Electricity generation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Turbo generator

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from other sources of primary energy. The fundamental principles
of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method
is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.[1] For
electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission,
distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power
industry. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines
fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other
energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
Contents

1 History

2 Methods of generating electricity

o

2.1 Turbines

2.2 Reciprocating engines

2.3 Photovoltaic panels

2.4 Other generation methods

3 Economics of generation and production of electricity

4 Production
o

4.1 Historical results of production of electricity

4.2 Production by country

4.2.1 List of countries with source of electricity 2008

5 Cogeneration

6 Environmental concerns

7 Water consumption

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

History
Main article: Electrification

Diagram of an electric power system, generation system in black

Central power stations became economically practical with the development of alternating current power transmission, using power
transformers to transmit power at high voltage and with low loss. Electricity has been generated at central stations since 1882. The
first power plants were run on water power[2] or coal,[3] and today we rely mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind
generators, and petroleum, with a small amount from solar energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources. The use of power-lines and
power-poles have been significantly important in the distribution of electricity.
Methods of generating electricity

U.S. 2013 Electricity Generation By Type.[4]

Sources of electricity in France in 2006;[5] nuclear power was the main source.

There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into electrical energy:

Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge (examples: triboelectric effect and
lightning)

Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator transforms kinetic energy
(energy of motion) into electricity. This is the most used form for generating electricity and is based on
Faraday's law. It can be experimented by simply rotating a magnet within closed loops of a conducting
material (e.g. copper wire)

Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or
nerve impulse

Photovoltaic effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells

Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity, as in thermocouples,

thermopiles, and thermionic converters.

Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or crystals. Researchers at
the US Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have developed a
piezoelectric generator sufficient to operate a liquid crystal display using thin films of M13 bacteriophage.[6]

Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles (examples: betavoltaics or alpha
particle emission)

Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator is still used even in modern devices
such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators. Charge carriers are separated and physically transported to a position of
increased electric potential. Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in which mechanical
energy forces an electrical generator to rotate. There are many different methods of developing the mechanical energy, including heat
engines, hydro, wind and tidal power. The direct conversion of nuclear potential energy to electricity by beta decay is used only on a
small scale. In a full-size nuclear power plant, the heat of a nuclear reaction is used to run a heat engine. This drives a generator, which
converts mechanical energy into electricity by magnetic induction. Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion
of fossil fuels supplies most of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some from renewable
sources. The modern steam turbine (invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884) currently generates about 80% of the electric power in
the world using a variety of heat sources.
Turbines

Large dams such as Three Gorges Dam in China can provide large amounts of hydroelectric power; it has a 22.5 GW
capability.

All turbines are driven by a fluid acting as an intermediate energy carrier. Many of the heat engines just mentioned are turbines. Other
types of turbines can be driven by wind or falling water. Sources include:

Steam - Water is boiled byo

Nuclear fission

The burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, or petroleum). In hot gas (gas turbine), turbines are driven
directly by gases produced by the combustion of natural gas or oil. Combined cycle gas turbine plants
are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine
and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. These plants offer efficiency of up
to 60%.

Renewables. The steam is generated by:

Biomass

Solar thermal energy (the sun as the heat source): solar parabolic troughs and solar power
towers concentrate sunlight to heat a heat transfer fluid, which is then used to produce steam.

Geothermal power. Either steam under pressure emerges from the ground and drives a turbine
or hot water evaporates a low boiling liquid to create vapor to drive a turbine.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): uses the big difference between cooler deep and
warmer surface ocean waters to run a heat engine (usually a turbine).

Other renewable sources:

Large dams such as Hoover Dam can provide large amounts of hydroelectric power; it has 2.07 GW capability.

that is artificially produced inside the chimney by heating it with sunlight, and are more properly seen as
forms of solar thermal energy.

Reciprocating engines
Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel, biogas or natural gas. Diesel engines are often
used for back up generation, usually at low voltages. However most large power grids also use diesel generators, originally provided
as emergency back up for a specific facility such as a hospital, to feed power into the grid during certain circumstances. Biogas is
often combusted where it is produced, such as a landfill or wastewater treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a microturbine,
which is a small gas turbine.

A coal-fired power plant in Laughlin, Nevada U.S.A. Owners of this plant ceased operations after declining to invest in
pollution control equipment to comply with pollution regulations. [7]

Photovoltaic panels
Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is
free and abundant, solar electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the
cost of the panels. Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion
efficiency are now commercially available. Over 40% efficiency has been demonstrated in experimental systems.[8] Until recently,
photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental
electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology,
combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed
capacity is growing by 40% per year led by increases in Germany, Japan, and the United States.

Other generation methods

Wind turbines usually provide electrical generation in conjunction with other methods of producing power.

Various other technologies have been studied and developed for power generation. Solid-state generation (without moving parts) is of
particular interest in portable applications. This area is largely dominated by thermoelectric (TE) devices, though thermionic (TI) and
thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems have been developed as well. Typically, TE devices are used at lower temperatures than TI and
TPV systems. Piezoelectric devices are used for power generation from mechanical strain, particularly in power harvesting.
Betavoltaics are another type of solid-state power generator which produces electricity from radioactive decay. Fluid-based
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation has been studied as a method for extracting electrical power from nuclear reactors
and also from more conventional fuel combustion systems. Osmotic power finally is another possibility at places where salt and fresh
water merges (e.g. deltas, ...) Electrochemical electricity generation is also important in portable and mobile applications. Currently,
most electrochemical power comes from closed electrochemical cells ("batteries"),[9] which are arguably utilized more as storage
systems than generation systems; but open electrochemical systems, known as fuel cells, have been undergoing a great deal of
research and development in the last few years. Fuel cells can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized
fuels (mainly electrolytic hydrogen) and so can be viewed as either generation systems or storage systems depending on their use.
Economics of generation and production of electricity
See also: Cost of electricity by source

The selection of electricity production modes and their economic viability varies in accordance with demand and region. The
economics vary considerably around the world, resulting in widespread selling prices, e.g. the price in Venezuela is 3 cents per kWh
while in Denmark it is 40 cents per kWh. Hydroelectric plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants and renewable sources
have their own pros and cons, and selection is based upon the local power requirement and the fluctuations in demand. All power grids
have varying loads on them but the daily minimum is the base load, supplied by plants which run continuously. Nuclear, coal, oil and
gas plants can supply base load.
Thermal energy is economical in areas of high industrial density, as the high demand cannot be met by renewable sources. The effect
of localized pollution is also minimized as industries are usually located away from residential areas. These plants can also withstand
variation in load and consumption by adding more units or temporarily decreasing the production of some units. Nuclear power plants
can produce a huge amount of power from a single unit. However, recent disasters in Japan have raised concerns over the safety of
nuclear power, and the capital cost of nuclear plants is very high. Hydroelectric power plants are located in areas where the potential
energy from falling water can be harnessed for moving turbines and the generation of power. It is not an economically viable source of
production where the load varies too much during the annual production cycle and the ability to store the flow of water is limited.
Renewable sources other than hydroelectricity (solar power, wind energy, tidal power, etc.) due to advancements in technology, and
with mass production, their cost of production has come down and the energy is now in many cases cost-comparative with fossil fuels.
Many governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of any new power production, and to make the
installation of renewable energy systems economically feasible. However, their use is frequently limited by their intermittent nature. If
natural gas prices are below $3 per million British thermal units, generating electricity from natural gas is cheaper than generating
power by burning coal.[10]
Production
This section is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(March 2015)

The production of electricity in 2009 was 20,053TWh. Sources of electricity were fossil fuels 67%, renewable energy 16% (mainly
hydroelectric, wind, solar and biomass), and nuclear power 13%, and other sources were 3%. The majority of fossil fuel usage for the
generation of electricity was coal and gas. Oil was 5.5%, as it is the most expensive common commodity used to produce electrical
energy. Ninety-two percent of renewable energy was hydroelectric followed by wind at 6% and geothermal at 1.8%. Solar
photovoltaic was 0.06%, and solar thermal was 0.004%. Data are from OECD 2011-12 Factbook (2009 data).[11]

Source of Electricity (World total year 2008)

-

Coal

Oil

Natural
Gas

Nuclear

Renewables

other

Total

Average electric power (TWh/year)

8,263

1,111

4,301

2,731

3,288

568

20,261

Average electric power (GW)

942.6

126.7

490.7

311.6

375.1

64.8

2311.4

Proportion

41%

5%

21%

13%

16%

3%

100%

data source IEA/OECD

Energy Flow of Power Plant

Total energy consumed at all power plants for the generation of electricity was 4,398,768 ktoe (kilo ton of oil equivalent) which was
36% of the total for primary energy sources (TPES) of 2008.
Electricity output (gross) was 1,735,579 ktoe (20,185 TWh), efficiency was 39%, and the balance of 61% was generated heat. A small
part (145,141 ktoe, which was 3% of the input total) of the heat was utilized at co-generation heat and power plants. The in-house
consumption of electricity and power transmission losses were 289,681 ktoe. The amount supplied to the final consumer was
1,445,285 ktoe (16,430 TWh) which was 33% of the total energy consumed at power plants and heat and power co-generation (CHP)
plants.[12]

Historical results of production of electricity

Production by country
Main article: World energy resources and consumption
See also: Electricity consumption

The United States has long been the largest producer and consumer of electricity, with a global share in 2005 of at least 25%, followed
by China, Japan, Russia, and India. As of Jan-2010, total electricity generation for the 2 largest generators was as follows: USA: 3992
billion kWh (3992 TWh) and China: 3715 billion kWh (3715 TWh).
List of countries with source of electricity 2008

Data source of values (electric power generated) is IEA/OECD.[13] Listed countries are top 20 by population or top 20 by GDP (PPP)
and Saudi Arabia based on CIA World Factbook 2009.[14]
Composition of Electricity by Resource (TWh per year 2008)
Fossil Fuel
Country's
electricity sector

Bio
ran
othe total
k
r*

Renewable

Coa
sub ran
Oil Gas
l
total k

Nucle ran
ar
k

World total

8,26 1,11 4,30 13,67

- 2,731 3
1
1
5

Proportion

41%

5.5
21% 67%
%

China

2,7
33

23

31

India

569 34

82

USA

2,1

Geo Sola Solar

Hyd
Win
sub ran
r
Ther
Tide
Ther
ro
d
total k
mal PV* mal
3,28
8

65

12

0.9

219 0.5 3,584 -

271

20,26
1

13%

16% 0.3%

0.06 0.004 1.1 0.003

18%
%
%
%
%

- 1.3% 100% -

2,78
2
8

68

585

0.2

13

2.4

3,45
7

685

15

12 114

0.02

14

128.0
6
2

2.0

830

56

73

4,36

58 101 3,10 1

838

282

17

1.6 0.88

598

357

33

Indonesia

61

43

25

Brazil

13

18

29

59

23

14

Pakistan

0.1

32

30

62

22

Bangladesh 0.6 1.7

31

33

12

15

Nigeria

3.1

130 19

12

8.3

20

17

149 20

13 370

0.6

370

20

463

1.6

16

28

28

14

92

24

27

1.5

1.5

29

35

27

28

5.7

5.7

25

21

28

Russia

197 16 495 708

163

167

0.5

0.01

167

2.5

1,04
0

Japan

288 139 283 711

258

83

2.8

2.3

2.6

91

22

1,08
2

9.8

14

39

7.1

0.01

0.3

47

12 0.8

Mexico

21

49 131 202 13

Philippines

16

4.9

20

40

26

9.8

11

0.00
1

0.1

21

16

61

26

Vietnam

15

1.6

30

47

25

26

26

15

73

25

Ethiopia

0.5

0.5

29

3.3

0.01

3.3

28

3.8

30

Egypt

26

90

115 20

15

0.9

16

20

131 22

291 9.2

88

388

148

27

0.02 4.4

41

72

29

99

164 16

33

0.16

0.85

34

Germany
Turkey

58

7.5

259 14

637

13 0.22 198 19

DR Congo

0.02 0.03 0.05 30

7.5

7.5

22

7.5

Iran

0.4

36 173 209 11

5.0

0.20

5.2

26

215 17

Thailand

32

1.7 102 135 18

7.1 0.002

0.00
3

7.1

23 4.8

France

27

5.8

68

0.04

5.7 0.51

75

5.9

575

10 9.3

0.02

7.1

16

18

11

389 11

UK
Italy

Canada
Saudi
Arabia

55

127 6.1 177 310

49

31 173 253

South Korea 192 15

Spain

22

50

288

47

5.5

0.2

4.9

58

11 8.6

319 12

151

5.6

0.3

0.4

6.3

24 0.7

446 10

59

26

2.6 0.02

32

61

10 4.3

314 13

3.8 0.03 386

41

162 17

94

383

0.03

116 88

204 12

0.00
4

0.6

8.4

21 3.5

238 16

0.2 0.004 3.9

16

19 2.2

257 15

4.4

27 6.8

108 23

125 14

46

186 15

41

Australia

198 2.8

39

239 10

Country

52

Taiwan

Netherlands 27

147 21

18 122 190 14

112 9.8
-

81

24 439

29

2.1

63

92

21

4.2

11 7.8
-

12

15 0.1

0.04

4.3

8.5

651

204 18

Geo Sola Solar

Bio
Coa
sub ran Nucle ran Hyd
Win
sub ran
ran
r
Ther
Oil Gas
Tide
Ther
othe Total
ar
k
k
l
total k
ro
d
total k
mal PV mal
r

Solar PV* is Photovoltaics Bio other* = 198TWh (Biomass) + 69TWh (Waste) + 4TWh (other)
Cogeneration
Main article: Cogeneration
See also: Electrification

Co-generation is the practice of using exhaust or extracted steam from a turbine for heating purposes, such as drying paper, distilling
petroleum in a refinery or for building heat. Before central power stations were widely introduced it was common for industries, large
hotels and commercial buildings to generate their own power and use low pressure exhaust steam for heating.[15] This practice carried
on for many years after central stations became common and is still in use in many industries.
Environmental concerns
Main article: Environmental impact of electricity generation
See also: Global warming and Coal phase out

Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the environment. In France only 10% of electricity is
generated from fossil fuels, the US is higher at 70% and China is at 80%.[13] The cleanliness of electricity depends on its source. Most
scientists agree that emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant
portion of world greenhouse gas emissions; in the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40% of emissions, the
largest of any source. Transportation emissions are close behind, contributing about one-third of U.S. production of carbon dioxide.[16]
In the United States, fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is responsible for 65% of all emissions of sulfur dioxide, the
main component of acid rain.[17] Electricity generation is the fourth highest combined source of NOx, carbon monoxide, and
particulate matter in the US.[18] In July 2011, the UK parliament tabled a motion that "levels of (carbon) emissions from nuclear power
were approximately three times lower per kilowatt hour than those of solar, four times lower than clean coal and 36 times lower than
conventional coal".[19]
Main article: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by electricity source.[20]

Technology

50th percentile
(g CO2/kWhe)

Description

Hydroelectric

reservoir

Wind

onshore

12

Nuclear

various generation II reactor types

16

Biomass

various

18

Solar thermal

parabolic trough

22

Geothermal

hot dry rock

45

Solar PV

Polycrystaline silicon

46

Natural gas

various combined cycle turbines without scrubbing

469

Coal

various generator types without scrubbing

1001

Water consumption

Most large scale thermoelectric power stations consume considerable amounts of water for cooling purposes and boiler water make up
- 1 L/kWh for once through (e.g. river cooling), and 1.7 L/kWh for cooling tower cooling.[21] Water abstraction for cooling water
accounts for about 40% of European total water abstraction, although most of this water is returned to its source, albeit slightly
warmer. Different cooling systems have different consumption vs. abstraction characteristics. Cooling towers withdraw a small
amount of water from the environment and evaporate most of it. Once-through systems withdraw a large amount but return it to the
environment immediately, at a higher temperature.
See also
Energy portal
Renewable energy portal

Infrastructure portal

Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources

Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources

Distributed generation

Electrification

Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database

List of countries by electricity production from renewable source

Droop speed control

Electric power transmission

Electric utility

EURELECTRIC

Electricity distribution

Electricity retailing

Energy development

Environmental concerns with electricity generation

Eugene Green Energy Standard

Generating Availability Data System

Load profile

Mains electricity

Parallel generation

Power quality

Virtual power plant

Voltage drop

References
1.
'The Institution of Engineering & Technology: Michael Faraday'
In 1881, under the leadership of Jacob Schoellkopf, the first hydroelectric generating station was built on
Niagara Falls.
Pearl Street Station: The Dawn of Commercial Electric Power
http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01
DGEMP / Observatoire de l'nergie (April 2007). "LElectricit en France en 2006 : une analyse statistique."
(PDF) (in French). Retrieved 2007-05-23.
"piezoelectric generator". The Times Of India. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
Reuters News Service (2005-12-30). "Mohave Power Plant in Nevada to Close as Expected". Planet Ark.
Retrieved 2007-07-16.
New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology (press release, 2006-12-05), U.S. Department of Energy.
World's Largest Utility Battery System Installed in Alaska (press release, 2003-09-24), U.S. Department of
Energy. "13,670 nickel-cadmium battery cells to generate up to 40 megawatts of power for about 7 minutes, or 27
megawatts of power for 15 minutes."

 Smith, Karl. Forbes http://www.forbes.com/sites/modeledbehavior/2013/03/22/will-natural-gas-stay-cheapenough-replace-coal-and-lower-us-carbon-emissions/. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[1] OECD 2011-12 Factbook
International Energy Agency, "2008 Energy Balance for World", 2011.
IEA Statistics and Balances retrieved 2011-5-8
CIA World Factbook 2009 retrieved 2011-5-8
Hunter & Bryant 1991
Borenstein, Seth (2007-06-03). "Carbon-emissions culprit? Coal". The Seattle Times.
"Sulfur Dioxide". US Environmental Protection Agency.
"AirData". US Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2010-12/2061
http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf see page 10 Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M.
Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources
and Climate Change Mitigation.
1.

AAAS Annual Meeting 17 - 21 Feb 2011, Washington DC. Sustainable or Not? Impacts and
Uncertainties of Low-Carbon Energy Technologies on Water.Evangelos Tzimas , European Commission, JRC
Institute for Energy, Petten, Netherlands

External links

Electricity - A Visual Primer

Power Technologies Energy Data Book

NOW on PBS: Power Struggle

This Week in Energy (TWiEpodcast)

Electricity: From Table-top to Powerplant

The Power Sector in Lebanon via Carboun

[hide]

Electricity delivery

Concept
s

Availability factor

Baseload

Black start

Capacity factor

Demand factor

Demand management

EROEI

Fault

Grid storage

incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV
installations in many countries. With current technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to
manufacture them in 1.5 (in Southern Europe) to 2.5 years (in Northern Europe).Solar PV is now, after hydro
and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity.
More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with
farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or
simply rooftop).In 2013, the fast-growing capacity of worldwide installed solar PV increased by 38 percent to
139 gigawatts (GW). This is sufficient to generate at least 160 terawatt hours (TWh) or about 0.85 percent of
the electricity demand on the planet. China, followed by Japan and the United States, is now the fastest
growing market, while Germany remains the world's largest producer, contributing almost 6 percent to its
national electricity demands.
View on Reegle

Reegle Definition
A photovoltaic plant is a power station that generates electrical power by using photovoltaic cells; usually
such a power plant feeds electricity into the public grid., Photovoltaics (PV) is the field of technology and
research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity. Solar
power is sometimes used as a synonym to refer to electricity generated from solar radiation.

Also Known As
PV
Related Terms
Solar cell, Solar energy, PV celldemand, solar radiation, electricity generation, power, demand
5 Countries Leading the Way Toward 100% Renewable Energy
Tierney Smith, TckTckTck | January 9, 2015 12:52 pm | Comments

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2014 was an exciting year for renewable energy.

After a three-year slump in renewable energy finance, investment grew last year, with records level seen for the amount spent on wind
farms, as well the construction of both new wind and solar capacity.

Last month, wind turbines alone

provided around 1,279 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity to the national gird, enough to supply the electrical
needs of 164 percent of Scottish households, or 3.96 million homes. Photo credit: Creative Commons

According to Bloomberg New Energy Finances latest energy investment report, China led as the worlds largest investor in
renewables, with the U.S. coming in second place.
Worldwide, around 100 gigawatts (GW) of solar and wind power capacity were built in 2014up from 74 GW in 2013and nearly
during every month the headlines were filled with record generation in cities and countries across the world.
As we kick off 2015with hopes for an even bigger year for renewable energyheres five records that were broken in 2014.
1. Denmark sets world record for wind

Denmark set a new world record for wind production in 2014, getting 39.1 percent of its overall electricity from the clean energy
source.
The latest figures put the country well on track to meet its 2020 goal of getting 50 percent of its power from renewables.
Denmark has long been a pioneer in wind power, having installed its first turbines in the mid-1970s, and has even more ambitious
aims in sight, including a 100 percent renewable country by 2050.
Last year, onshore wind was also declared the cheapest form of energy in the country.
2. UK wind power smashes annual records
In the UK, wind power also smashed records in 2014, as generation rose 15 percent from 24.5 terawatt-hours (TWh) hours to 28.1
TWh.
Thats more than any other year, and the country now generates enough wind energy to supply the needs of more than 6.7 million UK
households.
A combination of grid-connected wind farms and standalone turbines produced 9.3 percent of the UKs electricity demand in 2014, up
from 7.8 percent in 2013 and the latest data follows a string of wind power records announced in the second half of last year.
3. Renewables provide biggest contribution to Germanys electricity
Renewable energy was the biggest contributor to Germanys electricity supply in 2014, with nearly 26 percent of the countrys power
generation coming from clean sources.
Thats according to Berlin-based think-tank Agora Energiewende.
Electricity output from renewables has grown eightfold in Germany since 1990, and the latest data further highlights the dramatic shift
towards clean energy taking place in Europes largest economy.
4. Scotland sees massive year for renewables

With another record month experienced in December, 2014 was a massive year for renewables in Scotland.
Last month, wind turbines alone provided around 1,279 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity to the national gird, enough to supply
the electrical needs of 164 percent of Scottish households, or 3.96 million homes.
The latest figures further highlight the record year seen for renewables in Scotland, with wind turbines providing an average 746, 510
MWh each monthenough to supply 98 percent of Scottish households electricity needs.
Over six months of the year, wind generated enough power to supply more than 100 percent of Scottish households, while in
Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness there was enough sunshine to provide 100 percent or more of the electricity needs for
an average home in June and July.
With figures like these it is no wonder new research out this week said the countrys power grid could be 100 percent renewable by
2030.
5. Ireland hits new record for wind energy
Windy conditions in Ireland meant the country saw not one but two wind energy records set already this year.
According to figures record by EirGrid on Wednesday (Jan. 7), wind energy had created 1,942 MW of energy, enough to power more
than 1.26 million homes.
And while we are still only a week into 2015, this announcement marked the second time this year the country has seen this record
broken. On the Jan. 1, wind energy output was at a previous high of 1,872 MW.
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List of countries by electricity production

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of countries by electricity production per year based on multiple sources.
Contents

1 Production

2 Production and source

3 References

Production
Rank
N/A

Country/Region
World Total

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Date of
information

23,127,000

2013[1]

China

5,649,500

2014[2]

United States

4,260,400

2013[1]

European Union

3,259,900

2013[1]

India

1,111,722

2013

Japan

1,088,100

2013[1]

Russia

1,069,300

2013[1]

N/A

Rank

Country/Region

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Date of
information

Germany

633,600

2013[1]

Canada

626,800

2013[1]

France

568,300

2013[1]

Brazil

557,400

2013[1]

10

South Korea

534,700

2013[1]

11

United Kingdom

356,800

2013[1]

12

Mexico

293,600

2013[1]

13

Saudi Arabia

292,200

2013[1]

14

Italy

288,400

2013[1]

15

Spain

285,300

2013[1]

16

Iran

263,400

2013[1]

17

South Africa

256,100

2013[1]

18

Taiwan

252,000

2013[1]

19

Australia

244,800

2013[1]

Rank

Country/Region

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Date of
information

20

Turkey

239,300

2013[1]

21

Indonesia

216,200

2013[1]

22

Ukraine

193,800

2013[1]

23

Thailand

164,800

2013[1]

24

Poland

164,400

2013[1]

25

Sweden

160,400

2013[1]

26

Egypt

148,500

2013[1]

27

Argentina

138,800

2013[1]

28

Norway

134,200

2013[1]

29

Venezuela

131,700

2013[1]

30

Malaysia

131,600

2013[1]

31

Vietnam

130,100

2013[1]

32

United Arab Emirates

111,300

2013[1]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

33

Netherlands

95,100

2013[1]

34

Pakistan

93,200

2013[1]

35

Kazakhstan

91,900

2013[1]

36

Czech Republic

87,100

2013[1]

37

Belgium

85,100

2013[1]

38

Philippines

76,000

2013[1]

39

Switzerland

73,400

2013[1]

40

Chile

72,400

2013[1]

41

Finland

71,200

2013[1]

42

Austria

67,700

2013[1]

43

Israel

63,000

2013[1]

44

Kuwait

62,900

2013[1]

45

Colombia

62,200

2013[1]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

46

Romania

59,400

2013[1]

47

Algeria

59,000

2013[1]

48

Greece

58,300

2013[1]

49

Paraguay

57,050

2011[3]

50

Uzbekistan

54,207

2013[1]

51

Portugal

52,700

2013[1]

52

Iraq

51,193

2011[3]

53

Bangladesh

50,544

2013[1]

54

Singapore

47,948

2013[1]

55

Bulgaria

44,040

2013[1]

56

New Zealand

43,153

2013[1]

57

Peru

39,668

2013[1]

58

Hong Kong

39,063

2013[1]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

59

Syria

38,778

2011[3]

60

Qatar

38,439

2013[1]

61

Serbia

35,892

2011[3]

62

Denmark

34,581

2013[1]

63

Belarus

31,200

2013[1]

64

Hungary

30,312

2013[1]

65

Slovakia

28,590

2013[1]

66

Libya

25,957

2011[3]

67

Nigeria

25,695

2011[3]

68

Ireland

25,313

2013[1]

69

Morocco

23,652

2011[3]

70

Ecuador

23,258

2013[1]

71

Azerbaijan

23,214

2013[1]

72

North Korea

20,992

2011[3]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

73

Oman

20,073

2011[3]

74

Puerto Rico

20,015

2011[3]

75

Turkmenistan

18,696

2013[1]

76

Iceland

17,191

2012[3]

77

Cuba

16,745

2011[3]

78

Mozambique

16,661

2011[3]

79

Tajikistan

16,035

2011[3]

80

Lebanon

15,423

2011[3]

81

Tunisia

15,225

2011[3]

82

Kyrgyzstan

14,956

2011[3]

83

Slovenia

14,762

2012[3]

84

Bosnia and Herzegovina

14,582

2011[3]

85

Jordan

13,770

2011[3]

86

Dominican Republic

13,086

2011[3]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

87

Bahrain

12,998

2011[3]

88

Laos

12,242

2011[3]

89

Estonia

11,655

2012[3]

90

Zambia

11,338

2010[3]

91

Sri Lanka

10,972

2011[3]

92

Ghana

10,906

2011[3]

93

Uruguay

10,162

2011[3]

94

Croatia

10,161

2011[3]

95

Georgia

9,977

2011[3]

96

Costa Rica

9,888

2011[3]

97

Sudan[4]

8,917

2011[3]

98

Guatemala

8,361

2011[3]

99

Trinidad and Tobago

7,904

2013[1]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

100

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

7,802

2011[3]

101

Panama

7,642

2011[3]

102

Kenya

7,618

2011[3]

103

Zimbabwe

7,297

2011[3]

104

Burma

7,144

2011[3]

105

Armenia

7,075

2011[3]

106

Bhutan

6,976

2011[3]

107

Bolivia

6,835

2011[3]

108

Honduras

6,712

2011[3]

109

Macedonia

6,534

2011[3]

110

El Salvador

5,992

2011[3]

111

Latvia

5,891

2011[3]

112

Cte d'Ivoire

5,870

2011[3]

113

Cameroon

5,857

2011[3]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

114

Yemen

5,834

2011[3]

115

Kosovo

5,847

2012[5]

116

Angola

5,512

2011[3]

117

Moldova

5,456

2010[3]

118

Tanzania

5,115

2011[3]

119

Ethiopia

5,107

2011[3]

120

Lithuania

4,780

2013[1]

121

Jamaica

4,745

2011[3]

122

Cyprus

4,570

2011[3]

123

Mongolia

4,472

2011[3]

124

Albania

3,882

2011[3]

125

Nicaragua

3,522

2011[3]

126

Brunei

3,500

2011[3]

Rank

127
128

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region
Papua New Guinea
Nepal

Date of
information

3,325

2011[3]

3,279

2011[3]

129

Reunion

2,841

2011[3]

130

Senegal

2,801

2011[3]

131

Mauritius

2,627

2011[3]

132

Montenegro

2,557

2011[3]

133

Uganda

2,493

2011[3]

134

New Caledonia

2,430

2011[3]

135

Luxembourg

2,211

2012[3]

136

Bahamas

2,190

2011[3]

137

Malawi

2,069

2011[3]

138

Malta

2,050

2011[3]

139

Guam

1,734

2011[3]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

140

Martinique

1,702

2011[3]

141

Gabon

1,702

2011[3]

142

Guadeloupe

1,650

2011[3]

143

Suriname

1,600

2011[3]

144

Namibia

1,585

2011[3]

145

Madagascar

1,340

2011[3]

146

Netherlands Antilles

1,287

2011[3]

147

Congo, Republic of the

1,255

2011[3]

148

Barbados

1,002

2011[3]

149

Cambodia

991

2011[3]

150

Aruba

980

2011[3]

151

Guinea

950

2011[3]

152

Mauritania

930

2011[3]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

153

French Guiana

885

2011[3]

154

Fiji

836

2011[3]

155

Afghanistan

833

2011[3]

156

Macau

833

2011[3]

157

French Polynesia

825

2011[3]

158

U.S. Virgin Islands

996

2001[3]

159

Botswana

794

2011[3]

160

Guyana

725

2011[3]

161

Lesotho

700

2011[3]

162

Bermuda

674

2011[3]

163

Haiti

652

2011[3]

164

Cayman Islands

594

2011[3]

165

Burkina Faso

579

2011[3]

166

PSE

535

2011[3]

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

167

Mali

520

2011[3]

168

Belize

452

2011[3]

169

Swaziland

460

2007

170

Liberia

319

2005

163

Djibouti

306

2006

164

Saint Lucia

304

2005

165

Greenland

300

2005

166

Faroe Islands

290

2005

167

Somalia

270

2005

168

Eritrea

252

2006

170

Sierra Leone

245

2005

234

2005

192

2002

171
173

Niger
Micronesia, Federated States of

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

174

American Samoa

180

2005

175

Togo

176

2005

176

Maldives

169

2005

177

Grenada

150

2005

178

Gambia, The

145

2005

179

Gibraltar

141

2005

180

Burundi

137

2005

182

Saint Kitts and Nevis

125

2005

183

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

115

2005

184

Samoa

115

2011[3]

185

Central African Republic

109

2005

186

Antigua and Barbuda

105

2005

187

Benin

105

2005

188

Chad

95

2005

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

189

Rwanda

95

2005

190

Western Sahara

85

2005

191

Dominica

80

2005

192

Solomon Islands

60

2005

193

Guinea-Bissau

60

2005

194

Tonga

54

2006

195

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

50

2005

196

Cape Verde

45

2005

197

British Virgin Islands

45

2005

198

Vanuatu

41

2005

199

Cook Islands

30

2005

200

Nauru

30

2005

201

Equatorial Guinea

28

2005

Rank

Electricity
production
(GWh)

Country/Region

Date of
information

202

Comoros

20

2005

203

Montserrat

20

2005

204

Sao Tome and Principe

18

2005

205

Falkland Islands

16

2005

206

Turks and Caicos Islands

12

2005

207

Kiribati

2005

208

Saint Helena

2005

209

Niue

2005

Production and source

Source: World Development Indicators: Electricity production, sources, and access (2011)
Country

Electricity
production
(TWh)

%
Coal

% Natural %
%
gas
Oil Hydropower

% Other
renewable

% Nuclear
power

Argentina

129.6

2.5

51.4

15.1 24.4

1.7

4.9

Australia

252.6

68.6

19.7

1.6

6.6

3.5

Austria

62.2

11.8

19.9

1.6

55

10.7

Electricity
production
(TWh)

Country

%
Coal

% Natural %
%
gas
Oil Hydropower

% Other
renewable

% Nuclear
power

Canada

636.9

12

9.8

59

3.3

14.7

Chile

65.7

29.9

20.9

9.7

32

7.6

China

4,715.7

79

1.8

0.2

14.8

2.2

1.8

39

71.2

28.5

0.3

Denmark

35.2

39.7

16.5

1.3

40.2

Egypt

156.6

74.7

15.8 8.3

1.3

Finland

73.5

14

12.9

0.6

16.9

15.9

31.6

France

556.9

3.1

4.8

0.6

3.6

79.4

Germany

602.4

45.1

13.9

1.1

2.9

17.6

17.9

Iceland

17.2

72.7

27.3

India

1,052.3

67.9

10.3

1.2

12.4

3.2

Indonesia

182.4

44.4

20.3

23.2 6.8

5.2

Iran

239.7

0.2

66.8

27.8 5

0.1

0.1

Hong Kong SAR,

China

Electricity
production
(TWh)

Country

%
Coal

% Natural %
%
gas
Oil Hydropower

% Other
renewable

% Nuclear
power

Iraq

54.2

62.1

12.9 7.6

Israel

59.6

59

33.1

7.3

0.4

Italy

300.6

16.7

48.1

6.6

15.2

12.4

Japan

1,042.7

27

35.9

10.1 8

4.2

9.8

South Korea

520.1

43.2

22.3

3.2

0.9

0.6

29.8

Kuwait

57.5

38

62

Libya

27.6

56.3

43.7 0

Malaysia

130.1

40.7

44.7

7.7

Mexico

295.8

11.5

52.8

16.4 12.3

3.6

3.4

Mongolia

4.8

95.1

4.9

Netherlands

113

21.9

60.6

1.3

0.1

10.9

3.7

New Zealand

44.5

4.9

19.1

56.4

19.5

Nigeria

27

63.3

15.8 20.9

Norway

126.9

0.1

3.2

1.3

5.9

95.2

Electricity
production
(TWh)

Country

%
Coal

% Natural %
%
gas
Oil Hydropower

% Other
renewable

% Nuclear
power

Pakistan

95.3

0.1

29

35.4 29.9

5.5

Panama

7.9

6.5

41.1 52.2

0.3

Peru

39.2

1.6

35.7

5.8

55

1.9

Philippines

69.2

36.6

29.8

4.9

14

14.6

Poland

163.1

86.7

3.6

1.5

1.4

6.6

Russia

1,053

15.5

49.3

2.6

15.7

0.1

16.4

Saudi Arabia

250.1

43.3

26.5 0

Singapore

46

78

18.4 0

2.3

South Africa

259.6

93.8

0.1

0.8

0.2

5.2

Spain

289

15.5

29.2

5.1

10.6

19.2

20

Sudan

8.6

24.8 75.2

Sweden

150.3

0.9

0.5

11.7

40.2

Syria

41.1

52.4

39.6 8

44.2

Country

Electricity
production
(TWh)

%
Coal

% Natural %
%
gas
Oil Hydropower

% Other
renewable

% Nuclear
power

Thailand

156

22.3

68.3

1.3

5.2

2.8

Turkey

229.4

28.9

45.4

0.4

22.8

2.5

Ukraine

194.9

38.2

9.5

0.3

5.6

0.1

46.3

99.1

98.3

1.7

United Kingdom 364.9

30

40.2

1.6

7.9

18.9

United States

4,326.6

43.3

24.2

0.9

7.4

4.8

19

Venezuela

122.1

17.2

14.3 68.5

Vietnam

99.2

21.1

43.9

4.8

0.1

United Arab
Emirates

World

22,158.5

41.2

21.9

3.9

30.1
15.6

4.2

11.7

References
1.
"Workbook of historical data 1985-2013- Electricity generation:Statistical review of world energy 2014". Retrieved
4 July 2014.
http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201502/t20150226_685805.html
Energy Information Administration - International Energy Statistics net electricity generation

 both Sudan and South Sudan

CIA - The World Factbook - Rank Order - Electricity - proWorld Energy Outlook
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Energy Outlook Investment Report 2014 Presentation

(TO BE RELEASED 10 NOVEMBER 2015)

The precipitous fall in oil prices, continued geopolitical instability and the ongoing global climate negotiations are witness to the
increasingly dynamic nature of energy markets. In a time of so much uncertainty, understanding the implications of the shifting energy
landscape for economic, environmental and security priorities is vital. The World Energy Outlook 2015 (WEO-2015) will present
projections through 2040 based on the latest data and market developments; insights on the trajectories of fossil fuels, renewables, the
power sector and energy efficiency; and analysis on trends in CO 2 emissions, fossil-fuel and renewable energy subsidies, and on
universal access to modern energy services.
In addition, the WEO-2015 will be informed by in-depth analysis on several topical issues:
- Special Report on Energy and Climate: Given the crucial importance of COP21, this report will provide decision-makers with
analysis of national climate pledges in the context of the recent downturn in fossil-fuel prices, suggest pragmatic policy measures to
advance climate goals without blunting economic growth and assess adaptation needs, including in the power sectors of China and
India (to be released 15 June).
- Focus on India: How India develops will have widespread implications for global energy markets. Analysis will focus on the current
state of the energy sector, how it might evolve and how challenges such as improving access to electricity, expanding domestic energy
production and managing increasing energy imports might be addressed. It will also assess implications for regional and global
markets.

- A lower oil price future? The decline in oil prices and changing market conditions has prompted questions as to how the market will
re-balance. This analysis will examine the implications for markets, policies, competitiveness, investment and the fuel mix if lower oil
prices persist.
- Unconventional gas in China: In addition to an update on the opportunities and challenges that face the development of
unconventional gas globally, analysis will focus on the prospects for unconventional gas in China and how this might affect Chinas
energy outlook as well as regional and global balances.
- Special Report on Southeast Asia: There is significant headroom in the region for economic and energy demand growth. Analysis
will focus on how these rising energy needs might be met, the investment required to expand energy infrastructure and the
implications of the regions changing position in international energy trade (to be released in October).

World Energy Outlook 2014

(RELEASED ON 12 NOVEMBER 2014)

Does growth in North American oil supply herald a new era of abundance - or does turmoil in parts of the Middle East cloud the horizon? How much can energy efficiency close
the competitiveness gap caused by differences in regional energy prices? What considerations should shape decision-making in countries using, pursuing or phasing out nuclear
power? How close is the world to using up the available carbon budget, which cannot be exceeded if global warming is to be contained? How can sub-Saharan Africa's energy
sector help to unlock a better life for its citizens?

Answers to these questions and a host of others are to be found in the pages of World Energy Outlook 2014 (WEO-2014), released on
12 November in London.
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Bringing together the latest data and policy developments, the WEO-2014 presents up to date projections of energy trends for the
first time through to 2040. Oil, natural gas, coal, renewables and energy efficiency are covered, along with updates on trends in
energy-related CO2 emissions, fossil-fuel and renewable energy subsidies, and universal access to modern energy services.
World Energy Outlook 2014 - special early reports:
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The World Energy Outlook is recognised as the most authoritative source of strategic analysis of global energy markets. It is regularly
used as input to the development of government policies and business strategies and raises public awareness of the key energy and
environmental challenges the world is facing.
Press Quotes

13 April 2015, The Economic Time, India

India must spend $100 billion every year to meet the ballooning energy demand of its expanding economy, the chief economist of
International Energy Agenvyc told a conference on Monday. "India needs three things for its energy sector: investment, investment
and investment," Fatih Birol said, laying emphasis on India's need to attract investment in the energy setor. The country's energy
needs have rocketed in the past decade, when its economiy grew at an average pace of more than 7 percent despite global hiccups.
Many of India's power plants are lying idle, while coal, oil and gas production have struggled to rise for years.
12 March 2015, Financial Times
Glolbal emissions of climate-warming carbon dioxide did not rise last year for the first time in 40 years without the presence of an
economic crisis. In a sign that efforts to tackle climate change may have been more effective than thought, the International Energy

Agency found global emissions of carbon dioxide, the leading greenhouse gas, did not rise in 2014. "This is a real surprise. We have
never seen this before," said IEA chief economist, Fatih Birol, named recently as the agency's next executive director. Energy
consumption shifts in China, the world's biggest carbon polluter, were among the reasons emissions stalled last year, according to the
IEA, which monitors energy trends.
5 December 2014, Reuters
Fatih Birol, chief economist with the International Energy Agency, said on Friday he sees oil prices rising to near $100 a barrel in the
coming years. Analysts also expect oil prices to rebound in the next two years, averaging $82.50 a barrel in 2015, a Reuters poll
showed.
2 December 2014, Bloomberg Businessweek
The International Energy Agency estimates the planet is on track to warm by 3.6 degrees Celsius. Investment in renewables needs to
quadruple to an average of $1.6 trillion every year through 2040 to meet the 2-degree target, IEA Chief Economist Fatih Birol said.
2 December 2014, Reuters
Fatih Birol, Chief Economist with the International Energy Agency, said on Friday he sees oil prices rising to near $100 a barrel in the
coming years. Analysts also expect oil prices to rebound in the next two years, averaging $82.50 a barrel in 2015, a Reuters poll
showed.
Read more....
World Energy Outlook Special Report "Africa Energy Outlook"

RELEASED 13 OCTOBER 2014

Sub-Saharan Africa's energy sector can be improved to unlock a better life for its citizens. This report describes one of the most poorly
understood parts of the global energy system, offers an authoritative study of its future prospects - broken down by fuel, sector and
sub-region - and shows how investment in the sub-Saharan energy sector can stimulate rapid economic and social development across
the region.

MACOS Urban Management Consultants

Database Management Profile

Lists of Nigerian State by Landmass and Population Density

Rank

Nigerian States

Kano State

Population
2006

Landmass Km2

Population
Density (Km2)

9,383,682

20,680.00

454

Lagos State

9,013,534

3,345.00

2,695

Kaduna State

6,066,562

43,460.00

140

Katsina State

5,792,578

26,785.00

216

Oyo State

5,591,589

27,460.00

204

Rivers State

5,185,400

11,077.00

468

Bauchi State

4,676,465

64,605.00

72

Jigawa State

4,348,649

22,605.00

192

Benue State

4,219,244

34,059.00

124

10

Anambra State

4,182,032

4,844.00

863

11

Borno State

4,151,193

71,130.00

58

12

Delta State

4,098,391

18,050.00

227

13

Imo State

3,934,899

5,430.00

725

14

Niger State

3,950,249

13,930.00

284

15

Akwa Ibom State

3,920,208

6,187.00

634

16

Ogun State

3,728,098

16,762.00

222

17

Sokoto State

3,696,999

25,973.00

142

18

Ondo State

3,441,024

14,606.00

236

19

Osun State

3,423,535

10,245.00

334

20

Kogi State

3,278,487

32,440.00

284

21

Zamfara State

3,259,846

39,762.00

82

22

Enugu State

3,257,298

12,440.00

262

23

Kebbi State

3,238,628

41,855.00

77

24

Edo State

3,218,332

17,450.00

184

25

Plateau State

3,178,712

58,030.00

55

26

Adamawa State

3,168,101

36,917.00

86

27

Cross River State

2,888,966

21,050.00

137

28

Abia State

2,833,999

5,420.00

441

29

Ekiti State

2,384,212

6,353.00

375

30

Kwara State

2,371,089

37,700.00

63

31

Gombe State

2,353,879

18,768.00

125

32

Yobe State

2,321,591

45,270.00

51

33

Taraba State

2,300,736

55,920.00

54

34

Ebonyi State

2,173,501

5,530.00

393

35

Nasarawa State

1,863,275

27,117.00

69

36

Bayelsa State

1,703,358

10,773.00

158

Abuja Federal Capital

Territory (FTC)

1,405,201

7,315.00

192

Source: National Population Commission 2006, Landmass complied from NPC Report, 1991 and Field Reports.

Land area (sq. km) in Nigeria

Land area (sq. km) in Nigeria was last measured at 910770 in 2010, according to the World Bank. Land area is a
country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive
economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.This page has
the latest values, historical data, forecasts, charts, statistics, an economic calendar and news for Land area (sq. km)
in Nigeria.

World Bank Indicators - nigeria - Land use

1990

2000

2010

Agricultural land (sq. km) in Nigeria

720740.0

718500.0

[+]

Agricultural land (% of land area) in Nigeria

79.1

78.9

[+]

Arable land (hectares) in Nigeria

29539000.0

30000000.0

[+]

Arable land (hectares per person) in Nigeria

0.3

0.2

[+]

Arable land (% of land area) in Nigeria

32.4

32.9

[+]

Permanent cropland (% of land area) in Nigeria

2.8

2.9

[+]

Forest area (sq. km) in Nigeria

172340.0

131370.0

90410.0

[+]

Forest area (% of land area) in Nigeria

18.9

14.4

9.9

[+]

Average precipitation in depth (mm per year) in Nigeria

Land area (sq. km) in Nigeria

[+]
910770.0

910770.0

910770.0

[+]