Pirate Chemistry 2009

All text copyright Chris Smith 2009. All pictures obtained from internet and are
copyright of their owners but assumed to be public accessible. If you are the owner
of a picture and want it removed, email csmith@d211.org, and
it will be.
Problem Solving with Heat
Heat is quite a complex concept. Heat can be effected by how much of the
substance there is,
what temperature the substance is at, and what the substance is. We need a unit
define and
quantify heat. It is a unit that you are very familiar with already; the calorie.
Calories
A calorie is a unit of energy, of heat. With every substance having a different
specific heat capacity, it can be difficult to come up with a unit that describes all
energy. It was decided to pick
a common substance to act as a standard against which all other substances would
be measured.
The common substance picked was water. We know that mass, specific heat, and
temperature
all effect the energy of a substance so to keep the numbers very simple:
a calorie was defined as the amount of energy needed to raise 1 grams of water by
1
o
C
Do you notice that all three aspects of heat are included; mass, temperature, and
identity? Thus,
the specific heat capacity of water (as indicated in the previous section) is defined
as 1 cal/g
o
C.
So if 1 calorie of heat is applied to 1 gram of water at 20

o
C, the water increases to 21
o
C. If 10
calories of heat are applied to 1 gram of water at 20
o
C, the water increases to 30
o
C. If 10 calories of heat are applied to 10 grams of water at 20
o
C, the water increase to 21
o
C! Lets put all
this into a simple equation which includes all of our variables:
Q = mc TfTi)
Q = mc T)
The heat quantity is Q, the mass is m, the specific heat capacity is c, and the final
temperature is
Tf while the initial temperature is Ti
.. Another way to represent this equation is by combining
Tf and Ti
into one variable T, which is the change in the temperature; the same thing as Tf-Ti
.
Lets look at some examples of typical problems you will see:
Heat
Mass Specific heat
capacity

Change in
temperature
Final temperature minus the inititial temperaturePirate Chemistry 2009
All text copyright Chris Smith 2009. All pictures obtained from internet and are
copyright of their owners but assumed to be public accessible. If you are the owner
of a picture and want it removed, email csmith@d211.org, and
it will be.
Example 1:
How much heat (in calories) is needed to raise 20 grams of water from 5
o
C to 40
o
C?
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q=x
m = 20 grams
c = 1 cal/g
o
C (this is the specific heat of water)
Tf = 40
o
C
Ti = 5
x = (20 g) (1 cal/g
o
C)(40 -5
0

C) = 700 cal
Example 2:
How much heat (in calories) is needed to raise 140 grams of water from 20
o
C to 25
o
C?
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q=x
m = 140 grams
c = 1 cal/g
o
C (this is the specific heat of water)
Tf = 25
o
C
Ti = 20
o
C
x = (140 g) (1 cal/g
o
C)(25-20
0
) = 700 cal
Please note that the amount of calories is the same in both problems.
In example 1 we have 20 grams being changed by 35

o
C while in example 2 we have much more
water (140 grams) being changed by a much smaller amount (5
o
C).
Example 3:
How much heat (in calories) is needed to raise 250 grams of water from 80
o
C to 87
o
C?
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q=x
m = 250 grams
c = 1 cal/g
o
C (this is the specific heat of water)
Tf = 87
o
C
Ti = 80
o
C
x = (250 g) (1 cal/g
o
C)(8780

0
C) = 1750 calPirate Chemistry 2009
All text copyright Chris Smith 2009. All pictures obtained from internet and are
copyright of their owners but assumed to be public accessible. If you are the owner
of a picture and want it removed, email csmith@d211.org, and
it will be.
Example 4:
How many calories are needed to raise 50 grams of iron from 55
o
C to 200
o
C? The specific
heat capacity of iron is 0.11 cal/g
o
C.
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q=x
m = 50 grams
c = 0.11 cal/g
o
C
Tf = 200
o
C
Ti = 55
o
C

x = (50 g) (0.11 cal/g

o
C)(200 55
0
C) = 797.5 cal
Example 5:
How many grams of aluminum can be heated from 90
o
C to 120
o
C if 500 calories are applied?
The specific heat of aluminum is 0.21 cal/g
o
C.
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q = 500 calories
m = x grams
c = 0.21 cal/g
o
C
Tf = 120
o
C
Ti = 90
o
C

500 cal= (x) (0.21 cal/g

o
C)(12090
0
C)
x = 79.4 grams
Example 6:
What is the specific heat capacity of a substance if 400 calories cause 25 grams of it
to go from
60
o
C to 190
o
C?
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q = 400 calories
m = 25 grams
c = x cal/g
o
C
Tf = 190
o
C
Ti = 60
o
C
400 calories = (25 g) (x)(130

0
C)
x = 0.123 cal/g
o
CPirate Chemistry 2009
All text copyright Chris Smith 2009. All pictures obtained from internet and are
copyright of their owners but assumed to be public accessible. If you are the owner
of a picture and want it removed, email csmith@d211.org, and
it will be.
Example 7:
What is the final temperature if 500 calories are applied to 40 grams of copper at 20
o
C? The
specific heat capacity of copper is 0.092 cal/g
o
C.
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q = 500
m = 40 grams
c = 0.092 cal/g
o
C
Tf = x
Ti = 20
o
C
500 cal = (40 g) (0.092 cal/g

o
C)(x 20
0
C)
x = 156
o
C
Example 8:
What was the initial temperature if 250 calories were applied to 100 grams of gold
and the final
temperature of the gold was 175
o
C? The specific heat capacity of gold is 0.031 cal/g
o
C.
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q = 250 calories
m = 100 grams
c = 0.031 cal/g
o
C
Tf = 175
o
C
Ti = x
o
C

250 cal= (100 g) (0.031 cal/g

o
C)(175x
0
C)
x = 94
o
C
Example 9:
What is the change in the temperature if 75 calories are applied to 10 grams of
water?
Q = mc(TfTi)
Q = 75 calories
m = 10 grams
c = 1 cal/g
o
C
Tf Ti = x (note that in this problem we want the change so both TfTi are included
as x)
75 calories = (10 g) (1 cal/g
o
C)(x)
x = 7.5
o
CPirate Chemistry 2009
All text copyright Chris Smith 2009. All pictures obtained from internet and are
copyright of their owners but assumed to be public accessible. If you are the owner
of a picture and want it removed, email csmith@d211.org, and

it will be.
Substance Specific Heat Capacity (cal/g
o
C)
Water 1.0
Ice 0.49
Copper 0.092
Gold 0.031
Iron 0.11
Aluminum 0.21
Questions
Specific Heat Capacities
1. How many calories would it take to raise the temperature of 200 grams of water
from 5
o
C
to 85
o
C?
2. How many calories would problem number 1 be if it was aluminum instead of
water?
3. How many grams of copper could be heated from 20
o
C to 75
o
C if 1200 calories are applied to it?
4. How many grams of iron could be heated from 15

o
C to 300
o
C if 8000 calories are applied
to it?
5. What is the specific heat capacity of a substance if 750 calories caused 100
grams of it to go
from 90
o
C to 135
o
C?
6. When 400 calories are applied to 20 grams of a substance, it goes from 62
o
C to 82
o
C.
Which of the substances in the table above is this?
7. What is the final temperature if 400 calories are applied to 225 grams of iron at
40
o
C?
8. What would the final temperature be if 500 calories are applied to 150 grams of
ice at 90
o
C?
9. What is the temperature change if 50 calories are applied to 4 grams of water?

10. What would the temperature change by if a 90 gram piece of hot iron cooled by
losing 200
calories.
We typically think of calories as the energy from food. However,
food calories are actually Calories with a capital C. This small
change is very important as a Calorie is equal to 1000 calories or 1
kilocalorie. This nutrition fact shows that an egg can give 70 Calories which would
be 70,000 calories. This is enough energy to
raise 70,000 grams of water by 1
o
C!
A typical diet is supposed to have about 2000 Calories or 2,000,000
calories which seems like a lot. Keep in mind, though, that our
bodies have to keep us at about 31
o
C every minute of the day and a
typical person weighs around 175 pounds or around 80,000 grams.
Also, our bodies are not perfect in turning every bit of that energy
into useful, productive outcomes.