Hydrogeomorphology Evaluation

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 3, No 1, 2012
Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article
ISSN 0976 4380
Evaluation of hydrogeomorphological landforms and lineaments using GIS

and Remote Sensing techniques in Bargur Mathur subwatersheds,
Ponnaiyar River basin, India
Sethupathi A.S1, Lakshmi Narasimhan C2, Vasanthamohan.V3
1- Infosys Technologies Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
2- Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India
3- Department of Geology, National College, Tiruchirapalli 620001, India
lakshmina_c@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The Landsat ETM satellite data is used to demarcate hydrogeomorphological landforms and
lineaments to evaluate groundwater potential of the study area. The Bargur - Mathur
subwatersheds of Ponnaiyar river basin is occupied mostly by hard rocks and half of the
portion in the study area is covered mainly by both wet and dry cultivation. The major
hydrogeomorphic units identified in the area are, Structural Hills, Denudational Hills,
Residual Hills, Inselberg, Pediments, Buried Pediment Inselberg Complex, Pediplains, Valley
Fills, Linear Ridges, Boulders and Rocky Knobs. Most part of the study area is occupied by
pediplains with various thicknesses and the ground water potential is directly related to
thickness of pediplain. Field observations showed that ground water occurs under unconfined
conditions with water table at shallow to deep depth. From the lineament map, the lineament
density and lineament intersection maps prepared to understand the impacts on groundwater
percolation. Finally, the hydrogeomorphology and Lineament maps are overlaid following
the weighted index overlay method, which delineates groundwater potential zones. An
integrated remote sensing and geographic Information System (GIS) based approach has been
used for demarcating groundwater potential zones in the study area.
Keywords: Hydrogeomorphology, Lineament, Remote Sensing, GIS, Bargur Mathur
subwatersheds
1. Introduction
Generally, hard rock areas are always prone to frequent water crisis, it is important to
understand hydrogeomorphological nature of landforms and lineament distribution with
respect to the permeable nature of subsurface, percolation, runoff status of the region.
Lineament study of the area from remotely sensed data provides important information on
sub-surface fractures that may control the movement and storage of groundwater. In recent
years extensive use of satellite remote sensing has made it easier to define the spatial
distribution of different groundwater potential zones based on the geomorphology and it's
associated features (Sankar, 2002). Satellite Remote Sensing techniques are also extremely
useful techniques for groundwater exploration, especially for delineating
hydrogeomorphological units (Baldev et al, 1991; Krishnamurthy, 1993; Krishnamurthy and
Srinivas, 1995). Satellite image from Landsat 7 ETM has been analyzed for lineaments
(Lattman, 1958; O'Leary et al, 1976), hydrogeomorphological studies (Tiwari and Rai, 1996),
land use and land cover mapping (Anderson et al, 1976) and for groundwater development
works. Lineaments can play a major role in identifying suitable sites for artificial recharge of
Submitted on Feb 2012 published on July 2012
178
Evaluation of hydrogeomorphological landforms and lineaments using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques
in Bargur Mathur subwatersheds, Ponnaiyar River basin, India
A. S. Sethupathi et al
groundwater because they reflect rock structures through which water can percolate and
travel up to several kilometers (Krishnamurthy et al, 2000).
The selected study area for this study are draught prone Bargur Mathur subwatersheds,
which are located in the northern part of Tamil Nadu State in India and is situated between
northeastern part of Krishnagiri district and southwestern part of Vellore district (Fig.1). The
study area is drained by Bargur and Mathur rivers. These two rivers merge at the southeast
corner, where the Pambar river originates and finally joins the river Ponnaiyar. The study
area covers an area of 781 sq.km in the Survey of India toposheet numbers 57L/6, 57L/7 and
57L/11 on a scale of 1:50,000. The study area lies between latitudes 12 17 40 and 12 41
53 and longitudes 78 14 56 and 78 31 38. The area has a sub-tropical climate without
any sharp variations. Temperatures vary from 40C in summer to around 20C in the winter
season. The average rainfall is 857mm/yr. Based on the Public Work Department report
(2004), these subwatersheds fall under the critical zone, where groundwater discharge is
greater than groundwater recharge.
Figure 1: Base map of the study area

2. Scope and objectives
The scope of the study is to analyze hydrogeomorphological landforms and lineament
distributions to evaluate potential groundwater zones within the study area. The objective
includes delineation and evaluation of hydrogeomorphological landforms and lineaments
distributions based on their hydrogeological characteristics, classify and assigning weightage
to each classes of hydrogeomorphology and lineament distribution and integrate them under
GIS environment.
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012
179
2.1 Methodology
In order to delineate hydrogeomorphological and lineament maps, the geo-coded 1:5000 scale
Landsat ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper, dated March 18, 2000) satellite imagery was
used. Basic image characteristics like tone, texture, shape, color, associations, etc were used,
along with field parameters such as topography, relief, slope factor, surface cover, soil and
vegetation cover were considered while delineating hydrogeomorphic and lineament maps.
From lineament map, other maps such as lineament density and lineament intersection maps
are prepared. Then suitable logical weights are assigned to each unit of thematic maps and
integrated in GIS using the spatial overlap method to delineate groundwater potential zones.
Figure 2: Geology map of study area

3. Geology of the study area
Fig.2 shows a wide array of litho units ranging from alkali syenites, ultramafic complexes
(such as pyroxenites, gabbros, dunites, carbonatites, syenites, epidote hornblende gneiss,
hornblende biotite gneiss and migmatites, high grade metamorohites like charnockite),
granitoid gneisses and younger dolerite like intrusives exposed in the study area. These rock
types represent different time segments within Archean era. The gneissic rocks are
characteristically less compact rocks with more weathered and fractured overburden material.
Groundwater occurs under the water table conditions in weathered, jointed and fractured
formations.

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3.1 Hydrogeomorphology
The figure 3 illustrates various hydrogeomorphic units interpreted from the satellite imagery
and each unit is described elaborately in the following sections.
Figure 3: Hydrogeomorphology Map

3.2 Structural Hills
In the study area, the structural hills are in the linear as well as in the arc shapes and exhibited
by many definite trend lines (Figure 3). This unit is mostly found on the top portion in the
north, northeastern and western parts of the study area. Mainly, the Maharajagadai Reserve
Forest (RF), Maharajagadai Extension RF, Kurumanipalli Nadimuru RF, Paipalatyam RF and
Nerrlakotta RF are covered by structural hills. This unit is structurally controlled by
numerous joints, fractures and lineaments which facilitate some infiltration and mostly act as
runoff zones. From the satellite imagery, the structural hills are interpreted by dark green
tonal variation and by thick vegetation. There are few lineaments running more than 10 Km
in the structural hills. These have been identified in the imagery by the streams flow along
them. The structural hills have total coverage area of 81.75 sq.km and occupy 10.4 % of the
study area. Since this unit is mainly acting as runoff zone, the groundwater prospects are very
poor.
3.3 Denudational Hills
Denudational hills (Figure 3), with an average height of 700 m above mean sea level occupy
the western part of the study area and are marked by sharp to blunt crest lines with rugged
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tops. They are exposed as a group of massive hills with resistant rock bodies and rounded
summits and are formed due to differential erosion and weathering. Denudational hills are
identified in the satellite imagery by their massive size and domal to elliptical shape. They
appear as dark green in color in the satellite imagery. These hills are covered with big
boulders and sparse vegetation in contrast to structural hills. This landform, in general, act as
high runoff zone, due to its moderate to steep slope (5o to 25o). Denudational hills due to
their relief acts as watershed boundary also. The total coverage of this unit is 20.23 sq.km
and it occupies 2.6 % of the study area. The groundwater potential of this landform in general
is very poor.
3.4 Residual Hills
The residual hills are the end product of the process of pediplanation, which reduces the
original mountain masses into a series of scattered knolls standing on the pediplains
(Thornbury, 1990). In the study area, the residual hills (Fig.3) are composed of massive rock
with a height average of 600m mean sea level. The residual hills are more resistant formation
from differential erosion and weathering. This unit occurs as isolated patches and found at
lower altitudes. In spite of their isolated occurrence, their continuity in a linear or curvilinear
fashion gives indication that they are structurally controlled. The residual hills have
geomorphic expression in the form of inselbergs, tors, linear and curvilinear ridges,
exfoliated domes with partially debris cover at the foot slope (Tripathy et al. 1996). In the
satellite imagery they appear as isolated patches and with dark green color tone with radial
drainage pattern. This unit is scattered all over the study area and its total coverage is 31 km2
and it occupies 3.9% of the study area. Due to steep slope most of the rain water is washed
off immediately without much infiltration and hence the groundwater prospect in this unit is
poor.
3.5 Inselberg
Inselberg (Figure 3) are isolated hillocks being formed as remnants of weathering and
denudation processes and this unit is present in a scattered manner in the central part of the
study area and along east of Jagadevipalayam. They are mostly barren, rocky, usually smooth,
rounded small hills abruptly rising above the surrounding plains. Inselberg in the study area
are made up of granites and gneisses rocks. Slope ranges are moderate to very steep slope
and the elevation of this landform is nearly 500 m. Its coverage is 3.7 sq.km area and it
occupies 0.5% of the study area. This unit is acting as surface runoff zone due to steep slope
and groundwater prospects are very poor.
3.6 Pediments
Pediment as the term suggests, is a feature usually formed at the foot of a mountain.
Pediments (Figure 3) occur as gently undulating plains with moderate slope dotted with
outcrops of gneisses with thin layers of soil. The pediment is a terrestrial erosional foot slope
surface inclined at a low angle and lacking significant relief in all three dimensions. It usually
meets the hill slope at an angular neck line, and may be covered by transported material. The
low moisture content of this unit gives a bright signature in the satellite imagery, especially
around the hills. This unit is scattered around the study area and its coverage is 98.6 km2 and
it occupies 12.5% of the study area. Pediment follows steep slopes in the study area and is
considered as the most suitable hydrogeomorphic class because it checks the velocity of

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surface runoff and thus provides more chance of water accumulation. Overall groundwater
prospect is good in this unit.
3.7 Buried Pediment Inselberg Complex
Pediments dotted with a number of inselberg in gneisses which cannot be separated and
mapped as individual units are referred to as Pediment Inselberg Complex (Figure 3). A
number of small isolated island-like hills that stands out in prominence in a dome form
because of their resistance to weathering within the extensive pediment zone. This unit
present in a scattered manner in the central part as well as in the northern part of the study
area and this unit has covered over 2.29 km2 area in the study area and it occupies 0.3 % of
the study area. Only a pediment zone within this entire unit is suitable for artificial recharge,
hence it is categorized lower than pediment alone.
3.8 Pediplain
The pediplains are formed as a result of weathering under arid and semi-arid conditions,
representing the end stage of cyclic erosion (King, 1950; Sparks, 1960). A Pediment is
developed by a combination of process including stream erosion, weathering, sheet wash and
lateral plantation. When the sediment developed over a large area as a result of continuous
process of pedimentation, it is normally termed as a pediplain (Agarwal and Garg, 2000).
Pediplains are the result of coalescence of pediments, predominantly occupying large area.
There are three pediplains observed in the study area, which are shallow buried pediplain,
moderate buried pediplain and deep buried pediplain. The pediplains are characterized by the
presence of relatively thicker weathered material. The extent and thickness of weathering
depends on the slope, resistance of the underlying rock to weathering, presence of joints and
fractures and precipitation and climatic conditions of the area. Depending upon the thickness
of weathered materials, the tonal nature on the satellite imagery and degree of slope they are
broadly classified as shallow (up to 5 m), moderate (5 20 m) and deep (>20 m). In the
continuous process of pedimentation, when pediment gets buried by detritus and regolithic
cover, it is termed as a buried pediment in which the sub-surface rock subsequently
undergoes weathering. Most of the agricultural lands in the study area are constituted by
buried pediplains. Depending upon the thickness of the weathered zone, the groundwater
potential is moderate to good and eligible for construction of a well.
3.9 Shallow Buried Pediplains
The shallow buried pediplains (Figure 3) unit is characterized by low weathering thickness of
the materials up to 5m. The low moisture content of this unit makes a medium grey tone on
the imagery. This unit has a thick soil zone and sparse vegetation. Groundwater availability is
believed to be poor to moderate in view of their elevated ground compared to moderate and
deep buried pediments. However, the gentle slope adjacent to the stream courses and tanks
has moderate potential zones. This unit found mostly in the 0 to 3 degree slope region and it
is distributed in the central, western, southwestern and southern portions of the study area.
Since, weathered thickness is less in this unit the groundwater prospects are moderate to poor
range. This unit has a total coverage of 132.4 sq.km area and it occupies 16.8% of the study
area. The area covered by this hydrogeomorphological unit can be used for development of
groundwater resource in terms of shallow wells (Subba Rao et al, 2001).

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3.10 Moderate buried Pediplains

The moderate buried pediplains (Figure 3) is a major hydrogeomorphic unit in the study area.
This unit is moderately weathered with a thickness various from 5 20 m, 0 to 1 degree slope
and is well distributed throughout the region of the study area except the top north portion.
This unit is interpreted by light red color to moderate red color in the satellite imagery.
Mostly, this unit is found to have a well distributed drainage pattern in the study area. This
unit occupies the topographically low-lying area and associated mostly with lineaments.
Groundwater prospects in this unit are considered as moderate to good. However, higher
yields may be expected from this hydrogeomorphological unit as it is associated with
lineaments. This unit covered about 372 sq.km area and it occupies 47.3% of the study area.
Groundwater can be withdrawn from this unit through development of shallow and deep
wells, because of weathered material ranging from 10 to 20 m (Subba Rao et al, 2001).
3.11 Deeply buried Pediplains
Deeply buried pediplains (Figure 3) exhibit a deep red color in the satellite imagery covered
by thick vegetation. This unit has a few lineaments. The groundwater prospects in this unit
appear to be good, because of the occurrence of high thickness of weathered material. The
thickness of weathered zone varies from 20 to 25 m and favors a good amount of
groundwater to circulate within this zone before reaching the deeper fracture zone. Hence,
infiltration would be good. Total coverage of this unit is 6.7 sq.km area and it occupies 0.8%
of the study area. Groundwater potential is very good and may be utilized for development
and exploration of groundwater through deep wells (Subba Rao et al, 2001).
3.12 Valley Fills
Valley fills (Figure 3) are low linear areas occurring between hills. These units occupy the
lowest reaches in topography with nearly level slope. The valley fill deposits are colluviofluvial in origin derived from weathering and deposited by the action of streams at the floor
of valleys. Depending upon the parent rock, the valley fills deposits vary in composition and
texture (Agarwal and Garg, 2000). Normally, they are covered with red, brown and black
coarse gravel to sandy and clayey soils. In the study area, the valley fills are identified
between the structural hills on the northern part of the study area. The drainage pattern over
the valley fills is parallel to sub-parallel indicating that the drainage is by and large controlled
by the lineaments. They exhibit dark reddish tone and medium texture in the satellite
imagery, which indicates high moisture content due to intensive cultivation. This unit
occupies in upper northern part of the study area and it covers 2.9 sq.km area and occupies
0.4 % of the study area. Groundwater prospects in valley fills are good to excellent because
of the topographical location at the bottom of the hill and geological composition consisting
of highly porous materials. Subsurface water potential is also good to excellent in the valley
fills (Murthy and Rao, 1999). This unit acts as both depths.
3.13 Linear Ridges
Linear ridges or dykes (Figure. 3.) are discordant or cross-cutting, tabular intrusion into the
country rock. Most dykes are vertical or near vertical, having pushed their way through the
overlying country rock. In the present study area the dykes are orienting NWW- SEE
direction and crosscutting the country rocks. This unit appears as dark tone in the satellite
imagery. They occur in linear, narrow, low-lying relief and are barren. Theses dykes act both
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as conduits and barriers for groundwater flow. It covers 2.05 sq.km area and it occupies
0.3 % of the study area. The groundwater prospects in this hydrogeomorphic unit are poor;
but in the study area these dykes act as subsurface barriers for groundwater movement within
the weathered mantle making the prospect of groundwater good.
3.14 Boulders and Rocky Knobs
Boulders (Figure 3) are spread in the south eastern and central portion of the study area.
These are basically massive boulders with eroded material. This unit is interpreted by light
green color in Landsat ETM satellite imagery. Sparse vegetation is found in this unit. It
covers 15.8 sq.km area and it occupies 2 % of the study area. Groundwater prospects are
very poor in this unit as it acts as runoff zone. The rocky knob is totally a barren rock and
exposed as a rock exposure and found at the south eastern portion of the study area. It covers
2.3 sq.km area and it occupies 0.3 % of the study area. Due to the lack of moisture content,
groundwater prospects are very poor.
3.14.1 Water bodies
There are totally, 214 tanks (Figure 3) present in the study area, out of which Penkondapuram
Eri and Odikuppam Eri are larger ones.
3.15 Lineament Analysis
In the study area, 194 lineaments have been mapped through visual interpretation of satellite
imagery and all are cross checked during the field investigation. They are having varying
dimension and the smallest of them is 0.2 Km long and the longest of them is 28.6 km. In the
present study, lineaments were classified based on their length into three categories as Major
(>15km); Medium (5-15km) and Minor (<5km). Lineament map shows that there are three
predominant sets of lineaments, one set trending NW-SE and second set trending NE SW
and last set trending N45E S45W (Fig. 4.). Details on lineament interpretation as follows
1. Three long prominent lineaments were interpreted in the satellite imagery, which
starts from Maharajagadai reserved forest in the northwestern side of the study area
and ends with the Pambar river in the south eastern side of the study area. The Bargur
and Mathur rivers are flowing exactly along these major lineaments and this infers
that these two rivers are structurally controlled. These major lineaments lengths are
28.5 Km, 21.3 Km and 17.3 Km respectively.
2. There are lot of criss-cross lineaments follow along the Mathur river in the down
south and southwestern part of the study area.
3. Central part of the study area, from east to west, there are many parallel running
discontinuous lineaments run along with dykes.
4. Disoriented criss-cross lineaments occupy the top northern portion, northwestern
portion, and central western portion of the study area.
5. From the lineament map, the lineament density and lineament intersection maps are
prepared.
3.16 Lineament Density
Lineament density is one of the important thematic maps prepared from the lineaments,
which are critically used in groundwater studies related to hard rock terrain (Subba Rao,
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1992; Krishnamurthy et al. 1996; Subba Rao et al. 2001;). Based on the concentration and
length of lineaments, a lineament density map was prepared. The lineament density map was
generated in Surfer 8.0 software using Kriging method (ESRI, 2001), which was later
imported into ArcGIS software for GIS integration purpose. The lineaments present in the
study area have varying dimensions. The lineament map was superimposed on a grid map of
1km * 1Km and the total length of lineaments passing from each grid was measured and
plotted in the respective grids centers. The values obtained for each grid were interconnected
by isolines and based on the concentrated and length of lineaments, a lineament density map
was prepared. The lineament density zone was classified into three classes which are high
density lineament zone (2 to 4 km with in a grid), medium density lineament zone (1 to 2 km
with in a grid) and low density lineament zone( < 1km with in a grid) (Fig. 5.). The high
density lineament occupied 225.4 sq.km area, the medium density lineament occupied 280.9
sq.km and the low density lineament occupied 399.5 sq.km area. The high density lineament
occupied as patches throughout the study area, the other two lineament density types are well
distributed throughout the study area.
Figure 4: Lineament Map of Study area

3.17 Lineament Intersection
The total numbers of lineaments intersected in square kilometer area is plotted in the
respective grid center for generating contour map (Figure 6). The lineament intersection in
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the study area varied from 5 to nil. Lineament intersections classified in to four classes as;
high, medium and low lineament intersection zone using the Kriging method in Surfer 8.0
software and were brought into ArcGIS platform for further analysis. The high and medium
lineament intersection zones are distributed as patches in the study area.
Figure 5: Lineament density

187
Figure 6: Lineament Intersection Map

Incorporating the results from the evaluation of hydrogeomorphic conditions and lineament
distribution of the study area, and adopting weighted indexing method, applied on each class
of thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, physiography, hydro-geomorphology,
structure, geo-hydrology, lineaments, land use/land cover, it is possible to delineate
groundwater prospective areas in the study area.
4. Conclusion
The Hydrogeomorpholy analysis of a watershed is a very simple tool, which covers the
modern techniques of remote sensing and GIS. This technique coupled with geological data
can certainly be used in in evaluating the parameter pertaining to groundwater and accurate
zoning of ground water potential of a region. Lineaments, particularly joints/fractures and
their intersection appear to be potential sites for groundwater exploitation. In the present
study area, the valley fills, pediplains and buried pediments are appearing to have good
groundwater potential. Remote sensing techniques with an emphasis on geology,
geomorphology, physiography, hydro-eomorphology, structure, geo-hydrology, land use/land
cover help in identification of the potential zones for developmental planning and predicting
limitations to their implementation with reasonable accuracy.The present information, if
depicted in the form of a prospect map along with thematic layers and the use of GIS for the
ultimate data integration based on the user defined criteria with weighted approach, would
provide firsthand information to local authorities and planners to identify possible potential
sites for groundwater exploration.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

ISSN 0976 4380

Evaluation of hydrogeomorphological landforms and lineaments using GIS

Submitted on Feb 2012 published on July 2012

Figure 1: Base map of the study area

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Figure 2: Geology map of study area

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Figure 3: Hydrogeomorphology Map

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

3.10 Moderate buried Pediplains

Figure 4: Lineament Map of Study area

Figure 5: Lineament density

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Figure 6: Lineament Intersection Map

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

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