http://www.mosquitoreviews.com/ultrasonic-mosquito-app.

html
Can a cell phone app repel mosquitoes?
Old unproven ultrasonic repellant emerges in a new form
anti-mosquito app Does an ultrasonic repellant repel or attract?
By Elizabeth Miller Share by email Share on Facebook Bookmark on del.icio.us Digg on
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Wouldn't it be the coolest thing ever if you could download an app to your cell phone that would
turn your phone into a safe, free mosquito-repelling machine? That's what some apps are
claiming. The idea sounds reasonable. The app emits a sound that only mosquitoes can hear, but
mosquitoes hate it, so they stay away.
The problem is that the idea isn't new or untested. In fact, ultrasonic repellants that claim to
work on the same principal have been around for decades. Before smart phone apps, the sound
was emitted from plug-in or battery-powered electronic devices. Those are still on the market
too. Radio stations have even tried broadcasting the sound. So the devices have been tested
numerous times, in various forms. And guess what? They fail the tests. Sometimes, they even
attract more mosquitoes.
If the idea is such a failure, why didn't such devices disappear years ago? Well, some of the
manufacturers offer detailed explanations that seem as if the idea ought to work, so people are
willing to give it a try, especially if the device only costs a few dollars. Also, mosquito activity is
so variable, depending on weather, location, and other factors like odors of perfume or sweat,
that people can attribute fewer bites to turning on the sound, when the real reason may be
something else and they'd have fewer bites anyway. There's also the possibility that some sound
does actually repel some mosquitoes, but the right combination of sound, species, season, or
whatever, never occurred during the actual tests. If that's the case, though, you may never hit
upon the right combination either.
You can read reviews and decide for yourself whether the devices are actually working for those
who say they do, or whether it's coincidence, or whether they've stumbled on some perfect
combination that has eluded testers.
Mosquitoes can hear, but...
First, let's get one objection out of the way. Mosquitoes don't have ears, but they can hear. If
you're worried that your speaker isn't good enough, the sound might not be truly ultrasonic, so
even an ordinary cell phone speaker can probably play it. Depending on the particular app, the
sound is probably right at the edge of human hearing, so children or those with excellent ears
might even be able to hear it, although adults might not. One reviewer said the "kids went crazy"
when he played it in a classroom.
"Mesh clothing keeps skeeters away safely with no insecticides, but wear it loose or they can bite
through."
Ultra-sonic repellants usually make one of two claims: either it's the noise of dragonfly wings (or
sometimes bats), which frighten off mosquitoes because dragonflies and bats are mosquito
predators. Or it's the sound of a male mosquito calling for a mate, which will keep biting females
away because "once a female mosquito has her eggs fertilized she will actively avoid any further
contact with the male," as this app explains.
The problem is that there's no evidence female mosquitoes avoid males after they've mated. In
fact, "research has shown that male mosquitoes are actually the ones attracted by the female

flight sound and females normally have a very weak sensitivity for sound compared with the
males."[1] As those who've frequented a swampy area or pond in the daytime and been annoyed
by mosquitoes while watching dragonflies darting about, "mosquitoes do not vacate an area
hunted by dragonflies," as a Rutgers entemologist noted.
Failed tests

But that doesn't matter if the anti-mosquito apps, or other ultrasonic repellants, actually work
due to some other unknown reason. The problem is that in tests, they consistently don't.
One controlled trial tested three different frequencies from 3 to 11 kHz over eighteen nights in
nine pairs of houses. No one in each pair houses knew whether the ultrasound was playing in
their house, until the test was over. "A total of 7485 mosquitoes (10% Anopheles, 62% Culex,
27% Mansonia and 1% Aedes) were caught, 23 per house per night. There was no significant
difference in landing rate between the houses with ultrasound device and the houses with
placebo for any species of mosquito." The authors concluded, "The ultrasound device used was
not effective against mosquitoes in this strictly controlled trial."
Another test, of frequencies between 20 and 70 kHz, put four species of mosquitoes in a flight
chamber, to see if they would fly toward the source of the sound to get to a bait that imitated the
smell of human breath and skin. The result? "For all species there was no significant difference
between the numbers trapped when the devices were switched on or off, when all devices were
tested simultaneously."
The most surprising result came from a test in which researchers counted the number of times
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes tried to bite in a test chamber, during a three-minute period, either
with the ultrasonic tone on or off. "The mosquito biting rates for five sound frequencies (ranging
from 9.6 kHz to 18.2 kHz) initially demonstrated a significant increase." The biting rate decreased
when the tone was turned off, and increased by about one-third again when an 11.8 kHz tone
was turned back on.
Was that test just a unique reaction? Perhaps so, but the results of 15 completely different tests
on the landing rates of mosquitoes done by different researchers, showed a landing rate equal or
greater when the ultrasonic tone was turned on, in 12 of them.[2] Some of the difference was
only a few more landings out of a hundred, not significant. But geez, you'd expect the landing
rates to be significantly lower if the ultrasonic repellants worked, not the same or higher.
Back in 2001, the FTC warned manufacturers that they needed to be careful making claims about
ultrasonic insect and pest repellants without evidence. If such repellants worked, you'd expect
manufacturers to be adding summaries of the scientific studies that showed how effective they
were, but the claims still tend to be general ones, with cautions such as the devices won't work
for all mosquitoes, or you need to experiment to find the right frequency.
Why not try?
So is buying an ultrasonic repellant worth it? I'd say no. A free app? Well, if it doesn't place
anything harmful on your phone, it won't cost anything to try, but so far, there's no evidence to
indicate it will work. However, there are a couple of things to keep in mind. If the sound is at the
range of human hearing, it might be audible--and very annoying--to babies or pets, who can't say
"Turn that darn thing off!" the way older kids could, so make sure they don't seem upset. And
also don't assume it's protecting babies or young children, who may not mention they're being
bitten.

A cheap, completely non-toxic, perfectly safe, non-chemical mosquito repellant would be

wonderful. Cell phone apps probably aren't the answer now, though. The closest thing that
probably does exist and is proven to work, is mosquito netting, and it's available in various
forms, everything from clothing to baby stroller covers. Netting is safe, effective, and non-toxic,
but still not as cool and convenient as an anti-mosquito app would be, if only ultrasonic
repellants worked.

http://www.electroschematics.com/3864/ultrasound-and-insects/
Ultrasound and Insects
D Mohankumar

Ultrasonic Pest Repellers are used as substitute for Mosquito coils and liquids to avoid inhaling of
toxic fumes. It is the non toxic way to repel pests like mosquitoes. This article describes the
relationship between Ultrasound (US) and Insects.
Ultrasonic Pest Repellers are used as substitute for Mosquito coils and liquids to avoid inhaling of
toxic fumes. It is the non toxic way to repel pests like mosquitoes. As per scientific information
and experimental evidences, the animals respond to US and avoid its presence. Small mammals
like Dogs, Cats etc. responds to 22-25 kHz US and Rats to 60-72 kHz. Insects like Mosquitoes,
Flies responds to 38-44 kHz.
What is Ultrasound?
The hearing property of human ear is limited. Human ear can perceive sound with in a frequency
range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The sound frequency below 20 Hz is Infrasonic sound and above 20
kHz is Ultrasonic sound. Human ear is not sensitive to US because the eardrum cannot vibrate as
fast as US. Ultrasound has high frequency, so the wave is very powerful. US travel along straight
line even in the presence of obstacles. When the US hits an object, it bends and round and
spread in all directions.
You can buy electronic mosquito repellents here or here.
What is the relation between (US) Ultrasound and animals?
Even though human ear cannot sense US, many animals can produce and hear US. Many insects,
rodents, bats and small mammals communicate through US. Insects have sensory structures to
produce and detect ultrasound. Cockroaches have Sensory hairs to sense US. Spiders, Wasps,
Beetles, Flies etc have a Tympanic membrane to detect US. Fleas communicate using high
frequency US . Male Mosquitoes produce US to attract females. Female mosquitoes have sensory
structures to receive US. Spiders, lizards also have ability to sense US.
How does US affect animals?
The US sensors are present in the antennae of Mosquitoes and genetalia of Cockroaches. US
emitted by the Repeller will scare away the pests and confuse them. Ultrasonic sound will create
stress on the nervous system of insects and jam their own US frequency. This will immobilize the
insects and they escape from the source of US.
Does the US pass through walls?
No. Ultrasound will not pass through walls like the ordinary sound waves. When the US hits an
object,it bends and round the object and spreads.

How does ultrasound repel pests?

US pest chasers are designed to repel pests from the home. Rodents respond to US with a
frequency around 60 kHz. Cats and Dogs can be repelled using 22-25 kHz. Insects like
mosquitoes, House fly, Fleas etc responds to 38-44 kHz. US will create high pressure on the
eardrum of Rats so that they move away from US source. US generally creates stress on animals,
so they avoid ultrasound.
How does Ultrasound repel Mosquitoes?
Male mosquito is the natural enemy of female mosquito after breeding. Both male and female
mosquitoes use plant juice as food. But female mosquito requires human blood protein for the
maturation of their eggs. Male mosquitoes will not bite human beings. On the first day of
emergence, the female mosquito will not bite but after mating with male it starts to bite human
beings to get blood. Female mosquito will not allow males to mate again and they avoid the
presence of males. Females detect the presence of males by sensing the US produced by the
males. If an US generator is used, it will imitate male mosquito by producing 38 kHz US . This will
repel Female mosquitoes. Moreover the US will create stress on the US sensillae present on the
antenna of female mosquitoes, so the move away from the source of US .
Is it safe for human beings?
US Pest Repellers are widely used in Homes, Gardens, Farm yards etc. to repel various kinds of
pests. Commercial US Pest Repellers are designed to emit US in the frequency range 20 kHz to
100 kHz. US above 20 kHz is inaudible to man but children can hear the US to a certain level up
to 30 kHz. Many house hold appliances like Telephone, Computer, Vacuum cleaner etc emit US,
but we cannot hear it because it is inaudible. US is considered as the safest method for scanning
pregnancy. US scanning is widely used in hospitals. Echocardiogram also uses US to image the
hearts functions. As per the scientific information, US will not cause any health problems.
What are the important aspects of ultrasound pest chasers?
Most ultrasonic pest Repellers do not give better results due to one of the following reasons.
Power output of the Transducer. If the power output is low, pests will ignore the sound.
Direction and angle of sound. Usually ultrasound travels at an angle of 45 degree from the
source. If there is an obstacle in the path, some of the sound waves will reflect and bend. This
reduces the coverage area.
Response to animals. Usually small animals respond to US. These devices are used to repel
pests from houses, farm yards, garden etc. The response depends on the number of pests in the
population and the number of US waves reaching in their vicinity.
Some animals will ignore the US initially but later they avoid it. Some other animals, first show
response and later learn to adjust with it.
Mosquito population is very large when compared to other animals. So the number of
mosquitoes showing response is a matter of observation.
Is there any safety recommendations?
US is biologically safe to human beings as per scientific information. But US frequency close to
30 kHz can be sensed by children to a certain level. So it is recommended not to use such
devices continuously near the children below 5 years.
Response of Animals to Ultrasound

22-25 kHz: Dogs, Cats

38-44 kHz: Mosquitoes, Fleas, House Fly, Spiders, Cockroaches
52-60 kHz: Lizards
60-72 kHz: Rats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_pest_control
Electronic pest control is the name given to the use of any of the several types of electrically
powered devices designed to repel or eliminate pests, usually rodents or insects. Since these
devices are not regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in
the United States, the US EPA does not require the same kind of efficacy testing that it does for
chemical pesticides.
Types of devices[edit]
There are two types of electronic pest control devices widely available: electromagnetic and
ultrasonic.
Electromagnetic[edit]

Electromagnetic ("EM") pest repelling devices claim to affect the nervous system of ants, mice,
spiders, and other rodents. There have been similar studies on effects of EM radiation emitted by
cellphones on humans.[1]
Ultrasonic[edit]
Ultrasonic devices operate through emitting short wavelength, high frequency sound waves that
are too high in pitch to be heard by the human ear (all frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz).
[dubious discuss] Humans are unable to hear sounds higher than 20 kHz due to physiological
limitations of the cochlea. Some animals, such as bats, dogs, and rodents, can hear well into the
ultrasonic range.[2] Some insects, such as grasshoppers and locusts, can detect frequencies
from 50,000 Hz to 100,000 Hz, and lacewings and moths can detect ultrasound as high as
240,000 Hz produced by insect-hunting bats. Contrary to popular belief, birds cannot hear
ultrasonic sound.[3] Some smartphone applications attempt to use this technology to produce
high frequency sounds to repel mosquitoes and other insects, but the claims of effectiveness of
these application and of ultrasonic control of mosquitoes in general has been questioned.[4]
Insects detect sound by special hairs or sensilla located on the antennae (mosquitoes) or
genitalia (cockroaches), or by more complicated tympanal organs (butterflies, grasshoppers,
locusts, and moths).[citation needed]
Radio wave pest control[edit]
The concept of radio wave (RW) or radio frequency (RF) to control the behavior of living
organisms has shown promise. According to Drs. Juming Tang and Shaojin Wang at Washington
State University (WSU) with colleagues at the University of California-Davis and USDA's
Agricultural Research Service in Parlier, California, since RF energy generates heat through
agitation of bound water molecules, it generates heat through ionic conduction and agitation of
free water molecules in insects. As a result, more thermal energy is converted in insects.
RF treatments control insect pests without negatively affecting food stuffs and storage locations.
RF treatments may serve as a non-chemical alternative to chemical fumigants for post-harvest
pest control in commodities (such as almonds, pecans, pistachios, lentils, peas, and soybeans),

reducing the long-term impact on the environment, human health, and competitiveness of
agricultural industries.
Effects on pests[edit]
Studies[edit]
"Ultrasound and Arthropod Pest Control" (2001), an extensive Kansas State University study,[5]
confirmed that ultrasonic sound devices do have both a repellent effect as well as reduces
mating and reproduction of insects. However, the results were mixed, and ultrasonic sound had
little or no effect on some pests. Ultrasonic devices were highly effective on crickets, while the
same devices had little repellent effect on cockroaches. Additionally, the results were mixed:
some devices were effective, while others had no effect depending on the test subject. The study
also concluded there was no effect on ants or spiders in any of the tests. They concluded, based
on the mixed results, that more research is needed to improve these devices.[5]
A 2002 study sponsored by Genesis Laboratories, Inc. (the maker of the Pest-A-Cator/Riddex
series of electronic repellent devices) does lend some credence to the ability of electronic
repellent devices to repel certain pests in controlled environments. Preliminary study of whitefooted mice behavior in the test apparatus demonstrated a significant preference for the nonactivated chamber among both sexes.[6]
In 2003, the Federal Trade Commission required Global Instruments, the maker of the Pest-ACator/Riddex series of electromagnetic pest control devices, to discontinue any claims for their
efficacy until they are backed by credible scientific evidence.[7][8] This ban continues to be in
effect.

In 2009, Victor Pest obtained positive results from independent researchers which resulted in two
ultrasonic devices' being granted registration by the Canadian EPA (PMRA). The results from the
tests were: the device successfully repelled the rodents from the protected area in 13 of the 17
sites. This represents a 81.3% success rate...the average number of days before rodent activity
was stopped was six days".[9][citation needed]
Effects[edit]
Effects on cockroaches[edit]
Cockroaches respond to electronic pest control devices by moving about a bit more than usual,
but don't appear eager to escape from the sound waves. This includes devices that emit a
uniform frequency as well as those that emit changing frequencies of ultrasound. Researchers
were able to use the increased cockroach activity to good effect by increasing the rate at which
they caught the roaches in sticky traps.[citation needed]
Effects on mosquitoes[edit]
A 2007 review article examined 10 field studies, in which ultrasonic repellent devices
had been put to the test, and concluded they "have no effect on preventing mosquito
bites" and "should not be recommended or used". It goes on: "Given these findings
from 10 carefully conducted studies, it would not be worthwhile to conduct further
research on EMRs [electronic mosquito repellents] in preventing mosquitoes biting or
in trying to prevent the acquisition of malaria".[10]
Bart Knols, an entomologist who chairs the advisory board of the Dutch Malaria
Foundation and edits the website Malaria World, claims there is "no scientific
evidence whatsoever" that ultrasound repels mosquitoes.[11]

In 2005, the British consumer magazine Holiday reported the results of its test of a
range of mosquito deterrents. The magazine's editor Lorna Cowan described the four
appliances that used a buzzer as "a shocking waste of money" which "should be
removed from sale". One, the Lovebug, a ladybird-shaped gadget designed to be
clipped onto a baby's cot or child's pushchair - was singled out as a particular cause
for concern, because of the likelihood that parents would trust it to keep mosquitoes
away, and their children would be hurt as a result. (The Lovebug is still readily
available in Europe, though it was withdrawn from the US market after the Federal
Trade Commission reprimanded the manufacturer Prince Lionheart.)[11]
Effects on rodents[edit]
Rodents adjust to the ultrasound (or any new sound) and eventually ignore it. At best, ultrasonic
waves have only a partial or temporary effect on rodents. Numerous studies have rejected
ultrasonic sound as a practical means of rodent control.[citation needed] Tests of commercial
ultrasonic devices have indicated that rodents may be repelled from the immediate area of the
ultrasound device for a few minutes to a few days, but they will nearly always return and resume
normal activities. Other tests have shown that the degree of repellance depends on the
frequency, intensity, and pre-existing condition of the rodent infestation. The intensity of such
sounds must be so great that damage to humans or domestic animals would also be likely;
commercial ultrasonic pest control devices do not produce sounds of such intensity.[12]
Safety[edit]
Professor Tim Leighton[13] at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research], University of
Southampton, U.K.[14] produced an 83-page paper entitled "What is Ultrasound?" (2007), in
which he expressed concern about the growth in commercial products which exploit the
discomforting effects of in-air ultrasound (to pests for whom it is within their audible frequency
range, or to humans for whom it is not, but who can experience unpleasant subjective effects
and, potentially, shifts in the hearing threshold). Leighton claims that commercial products are
often advertised with cited levels which cannot be critically accepted due to lack of accepted
measurement standards for ultrasound in air, and little understanding of the mechanism by
which they may represent a hazard.[15]

The UK's independent Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation (AGNIR) produced a 180-page
report on the health effects of human exposure to ultrasound and infrasound in 2010.[16] The UK
Health Protection Agency (HPA) published their report, which recommended an exposure limit for
the general public to airborne ultrasound sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70 dB (at 20 kHz), and
100 dB (at 25 kHz and above).[17]

http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/2056/are-mosquitoes-repelled-by-high-frequencysound
http://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/mosquito-repellent-circuit
Electronic Mosquito Repellent Circuit
Various mosquito repellent solutions like coils, liquid vaporizers, and creams, all have possible
adverse effects to health. Then there are electronic mosquito repellents available in market
which are equally efficient and relatively safer. The concepts of these mosquito repellers are
simple and we can build a simple mosquito repellent circuit at home easily by using 555 timer IC

and few other commonly available components. Lets see the concept of mosquito repellent
circuit in detail.
The concept that we are going to use in out circuit is related to ultrasound. A sound with
frequency higher than 20 kHz is termed as Ultrasound. For we humans a sound only ranging
between 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency is audible, and any sound with frequency below or higher
than this range wouldnt be audible for us. But there are various animals and insects (including
mosquitos) that could hear the ultrasound. Generally ultrasound in a range of 20 kHz to 40kHz is
transmitted by male mosquitoes and received by female mosquitoes, however after breeding
female mosquitoes tend to avoid male mosquitoes and so they tend to avoid ultrasound in that
range. As we know that only female breeding mosquitoes bites humans, we can use this concept
and can design a circuit which produces the ultrasound in frequency range specified above.
So here we are going to design a simple mosquito repellent circuit which will be producing a
sound of approximately 40 kHz.
Required Components
555 Timer IC
Buzzer
Resistors - 1k and 1.3k (variable resistor of 10k)
Capacitor - 0.01F

As shown in the above diagram, we have designed a circuit using 555 timer IC in Astable mode
to produce 40 kHz frequency sound. We have connected Buzzer at the output (PIN 3) of the 555
timer IC so that a sound of desired frequency can be generated. We should note here that we
need a HIGH frequency Piezo buzzer, so that a high frequency sound can be generated. Also note
that we might not be able to hear the sound, generated by the circuit as it is beyond our audible
range.
We can calculate the value of resistors and capacitor to produce oscillation of 40KHz frequency
by given formulae:
F = 1.44 / ((R1+R2*2)*C)
In our case we have used:
R1= 1K

R2(RV1) = 1.3 K (variable resistor of 10k, set at 1.3K with the help of multimeter)
C = 0.01uF
So now
F = 1.44 / {(1 + 2*1.3)*1000} * 0.01uF
F = 1.44 * 100000 / 3.6 = 40000 = 40KHz
We can increase the value of resistor R1 or R2 to decrease the frequency.
CircuitDigest highly recommends EasyEDA for circuit and PCB design
http://www.instructables.com/id/Mosquito-repellent/
The summer this year is too hot, the heat is not really a problem but mosquitoes ...! ,especially i
camping.
So after i tried some solutions i got the idea to make an electronic mosquito repellent that i can
take with me wherever i go. this circuit is just a transistor multivibrator that generates high
frequency sound ,and mosquitoes don't like this sound.
I am not gonna use a PCB i will just solder components together to make it a simple and cheap
Update : here is the Kicad project + (the PCB , the schematic , the components view ) in PDF
Step 1: Components
1.two BC548 transistors or equivalent
2.two 100k resistors radio shack link
3.two 1.5k resistors radio shack link
4.one 4.7k resistor radio shack link
5.one 2nF ceramic capacitor radio shack link
6.one 560pF capacitor radio shack link
7.5mm Red led radio shack link
8.Toggle switch radio shack link
9.9v battery radio shack link
10.9v battery snap connector radio shack link
11.Piezo element radio shack link
12.a small project enclosure radio shack link
13.some wire
This components i salvaged them from my older projects ,but i put links to Radio Sack
Step 2: Tools
1.Cutting plier
2.Needle nose plier
3.Solder iron

4.Some solder
5.Philips screwdriver
6.Hot or super glue
Step 3: Circuit soldring
solder the components in order like in the pictures
1.Bend the collector and base pin of each transistor
2.Solder the emitter pins together
3.Solder the 560 capacitor then 2nf one solder the two 100k resistances then the other 1.5k
4.bend the free pins of 4 resistance and so
Step 4: Preparation
1.Make a hole for the toggle switch with the soldering iron then enlarge with the screwdriver
2.Screw the switch in place
1.Solder the 4.7 resistor to the positive pin of the led
2.Make a side hole on the box with the soldering iron for the led
3.Solder the led current limiting resistance to one one switch pin
1.Solder two wires to the Piezo element ,positive pin is the middle disk
2.Make a small hole on the lop next to the switch for the Piezo element wires
3.Insert the wires in the hole and glue the Piezo element to the top
1.Solder the red wire of the snap connector to the other pin of the toggle switch
2.Solder the black wire to the negative pin of the LED
Step 5: Final assembly & testing
1.Solder the common pin of the resistors to the pin of the toggle where the led limiting resistance
is soldered
2.Solder a wire from the emitters to the negative pin of the led
3.Now solder the two piezo element wires ,between the positive and the 2nf capacitor junction
with the collector
First testing:
1.Connect the 9v battery
2.Turn on the switch , the led should light
3.If you don't hear nothing put in parallel a capacitor approx 100nf with the 560pf capacitor ,if
you hear a buzz everything is alright ,you're just not sensible to the high frequency
4.Put the battery in place and close the box
final word: If you are sensible to the high frequency this can drives you nuts
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20669080

First thing, the details of your instructable are as clear and understandable as any instructable
I've ever seen.

But do let us know the results of any testing you do with actual mosquitoes. I've read that
mosquitoes don't even hear ultrasonic frequencies. Instead, male and female mosquitoes keep in
touch with each other using audio frequencies around 400 Hz, NOT 40,000 Hz. Moreover, I've
read that there have been more than a couple of tests of ultrasonic mosquito repellers that
revealed that these repellers didn't work at all.
However, there is hope for your device as I've read that some shopkeepers in Dear Olde England
have deployed devices like yours set to about 16000 Hz with the purpose of repelling unwanted
teenagers who can hear these frequencies. Check out Howard Stapleton - teenager repellers.
Note: the use of these devices has been challenged by some EU agencies that consider these
devices "cruel to young humans and other creatures, treating them as unwanted birds or
insects."