Wars are one of the best and most powerful narratives.

The sooner you let go of trying to simplify things then you get a whole picture.

There is no right and wrong side

There is only the philippine side and the american side

o
Philippine Side

Philippine Revolution

Usually divided into two parts

Changes that happened to the Katipunan

Religious indicators and symbols to help

But usually its through mobilisation by the middle class or upper class through two
frameworks

Intellectual

Relgiion

Katipunan was most composed of ignorant people

o

Needed change because it was growing so big.

Accept more members on the national level

Shortcomings

Recruitment

a very personal recruitment with very secretive

the name of katipunan"

tagalog centric

it was an alienating ide

Tejeros was more an institutional shift.

o

Bonifiacio was losing a lot of battles

Emilio Aguinaldo took the new position as head of the revolutionary

movement

Look less into it being a personal manner

Beginning of the movement where elites hi-jacked the revolution

Emilio Vs. Bonifacio

Emilio - grant

Bonifacio - take our liberty

Highlight the Elites vs Masses

Elites like the status quo and they hi-jacked the revolution so that they

would still be on top after the revolution.

Truce of Biak na bato

Pedro Paterno

Filipino Consultative Assembly

o

only two sessions

Viva La Autonomia
Pedro paterno was on the side of spain

Never granted any concessions to begin with

Phase 2

Aguinaldo comes back in june 1898 independence

between may and june = spanish american war and so also within the month

they started winning battles

everywhere except manila

Americans helped us by distracting/threatening spanish forces to manila

We didnt get manila instead it was given to the americans

Congress

Most of the people of were appointed

o

w/o the spanish, the elites were moving over to the side of the filipinos.

Malolos Congress hi-jacked the constitution by preserving the status quo and
keeping their properties.
The katipuneros who were the fighting the revolution were still left

with no property
o

American Side
How the Americans Got Here

Control of territory
o

To know who won

Trench warfare

Cuba Vs. Spain

o

Americans were on the side of Cuba, and so war was declared against Spain

Justifications:

Cause of humanity

Starvations, concentration

Serious injury to the commerce trade and business

Citizens in cuba to keep them protect them

Shows overwhelming need to be the good guy

Teller Amendment

People of the island of cuba to free

Believe that the Cuban people should be free

#4 they promise that as soon as the peace is

in cuba they will give them to the cubans

Attacked all the spanish possessions that they could where

ever they might be

Guam and Philippines

West coast of the united states

How can they possibly win against spain?

America destroyed the spanish fleet

Commodore Louie

Manila Bay

Philippine Declaration of Independence

Narrative battle Emilio Aguinaldo and Americans

o

A lot of filipinos disagreed with this because they thought it was too
premature

They havent gotten manila

Dictator of the Philippines

Aguinaldo positioned themselves as a Cinderella story

and positions the Americans in a bad place if the american even

decide to takeover their empire.

American problem
o

Military superiority

No land forces

Spanish
o

They were stuck in a sanwhich

Magic happened

American ground forces arrived

o

They were here for the spirit of the spanish american wars

Encountered American Forces

o

in the south (pasay)

enemy of your enemy is your friend

Recognised the united states

E.A = recognised as a sovereign state

Do not get involved filipino

turning over the city to the americans

scared of filipinos to get manila

it was a choreographed in spanish vs americans

Terms of surrender

mock battle

the the filipinos would kept out of it

America now had control of manila

o

joint forces

It was never happened

Negotiations: Spanish and Americans

o

What do we ask?

Winners of this transition

Philippines already controlled most of the archipelago

NO longer profitable

Americans try to re-spin the narrative

o

We are going to help filipinos save you from these opportunists from
dictatorship

Give them education, democracy

Oligarchy constitution

Saving us from ourselves

Emilio

We are children not allowed to govern ourselves

Tomiichi Murayama
Should we use history to create patriotism especially to the children or do we she be more
critical
William Mckinley and Emilio Aguinaldo

William Mckinley
benevolent assimilation

Were gonna invade you for your own good

Emilio Aguinaldo
o

Our emancipation from Spanish oppression

The Malolos constitution were already in place. protecting and having an elite
oligarchic government (article 17 & 58)

Wiliam Mckinley thought that this was a great way to enter the
benevolent assimilation

He told the filipino people that their spanish oppressors would just be
replaced with filipino oppressors.

America was going to give them democracy, real democracy

February 1899

Manila was fortified by Americans.

The other side was entrenched with Filipinos

Trenchwarfare

Keep people from moving and gaining territory

Artillery was introduced by the americans and this how they won cause we keep
retreating
o

The artillery could hit the philippine trenches from afar.

And this is how we lost or losing

Managed stop the calvary charging more lines

but they brought the artillery

Americans were after Malolos

Scorched Earth - Antonio Luna

Before leaving they would burn each town. So that they would extend the supply line
long enough.

Isolate the army and destroy it

But it failed and the Americans advanced the filipino capital at malls.

It was a rinse repeat tactic which was predictable. Why didnt we use guerrilla warfare? But
we have to keep doing it because we have to win the narrative war. To win recognition from
other countries or the Americans.
Everyone wanted to surrender except antonio luna/ they killed him! paving the way for
surrender
9 months into the war we lost 90% of our people. Emilio Aguinaldo put aside the narrative
and switched to guierella warfare.
This eliminated artillery as an advantage.
They began to torture Filipinos to find out the locations
Last tactic - reconcentration (Americans)
- which was very hypocritical because this was the tactics used by spain
Emilio Aguinaldo after he was captured swore allegiance to the united states
- There is no ways to fight the Americans militarily
1902
- compose plays, songs to rebel the Philippines
- american controlled the narrative
they called the filipino rebels criminals and it became easier to call them because these
rebels were no longer united.

Macroeconomics and Macropolitics

Trying to answer the question: Why did the Americans decide to set us free?

The only territory of the united states wanted independence

Why would the set us free?

o

From the beginning the idea was benevolent assimilation

Politics of the early American period

Set the tone for the rest of the American people

Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

o

What would a filipino look/taste/sound

No idea what the Philippine Islands was all about. They were taking over a
country that no one knew about

First Philippine Commission

o

Sent a historian; professor from Cornell university

Formed a strong tradition of being a Philippine Study University

Michigan, Conoa

Task: to investigate the Philippine Islands and then advise the Americans

What is the Philippines?

Who lives here?

Should we stay?

For a few years

Decades?

Statehood?

Arrived at the most importune time

While they were on their way here, the war started.

Their methodology was compromised

Because it was war time. Where Philippines were already

pacified by the American forces

Reccomendation

Cannot leave in good conscience

Civil Governance

The Philippines were incapable to govern themselves

Stop the military rule

These two become the basis for the American governance

Civil Governance

Manage
o

Peace and order

Crime

Fires

Trash

Judiciary

Was the first positions were to be given.

Second Philippine Commission

William Howard Taft

o

The American sent him to create the civil government

Travelled the pacified Philippines

Reconciliation with Americans

o

Resistant against American rule is not possible

The more collaboration we did the more americans granted freedoms

o

Greatest success story: Pedro Paterno

Association De Paz

Associate of Peace

Pedro Paterno positioned himself as a patriot of peace

Federal Party
o

Advocating for statehood to be incorporated into the United States

Need: translators

As long as you gave them access to power and property their good to go

Stigma: you are betraying the Philippine republic

Alternative to Partido Federal

What laws they could possible use in the Philippines

o

Cannot use the spanish laws

Cannot use the american constitution

it would make filipinos american

they cannot give us freedom of speech

Separate piece of legislation

Filipinos are their own race and their own nation

Not a part of the America, but only that under is the governance

Gave us state like system

Government

Executive: Governor of the Philippines

Legislative: William Taft

o

Philippine Commission

Body in the Philippines to make laws

If they are good Filipino they can appoint them into this commission

Possible Problems:

What if there was legislated laws

Solved: Bi-Cameral Legislation

More than one house passes the law

Judiciary: Filipinos

They should have filipinos learning how to executive and making laws

Partido Nationlista

Wants now

Philippine Autonomy Act 1916

Jones Law

Turned the Philippine Legislature over to the Filipinos

Was mostly being run by Filipinos

Lower house was a filipino elected lower half

Executive branch

Was still american

but filipinos were occupying higher and higher positions

Does greater number of filipinos mean closer to independence

o

Gives an illusion, we dont push for complete independence or complacency

Depends on which Filipinos give more power

All Filipino legistlature

o

Senate (Upper House)

Lower House of Representatives

Keep of going trying to secure independence through Philippine

Independence Missions

Filipinos going to the US and make speeches but kept getting no

Osmena-Roxas
o

Independence Mission

They were given independence

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill

Those who are responsible for creating the bill

The Philippines will be given a 10 year transition to

independence
1931

Not expecting independence

but the America was experiencing depression

Cuban sugar and american sugar kept going down so they

had to kick the Filipinos out

Friends of Philippine Independence"

Biggest Loser Manuel Quezon but what does

Quezon do:
Come back home so that we can fix

things and well just go back together

You have overstayed your mission

Bad conditioned Philippine

Independence Bill, voted it down.
He won from himself Tydings-McDuffie

Bill

Provided 10 year transition

Drafting consitution

Difference: Manuel L Quezon

brought it home

2 years military bases

1935 Constitution
o

Philippine Commonwealth President

Aguinaldo ran against Manuel L Quezon

1940 Constitutional Amendment

o

First ChaCha

No person shall serve as president for more than 8 consecutive years

Tenancy Issues

30 - 70

tenant farmer

Labour Issues
o

Food

Transportation

Shelter

Light water

Clothing

Pesant Groups
o

Looking after tenants who were being abused by their landlords

Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas under Cristanto Evangelista

Socialist Party of the Philippines

Communists and Socialista Merge under PKP

They dont usually have the same ideology and usually hate each
other.

But they were able to ally because it worked better for the common
filipino labourer and farmer.

Parliamentary Struggle

Economics of Independence
Three Requirements to vote

Male

23 years old

You have to fulfil one of the three (3) requirements

o

If you own land

If you previously held a government post

Treaty of Paris

Turns over the Philippines Islands to from the Spanish to the Americans
o

Gained the Philippines from Spain

Worst fear: leaving of the Spanish government, but some of the Spanish
compatriots would be staying there. They had to make sure that their fellow
spaniards were not picked off one by one, economically.

Controlled the regulation of economic forces:

The best way to make money out of the Philippines.

Import American products and to displace all other imported

products that were in the Philippine economy

British imported cotton. Americans replaced this

cotton of imported
American T-Shirts are thicker because its

colder there.
British cotton was actually good for us

because it was thin cloth and cheaper at that.

Increased tax on cotton

It wasnt possible to mess around with

tariffs as per treaty of paris

Cooper Act

An act to temporarily provide administration of the affairs of civil

government in the Philippine islands other purposes

Separate political entity

Separate economic entity

Actually a long and boring document

o

Article 15:

Didnt want the philippines become part of the America

Placed there for fear of

Sugar
o

American sugar market

Supplied largely by the cuban sugar industry which was wholly owned
by American companies and the other small percent were provided by
locally made sugar

Determinant of its cost would be labour.

Cuban sugar could be produced in greater amounts and at a

cheaper price

But because of tariffs theyve become artificially more

expensive

American sugar wasnt going to increase its volume

Opposition to annexing the Philippines

Where is the Philippines

Do they produce sugar

How cheap is Philippine labour and the cost of production of sugar

Tariff or no tariff makes or breaks the Philippine Sugar industry

Philippine Economic Sphere

o

Enter American goods with no tariffs (1909) coming in

Products form other countries would pay the normal tariff rate

Territory/Possession not colony

Free trade

Allow the Philippine product to enter the america without tariff

(however not including sugar, tobacco)

Its either we became the most expensive or the cheapest sugar

Introduced quota that they had to meet

If you were gonna export refined sugar it would be a direct

competitor, but exporting unrefined sugar was okay because it

would go to the refineries in the united states and can be
marketed as USD sugar

We didnt bother with industrialisation and diversification

Philippine Assembly
o

Osemena talked about how independence will affect us.

Can we actually survive?