

5.2 Cable Rating And Selection Criteria

Cables come in various sizes. The size of a cable depends on the ampacity or
voltage rating of the cable. Cables may contain various conductor sizes, and the
electrical characteristics of the cable depends on the conductor size used.

Power
kVA

Free
W

On
load
(75C)
W

Short
circuit
voltag
e %UK

A
Lengt
h
mm

B
Width
mm

50

190

1100

1000

100

320

1750

160

460

2350

250

650

400

Heigth
mm

Kh
Bowl
Height

Between
Total
the
(kg)
wheels

653

1343

811

520

486

1000

671

1408

676

520

665

1006

766

1453

921

520

831

3250

1100

836

1583

991

670

1055

930

4600

1176

1016

1695

1103

670

1450

500

1100

5500

1475

1038

1650

1138

670

1736

630

1300

6500

1743

1048

1760

1183

670

2018

800

1550

8300

1613

1348

1835

1258

670

2505

Table 1 :Cable Selection Table

5.2.1 Electrical and Environmental Specifications The selection of power

cables involves
the consideration of various electrical and environmental conditions. These
conditions include
the quantity and characteristics of the power being distributed. The selection of
conductor size is based on the following criteria:

Voltage rating.

Load current criteria

Emergency overload criteria.

Voltage drop limitations.

Fault current criteria.

5.2.2 Voltage Rating The selection of the cable insulation rating is based on:
the phase-to-phase voltage of the system in which the cable is to be applied
whether the system is grounded or ungrounded, and the time in which a ground
fault on the system is cleared by protective equipment. It is possible to operate
cables on ungrounded systems for long periods of time with one phase grounded
due to a fault. This results in line-to-line voltage stress across the insulation of the
two ungrounded conductors. Such cable, therefore, must have greater insulation
thickness than a cable used on a grounded system.

5.2.3 Load Current Criteria Careful consideration must be given when

grouping cables, as de-ratings resulting from mutual heating may limit capacity.
Also ambient Temperature should be considered.

5.2.4 Emergency Overload Criteria The normal daily load temperature is the
average conductor temperature over a typical 24 hour period. It reflects both the
change in ambient temperature and the change in conductor temperature due to
daily load fluctuations. Additionally, sustained operation over and above
maximum rated operating temperatures or ampacities is not an effective or
economical practice, because the temperature rise is directly proportional to the
conductor loss, which increases as the square of the current.

5.3 Types Of Cable Installations

There are a variety of ways to install power distribution cables. Each

method ensures distribution of power with a unique degree of reliability, safety,
economy, and quality for any specific set of conditions.

5.3.1 Open-Wire. Open-wire construction consists of uninsulated conductors on

insulators which are mounted on poles or structures. The conductor may be bare
or it may have a thin covering for protection from corrosion or abrasion. The
attractive features of this method are its low initial cost and the fact that damage
can be detected and repaired quickly.

5.3.2 Aerial Cable. Aerial cable consists of fully insulated conductors suspended
above the ground. This type of installation is used increasingly, generally for
replacing open wiring, where it provides greater safety and reliability and
requires less space. Properly protected cables are not a safety hazard and are not
easily damaged by casual contact.

5.3.3 Underground Ducts. Underground ducts are used where it is necessary

to provide a high degree of safety and mechanical protection, or where aboveground conductors would be unattractive. Cables used in underground conduits
must be suitable for use in wet areas, and protected against abrasion during
installation.

5.3.4 Grounding of Cable Systems. For safety and reliable operation, the
shields and metallic
sheaths of power cables must be grounded. Without such grounding, shields
would operate at a
potential considerably above ground. Thus, they would be hazardous to touch,
and would incur
rapid degradation of the jacket or other material intervening between shield and
ground.