Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

QUICK LAB

The Extinction of Large Mammals

In this activity, you will explore how long-term environmental
changes affected traits in large herbivores and their subsequent
populations at the end of the last ice age. During the last glacial
period, ice covered much of the Northern Hemisphere. Glaciers
started melting as the climate changed from cooler to warmer
temperatures.
Individual organisms are affected by these changes and must adapt
their behavior or become extinct. Over a long period of time, traits in
organisms may change as their bodies adjust and evolve to better
survive and compete within the changing environmental conditions.
You will evaluate scientific explanations about the extinction of two
North American mammals: mammoths and mastodons. These large
herbivores were known as megafuana and flourished during cold,
glacial periods. Scientists are able to investigate changes in the body
size of megafuana mammals by studying the presence of a fungus,
Sporormiella, which occurs only in the dung of large herbivores. This
fungus is called a biomass indicator as its presence can be used to
identify trends in the size of megafuana over time.

OBJECTIVES

Explain how longterm environmental

change affects
populations of
organisms.
Evaluate scientific
explanations,
including
examining all sides
of scientific
evidence for those
explanations.
MATERIALS

markers
posterboard

PROCEDURE
Long-term, evolutionary changes in population traits of ice age megafuana,
such as mastodons, occurred after glaciers began melting. Scientists have
looked at how a mammals body size, or biomass, has changed over time
using an indicator organism, Sporormiella, associated with megafuana
mammals. Explore the graph on the next page to determine what long-term
trend in biomass or size occurred in populations of megafuana between
17,000 and 14,000 years ago. Describe the trend and any other observations
below.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

618

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Edit File

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

How many thousands of years ago does this graph show the first indication
that the biomass of megafuana populations was decreasing?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
The graph above shows how one trait in populations, body size, changed
over time due to evolutionary processes. While individual organisms do not
undergo evolution, the organism does respond to long-term environmental
changes. What happened to individual organisms and subsequent
populations in response to environmental conditions between 14,000 and
13,000 years ago?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
What adaptations in an organisms behavioral traits are likely to have
occurred as a result of increasing temperatures to help it survive?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

619

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

There are several scientific explanations that describe why megafuana

became extinct. One explanation relies on evidence from data that show
Earths past temperature fluctuations. Explore the graph below, which
shows changes in Earths temperature over the last 450,000 years. What
does this graph tell you about temperature changes that occurred from about
30,000 years ago to today?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

How could the temperature data above be related to the megafuana

extinction event between 17,000 to 10,000 years ago?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

620

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

Other scientists have proposed a different explanation to account for the

extinction of megafauna or large North American mammals. The graph
below shows the relationship between the declining population of
megafuana and human population growth. What does this graph tell you
about the role humans may have played in the extinction of megfauna?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

621

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

Evaluate the explanations for the decline of North American megafuana by

examining all sides of the evidence presented for them. Which one is best
supported by data and evidence provided in this lab?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
If time allows, use the posterboard and markers provided to work with your
group to summarize and evaluate all sides of the scientific evidence for both
scientific explanations and conclude which perspective has the strongest
argument. Cite specific examples from the graphs above or from additional
research. Present your findings to your class for debate and discussion.

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

622

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

QUICK LAB

Keeping Coral Reefs Healthy

Coral reefs are structures produced by stony corals that grow in
colonies in ocean waters. These structures are home to an
extraordinary diversity of living things such as symbiotic algae, yet
they are declining due to many human activities. In this activity, you
will explore how long-term environmental changes affect organisms.
You will investigate where coral reefs occur and build a model of the
continental shelf that shows where conditions are suitable for them to
live. You will examine a table that summarizes scientific explanations
for how and why coral reefs have been affected by environment
changes. You will then examine a graph that shows the results of an
investigation. You will compare the results of the investigation with
the table information and use logical reasoning to see how your
explanation and conclusions compare with those of other scientists.
Comparing results helps you to examine all sides of scientific
evidence and explanations.

PROCEDURE
Begin your investigation by working with your group and
looking at a world coral reef distribution map. Where are the
worlds major coral reefs located? What pattern can you identify
in where they are located?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
The diagram below shows the shape of continental sediments.
Coral reefs are found on the continental shelf. Using modeling
clay, construct a model of the shape of continental sediments,
the continental crust, and oceanic crust. Place your model inside
a plastic container.

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

626

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

OBJECTIVES

Explore how longterm environmental

changes affect
organisms.
Examine and
evaluate
explanations for the
decline of coral
reefs.
MATERIALS

For each group

world coral reef
distribution map
(overhead or
handout)
cardboard
gravel
modeling clay
(several colors)
plastic container,
wide
water

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Edit File

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

Press gravel into the clay to represent where coral reefs grow. Fill the plastic
container with water to represent the water level in the ocean. Water should
just cover the continental shelf.
Based on your model, describe the conditions in which coral normally grow.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Many coral reefs are either dying or diseased. The table below summarizes
information from studies conducted by scientists that describe effects on
coral and possible explanations of their causes. Examine the table to explore
the evidence for these changes and proposed solutions. Use logical
reasoning to analyze the evidence as you read.
SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS FOR CORAL REEF DECLINES IN HEALTH
Effect on Corals
Corals damaged by anchors
Over fishing
Corals smothered by sediments;
corals turning white (bleaching)
Corals overgrown by seaweeds,
corals turning white (bleaching)
Corals turning white, bleaching

Progressive tissue death

Evidence/Explanation
Fishing, diving, and cargo boats
Poverty, inappropriate fishing
techniques
Erosion of sediment by wind;
erosion of soils by logging and
farming, dredging
Over-fertilization of the coastal
zone by nutrients from sewage and
agriculture
Excessively high temperatures,
pollution, erosion of soil, freshwater
dilution by rivers, possibly affected
by climate change
Infectious diseases; possibly
affected by climate change

Solutions
Install moorings
Establish fish reserves: halt spear,
dynamite, and poison fishing
Reforest coastal watersheds, no-till
agriculture, terracing, contour
plowing, silt curtains
Better treatment of sewage to
remove nutrients, more efficient
use of fertilizers
Decrease pollution from land,
including industrial discharge,
fertilizers, sewage
Measures to reduce global climate
change, still too little known to
identify solutions

How are coral organisms affected by the long-term environmental changes?

Use logical reasoning to identify which effects described in the table result
from short-term changes and which result from long-term changes. List
them below.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

627

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

Use logical reasoning to identify which explanations for coral damage

involve natural processes and which involve human activity. List them
below.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Evidence is clear that coral health is declining, but scientists dont always agree
on causes of the decline. The table above summarizes some of the causes found
by scientific studies. Describe and analyze the multiple explanations cited for
why corals become bleached. After examining all sides of scientific evidence,
explain what this suggests in terms of the need for other studies to provide
further scientific evidence related to these explanations.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
The graph below shows data from a study of coral reef health in the
U.S. Virgin Islands, from near shore to the outer continental shelf edge.
Based on the variables shown on the graph, what was the focus of the study?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

628

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Quick Lab continued

Identify two trends in reef health from near shore to shelf edge reef
locations. What could you conclude about these trends? Based on the table
above, what could some of the explanations be for why this is occurring?
What can you conclude about how long-term environmental changes on land
may affect coral?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Can you identify a trend in the graph for the presence of Black Band disease
in corals? How does this pattern compare with that for bleaching and
mortality?
What other evidence might you need in order to examine all sides of
scientific explanations about coral reef decline and events such as bleaching
and disease?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

629

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

EXPLORATION LAB

Changing the Balance

OBJECTIVE

You will explore the short-term environmental change that results

Explore how shortwhen a chemical, or inorganic, fertilizer is introduced into a model
term environmental
aquatic ecosystem, and how this change affects algae populations and
changes affect
other organisms. Algae range in size from microscopic unicellular
organisms and
organisms to large multicellular organisms. Multicellular algae can be
populations.
up to 65 meters in length, like the giant kelp forests off the coast of
California. All algae obtain carbon for growth from carbon dioxide
MATERIALS
and other carbon-containing molecules. Nearly all algae are
For each group
photosynthetic and produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis,
computer with
like plants. Some unicellular species rely entirely on chemical energy
Internet access
sources and have limited or no photosynthetic abilities. Algae lack the
various structures that characterize land plants, such as leaves or roots. model aquatic
ecosystem A
The largest and most complex marine forms of algae are called
seaweeds.
model aquatic
ecosystem B
Chemical fertilizers used in gardens and in agriculture contain two
primary nutrients required for plant growth: phosphorous and
For each student
nitrogen. Nutrients in fertilizer occur in higher concentrations than the
lab journal or
plant can find in the soils. When this type of fertilizer is used on land
notebook
that slopes toward a body of water, rain or over-watering can wash
excess fertilizer into the aquatic ecosystem and cause a short-term
change in the environment.
In this lab you will be provided with two jars containing various organisms,
including an aquatic plant (Elodea) and pond algae. Based on your observations, you
will determine which model ecosystem has been polluted with chemical fertilizer.
You will observe and record short-term effects on both populations and individual
organisms. You will research the potential effects on subsequent populations and
critique explanations.

PROCEDURE
MAKING OBSERVATIONS

Obtain two jars from your teacher. Be careful not to shake them. Record
your observations of each model in the table on the next page.

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

635

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Edit File

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

Characteristic
Water clarity (cloudy/clear)

Model Aquatic Ecosystem A

Model Aquatic Ecosystem B

Water color
Odor
Aquatic plant health
Material floating on the water
surface
Material resting on the jar bottom

The graph below shows how algae growth rate is affected by various
nutrient concentrations. What trend can you identify from nutrient
concentrations of 10 to 200 g/m3? How does growth rate relate to the
amount of biomass produced in the population?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

MAKING PREDICTIONS

Look at your two models. Based on your observations and the graph above,
predict which has been polluted with fertilizer and develop a scientific
explanation for the state of each model. Explain your reasoning.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

636

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

How does the change in environment affect the algae population in the
polluted ecosystem?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Explore how short-term environmental changes, such as the addition of
fertilizer, can affect organisms by explaining the response an individual
algae cell has to fertilizer.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Examine the graph above. What would you predict the growth rate would be
when nutrient concentrations are between 0 and 10 g/m3?
_________________________________________________________________________
When fertilizer initially affects algae, the sudden increase in nutrients
available results in rapid growth. As the nutrients are used up quickly what
could happen to the population?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
What would you predict would happen to an individual organism? Can you
see evidence of these effects in your model? Explain what observation
indicates that this happened.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Once the algae population begins to decrease, algal cells die and sink to the
bottom. As the cells decay, oxygen in the water is used up and depleted.
Compare the health of the aquatic plant in both models. How has the
depleted oxygen affected the aquatic plant? Explore and describe how shortterm environmental changes, such as a decrease in oxygenated water, can
affect traits in subsequent populations of aquatic plants.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

637

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

What could happen to plants and animals that need oxygenated water to live
if chemical fertilizer is washed into a pond? Explain your reasoning.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Critique your explanation from Step 3, including examining all sides of the
evidence that you have explored so far in this investigation. Is your
scientific explanation supported by evidence and observations? Explain your
reasoning.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATING SOLUTIONS

Fertilizers are often referred to as organic or inorganic. Organic

fertilizers are made from natural things like compost, which is made up of
naturally decaying food scraps and other natural wastes. Inorganic fertilizer
is made from chemical processes that put some of a plants favorite nutrients
such as potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus into the fertilizer product.
Brainstorm some advantages and disadvantages to using organic fertilizers
on a large crop-producing farm.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

638

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

The table below lists some alternatives to the use of inorganic fertilizers in
lawns, gardens, and fields. Discuss them with your group and then complete
the table by determining the practical and environmental advantages and
disadvantages of each.

Lawn care

Ways to Minimize the Use of Fertilizers

Methods
Advantages
Fertilizing by leaving grass
clippings on the lawn

Disadvantages

Using organic fertilizers

such as manure
Watering infrequently but
deeply to encourage deep
roots
Crop production

Using slow-release
fertilizers less often
Rotating crops to make soils
nitrogen-rich
Using organic fertilizers
such as manure

TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

During this lab, you have explored the effect short-term environmental changes
have on organisms. Describe how a short-term change, such as the introduction of
fertilizer, affects organisms, such as an aquatic ecosystems plants and animals.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Use the Internet to explore how the short-term environmental changes
caused by inorganic fertilizers can affect traits in subsequent populations of
plants and animals. Record your findings.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

639

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

EXPLORATION LAB

Changing the Balance

OBJECTIVE

You will explore the short-term environmental change that results

Explore how shortwhen a non-organic fertilizer is introduced into a model of an aquatic
term environmental
ecosystem and how this change affects algae populations and other
changes affect
organisms. Algae range in size from microscopic unicellular
organisms and
organisms to large multicellular organisms. Multicellular algae can be
populations.
up to 65 meters in length, like the giant kelp forests off the coast of
California. All algae obtain carbon for growth from carbon dioxide
MATERIALS
and other carbon-containing molecules. Nearly all algae are
For each group
photosynthetic and produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis,
computer with
like plants. Some unicellular species rely entirely on chemical energy
Internet access
sources and have limited or no photosynthetic abilities. Algae lack the
various structures that characterize land plants, such as leaves or roots. model aquatic
ecosystem A
The largest and most complex marine forms of algae are called
model aquatic
seaweeds.
ecosystem B
Chemical, or non-organic, fertilizers used in gardens and in
For each student
agriculture contain two primary nutrients required for plant growth:
phosphorous and nitrogen. Nutrients in fertilizer occur in higher
lab journal or
notebook
concentrations than the plant can find in the soils. When this type of
fertilizer is used on land that slopes toward a body of water, rain or
over-watering can wash excess fertilizer into the aquatic ecosystem
and cause a short-term change in the environment.
In this lab you will be provided with two jars containing various organisms,
including an aquatic plant (Elodea) and pond algae. Based on your observations, you
will determine which model ecosystem has been polluted with non-organic fertilizer.
You will observe and record short-term effects on both populations and individual
organisms. You will research the potential effects on subsequent populations and
critique explanations.

PROCEDURE
MAKING OBSERVATIONS

Obtain two jars from your teacher. Be careful not to shake them. Construct a
table in your lab journal to record your observations for each model aquatic
ecosystem. Identify 5 characteristics that you can observe in each model and
record them in your table.

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

640

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

The graph below shows how algae growth rate is affected by various
nutrient concentrations. What trend can you identify from nutrient
concentrations of 10 to 200 g/m3? How does growth rate relate to the
amount of biomass produced in the population?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

MAKING PREDICTIONS

Look at your two models. Based on your observations and the graph above,
predict which has been polluted with fertilizer and develop a scientific
explanation for the state of each model. Explain your reasoning.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
How does the change in environment affect the algae population in the
polluted ecosystem?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Explore how short-term environmental changes, such as the addition of
fertilizer, can affect organisms by explaining the response an individual
algae cell has to fertilizer.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

641

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

Examine the graph above. What would you predict the growth rate would be
when nutrient concentrations are between 0 and 10 g/m3?
_________________________________________________________________________
When fertilizer initially affects algae, the sudden increase in nutrients
available results in rapid growth. As the nutrients are used up quickly, what
could happen to the population?
_________________________________________________________________________
What could happen to an individual organism? Can you see evidence of
these effects in your model? Explain what observation indicates that this
happened.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Once the algae population begins to decrease, algal cells die and sink to the
bottom. As the cells decay, oxygen in the water is used up and depleted.
Compare the health of the aquatic plant in both models. How has the
depleted oxygen affected the aquatic plant? Explore and describe how shortterm environmental changes, such as a decrease in oxygenated water, can
affect traits in subsequent populations of aquatic plants.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

What could happen to other organisms that need oxygenated water to live if
chemical fertilizer is washed into a pond? Explain your reasoning.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Critique your explanation from Step 3, including examining all sides of the
evidence that you have explored so far in this investigation. Is your
scientific explanation supported by evidence and observations? Explain your
reasoning.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

642

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations

Name _________________________________ Class __________________ Date _________________________

Exploration Lab continued

EVALUATING SOLUTIONS

Fertilizers are often referred to as organic or inorganic. Organic

fertilizers are usually made from natural things like compost, which is made
up of naturally decaying food scraps and other natural wastes. Inorganic
fertilizer is usually made from chemical processes and include nutrients such
as potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Brainstorm some advantages and
disadvantages to using organic fertilizers on a large crop-producing farm.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Use the Internet or other resources to make a table in your lab journal or
notebook that lists ways scientists have proposed minimizing the adverse
effect of fertilizers. Research and list four ways that lawn care can maximize
the growth of grass without the use of inorganic fertilizers. Critique these
explanations by examining all sides of the evidence offered for the
explanations. Determine both the practical use and environmental
advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods you listed. Consider
climatic conditions when evaluating practical uses of these alternatives.
TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

During this lab, you have explored the effect short-term environmental
changes have on organisms. Describe how a short-term change, such as the
introduction of fertilizer, affects organisms, such as an aquatic ecosystems
plants and animals.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Use the Internet to explore how the short-term environmental changes
caused by inorganic fertilizers can affect traits in subsequent populations of
plants or animals. Record your findings.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
ScienceFusion
Grade 8 Lab Manual

643

Original content Copyright by Holt McDougal. Alterations to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Unit 9, Lesson 5
Environmental Changes and Populations