Buk missile system

For other uses, see Buk (disambiguation).

propelled launchers developed by Ardalion Rastov. As a

result of this visit, the developers came to the conclusion
that each Buk transporter erector launcher (TEL) should
have its own re control radar, rather than being reliant
on one central radar for the whole system as in Kub.[8]
The result of this move from TEL to transporter erector
launcher and radar (TELAR) was a system able to shoot
at multiple targets from multiple directions at the same
time.

The Buk missile system (Russian: ""; beech

(tree), /bk/) is a family of self-propelled, medium-range
surface-to-air missile systems developed by the Soviet
Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation, and
designed to ght cruise missiles, smart bombs, xed- and
rotary-wing aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles.[2]
The Buk missile system is the successor to the
NIIP/Vympel 2K12 Kub (NATO reporting name SA-6
Gainful).[3] The rst version of Buk adopted into service carried the GRAU designation 9K37 and was identied in the west with the NATO reporting name Gady
as well as the US Department of Defense designation SA11.

During 1974 the developers determined that although

the Buk missile system is the successor to the Kub missile system, both systems could share some interoperability. The result of this decision was the 9K37-1 Buk1 system.[6] Interoperability between Buk TELAR and
Kub TEL meant an increase in the number of re control channels and available missiles for each system, as
With the integration of a new missile the Buk-M1-2 and well as faster entry of Buk system components into serBuk-M2 systems also received a new NATO reporting vice. The Buk-1 was adopted into service in 1978 folname Grizzly and a new DoD designation SA-17. In lowing completion of state trials, while the complete Buk
2013, the latest incarnation Buk-M3 was scheduled for missile system was accepted into service in 1980[8] after
production.[4]
state trials took place between 1977 and 1979.[6]
A naval version of the system, designed by MNIIRE The naval variant of the 9K37 Buk, the 3S-90 UraAltair (currently part of GSKB Almaz-Antey) for the gan, was developed by the Altair design bureau under
Russian Navy, according to Janes Missiles & Rockets, re- the direction of chief designer G.N. Volgin.[9] The 3Sceived the GRAU designation 3S90M1 and will be iden- 90 used the same 9M38 missile as the 9K37, though the
tied with the NATO reporting name Gollum and a DoD launcher and associated guidance radars were exchanged
designation SA-N-7C. The naval system was scheduled for naval variants. After the 9S-90 system was tested,
for delivery in 2014.[5]
between 1974 and 1976 on the Kashin-class destroyer
Provorny, it was accepted into service in 1983 on the
Project 956 Sovremenny-class destroyers.[9]

Development

No sooner had the 9K37 Buk entered service than

the Central Committee of the CPSU authorised the development of a modernised 9K37 which would become
the 9K37M1 Buk-M1, adopted into service in 1983.[6]
The modernisation improved the performance of the system radars, its probability of kill and its resistance to
electronic countermeasures (ECM). Additionally a noncooperative threat classication system was installed, relying on analysis of returned radar signals to purportedly
identify and clearly distinguish civilian aircraft from potential military targets in the absence of IFF.[8]

Development of the 9K37 Buk was started on 17 January 1972 at the request of the Central Committee of the
CPSU.[6] The development team comprised many of the
same institutions that had developed the previous 2K12
Kub (NATO reporting name Gainful, SA-6). These
included the Tikhomirov Scientic Research Institute of
Instrument Design (NIIP) as the lead designer and the
Novator design bureau, which were responsible for the
development of the missile armament.[6] In addition to
the land-based missile system a similar system was to be
Another modication to the Buk missile system was
produced for the naval forces, the result being the 3S90
started in 1992 with work carried out between 1994 and
Uragan (Russian: ""; hurricane) which also car1997 to produce the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2,[6] which enries the SA-N-7 and Gady designations.[7]
tered service in 1998.[10] This modication introduced a
The Buk missile system was designed to surpass the 2K12 new missile, the 9M317, which oered greater kinematic
Kub in all parameters, and its designers, including its performance over the previous 9M38, which could still
chief designer Ardalion Rastov, visited Egypt in 1971 to be used by the Buk-M1-2. Such sharing of the missile
see Kub in operation.[8] Both the Kub and Buk used self1

DEVELOPMENT

A Buk-M1-2 SAM system 9A310M1-2 TELAR at 2005 MAKS

Airshow

type caused a transition to a dierent GRAU designation, 9K317, which has been used independently for all
later systems. The previous 9K37 series name was also
preserved for the complex, as was the Buk name. The
new missile, as well as a variety of other modications, allowed the system to shoot down ballistic missiles and surface targets, as well as enlarging the performance and engagement envelope (zone of danger for potential attack)
for more traditional targets like aircraft and helicopters.[6]
The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 also received a new NATO reporting name distinguishing it from previous generations
of the Buk system; this new reporting name was the SA17 Grizzly. The export version of the 9K37M1-2 system
is called Ural (Russian: "")
The introduction of the 9K37M1-2 system for the land
forces also marked the introduction of a new naval variant, the Ezh, which carries the NATO reporting name
SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9M317 missile). was exported under the name Shtil and carries a NATO reporting name
of SA-N-7C 'Gollum' (9M317E missile), according to
Janes catalogue.[7] The 9K317 incorporates the 9M317
missile to replace the 9M38 used by the previous system.
A further development of the system was unveiled as a
concept at EURONAVAL 2004, a vertical launch variant of the 9M317, the 9M317ME, which is expected to
be exported under the name 3S90E Shtil-1. Janes also
reported that in the Russian forces it would have a name
of 3S90M Smerch (Russian: "", English translation: 'tornado').[9][11][12]
The Buk-M1-2 modernisation based on a previous
more advanced developmental system referred to as the
9K317 Buk-M2 [6] featured new missiles and a new
third-generation phased array re control radar allowing

Shtil-1 SA missile system (graphic)

targeting of up to four targets while tracking a further 24.

A new radar system with a re control radar on a 24 m
extending boom reputedly enabled more accurate targeting of low-altitude planes.[13] This new generation of Buk
missile systems was stalled due to poor economic conditions after the fall of the Soviet Union. The system was
presented as a static display at the 2007 MAKS Airshow.
In October 2007, Russian General Nikolai Frolov, commander of the Russian Ground Forces air defense, declared that the army would receive the brand-new BukM3 to replace the Buk-M1. He stipulated that the M3
would feature advanced electronic components and enter

3
into service in 2009.[14] The upgraded Buk-M3 TELAR of four and is equipped with chemical, biological, radiwill have a seven rollers tracked chassis and 6 missiles in ological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection. The radar tlaunch tubes.[15]
ted to each TELAR, referred to as the 'Fire Dome' by
NATO, is a monopulse type radar and can begin tracking at the missiles maximum range (32 km/20 mi) and
can track aircraft ying at between 15 m and 22 km (50
2 Description
to 72,000 ft) altitudes. It can guide up to three missiles
against a single target. The 9K37 system supposedly has
much better ECCM characteristics (i.e., is more resistant
to ECM and jamming) than the 3M9 Kub system that
it replaces. While the early Buk had a day radar tracking system 9Sh38 (similar to that used on Kub, Tor and
Osa missile system), its current design can be tted with a
combined optical tracking system with a thermal camera
and a laser range-nder for passive tracking of the target.
The 9K37 system can also utilise the same 1S91 Straight
Flush 25 kW G/H band continuous wave radar as the 3M9
Kub system.
The 9S35 radar of the original Buk TELAR uses a mechanical scan of a Cassegrain antenna reector, where the
Buk-M2 TELAR design used a PESA, for tracking and
missile guidance.

Inside the TELAR of a Buk-M1 SAM system

A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, target acquisition radar (TAR) vehicle, six transporter
erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles and three
transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR and one TEL vehicle.

A Buk-M1-2 SAM system 9S18M1-1 Tube Arm target acquisition

radar (TAR) on 2005 MAKS Airshow

Inside the TEL of a Buk-M1-2 SAM system

The Buk-M1-2 TELAR uses the GM-569 chassis designed and produced by JSC MMZ (Mytishchi).[16]
TELAR superstructure is a turret containing the re control radar at the front and a launcher with four ready-tore missiles on top. Each TELAR is operated by a crew

The 9K37 utilises the 9S18 Tube Arm or 9S18M1

(which carries the NATO reporting name Snow Drift)
(Russian: 9C18 ""; dome) target acquisition
radar in combination with the 9S35 or 9S35M1 Fire
Dome H/I band tracking and engagement radar which
is mounted on each TELAR. The Snow Drift target acquisition radar has a maximum detection range of 85 km
(53 mi) and can detect an aircraft ying at 100 m (330 ft)

DESCRIPTION

from 35 km (22 mi) away and even lower ying targets NIIP.
at ranges of around 1020 km (612 mi). Snow Drift is
mounted on a chassis similar to that of the TELAR, as
is the command vehicle. The control post which coordi- 2.1 Basic missile system specications
nates communications between the surveillance radar(s)
Target acquisition range (by TAR 9S18M1,
and the launchers is able to communicate with up to six
9S18M1-1)
TELs at once.
Range: 140 kilometres (87 miles)
Altitude: 60 meters 25 kilometers (197
feet 15.5 miles)
Firing groups in one division: up to 6 (with one command post)
Firing groups operating in a sector
90 in azimuth, 07 and 714 in elevation
45 in azimuth, 1452 in elevation
Radar mast lifting height (for TAR 9S36): 21 meters
Console of the upgraded TELAR of a Buk-M2E

The TEL reload vehicle for the Buk battery resembles the
TELAR, but instead of a radar they have a crane for the
loading of missiles. They are capable of launching missiles directly but require the cooperation of a Fire Dome
equipped TELAR for missile guidance. A reload vehicle
can transfer its missiles to a TELAR in around 13 minutes
and can reload itself from stores in around 15 minutes.
Also, the Buk-M2 featured a new vehicle like TELAR but
with radar atop of a telescopic lift and without missiles,
called a target acquisition radar (TAR) 9S36. This vehicle
could be used together with two TELs 9A316 to attack
up to four targets, missile guidance in forested or hilly
regions.

Reloading of 4 missiles by TEL from itself: around

15 minutes
Combat readiness time: no more than 5 minutes
Kill probability (by one missile): 9095%
Target engagement zone
Aircraft
Altitude: 15 meters 25 kilometers (50 feet 15.5 miles)
Range: 342 kilometres (226
miles)
Tactical ballistic missiles
Altitude: 2.016 kilometres
(1.29.9 miles)
Range: 320 kilometres (1.9
12.4 miles)
Sea targets: up to 25 kilometres (16
miles)
Land targets: up to 15 kilometres (9.3
miles)

The mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E was shown at

MAKS-2013. A self-propelled re simulator installation
JMA 9A317ET SAM Buk-M2E, based on the mobile,
is designed for training and evaluating the combat crew in
the war environment to detect, capture, lock on to (maintain) and defeat targets. A computer information system
fully records all actions of the crew to a black box to allow objective assessment of the consistency of the crews
Chance to destroy aircraft 0,7-0,93 maneuvering the airactions and results.[17]
craft 0.6 (for 1 missile 9M38). In '92, the system has
All vehicles of the Buk-M1 (Buk-M1-2) missile system proven the ability to destroy Scud missile R-17 and rocket
use an Argon-15A computer, as does the Zaslon radar MLRS caliber of 0.3 meters.[20]
(the rst Soviet-made airborne digital computer, designed
in 1972 by the Soviet Research Institute of Computer
Engineering (NICEVT, currently NII Argon). It is pro- 2.2 Operation
duced at a Kishinev plant originally named 50 Years of
the USSR.[18][19] The vehicles of Buk-M2 (Buk-M2E) The Buk is a mobile, radar-guided surface-to-air mismissile system use a slightly upgraded version of Argon- sile (SAM) missile system with all four main components
A15K. This processor is also used in such military sys- acquisition and targeting radars, a command element,
tems as anti-submarine defense Korshun and Sova, air- missile launchers, and a logistics element mounted on
borne radars for MiG-31 and MiG-33, mobile tactical tracked vehicles. This allows the system to move with
missile systems Tochka, Oka and Volga. Currently, Ar- other military forces and relocate to make it a more difgons are upgraded with the Baget series of processors by cult target to nd than a xed SAM system.

2.4

3S90 Uragan / M-22

The acquisition radar component (several variants 2), integrating it with SA-19 Grison (9K22 Tunguska)
have diering capabilities) allows the system to (6-24 units total) into an air defence brigade, as well as
identify, track and target selected targets.
SA-10/20 and SA-5 Gammon and SA-2 Guideline and
SA-3 Goa and Air Force.[23][24] With the use of the mo The command component is intended to discern bile command center Ranzhir or Ranzhir-M (GRAU desfriendly military aircraft from foes (IFF), priori- ignations 9S737, 9S737) the Buk missile system allows
tize multiple targets, and pass radar targeting infor- creation of mixed groups of air defense forces, including
mation to the missile launchers.
Tor, Tungushka, Strela-10, and Igla.[25] Senezh [26] is
The missile launcher component can carry a variety another optional command post for a free mixing of any
each of
of missiles (as listed below) and may be able to en- systems. In addition to mixing their potential,[27][28][29]
the
air
defense
system
with
the
aid
of
Senezh
gage more than one target simultaneously.
can become part of another air defense system (missiles
The logistics component carries additional (reload) / radars / targeting information). And do not lose qualmissiles and provides other supplies and parts for the ity. The system works automatically.[30] But for the full
system and the operators.
realization of all functions, a Senezh-control system need
various other monitoring systems for air defense and air
In general, the system identies potential targets (radar), force. Otherwise a Senezh system will work as a comselects a particular target (command), res a missile mand center, but not within a free association.
(launcher) at the target, and resupplies the system (logistics). The missiles require a radar lock to initially steer
the missile to the target until the missiles on-board radar 2.4 3S90 Uragan / M-22
system takes over to provide nal course corrections. A
proximity fuse aboard the missile determines when it will
detonate, creating an expanding fragmentation pattern of
missile components and warhead to intercept and destroy
the target. A proximity fuse improves the probability of
kill given the missile and target closure rates, which can
be more than 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph) (or more than 900
m/s (3,000 ft/s)).
Alternatively, the command component may be able to
remotely detonate the missile, or the on-board contact
fuse will cause the warhead to detonate. The most capable radar, assuming it has a line of sight (no terrain between the radar and the target), can track targets (depending on size) as low as 30 m (98 ft) and as far as 140 km
(87 mi). The most capable missile can hit targets as far
as 50 km (31 mi) and more than 24,000 m (79,000 ft) in
altitude. Since the introduction of the Buk in the 1970s,
the capabilities of its system components have evolved,
which has led to dierent nomenclature and nicknames
for the components variants. The Buk has also been 3S90E Shtil (export version of M-22 Uragan) on INS Talwar
(F40)
adapted for use on naval vessels.

2.3

The 3S90 Uragan (Russian: ; hurricane) is the

Integration with higher level command naval variant of the 9K37 Buk and has the NATO reporting name Gady and US DoD designation SA-Nposts

The basic command post of the Buk missile system is

9510 (9K317 Buk-M2), 9S470M1-2 (9K37M1-2 BukM1-2) and 9S470 (Buk-M1) vehicles, organizing the Buk
system into a battery. It is capable of linking with various higher level command posts (HLCPs). As an option,
with the use of HLCP, the Buk missile system may be
controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52
Polyana-D4, integrating it with S-300V/S-300VM into an
air defence brigade.[21][22] Also, it may be controlled by
an upper-level command-post system 73N6ME Baikal1ME together with 1-4 units of PPRU-M1 (PPRU-M1-

7, it also carries the designation M-22. The export version of this system is known as Shtil (Russian: ;
still). The 938 missiles from the 9K37 Buk are also
used on the 3S90 Uragan. The launch system is different with missiles being loaded vertically onto a single
arm trainable launcher, this launcher is replenished from
an under-deck magazine with a 24 round capacity, loading takes 12 seconds to accomplish.[9] The Uragan utilises
the MR-750 Top Steer D/E band as a target acquisition
radar (naval analogue of the 9S18 or 9S18M1) which has
a maximum detection range of 300 km (190 mi) depending on the variant. The radar performing the role of the

MISSILES

9S35 the 3R90 Front Dome H/I band tracking and en- 3M9; for example, its forward compartment diameter (33
gagement radar with a maximum range of 30 km (19 mi). cm), which was less than the rear compartment diameter.
Operation 1974 (replacement of on a ship air defenses)
has been tested on the new ship in 1980. It was adopted
in 1983.[31]

2.5

3S90 Ezh

The modernised version of the 3S90m is the 9K37M1-2

(or 9K317E) Ezh, which carries the NATO reporting
name Grizzly or SA-N-12 and the export designation
Shtil. It uses the new 9M317 missile.
In 1997, India signed a contract for the three Project
1135.6 frigates with Shtil. Later, when the decision was
made to modernize it with a new package of hardware & 9M317 surface-to-air missile on the Buk-M2 quadruple
launcher.
missiles, the name changed to Shtil-1.

2.6

3S90M Shtil-1

The 9M38 surface-to-air missile utilizes a two-mode

solid-fuel rocket engine with total burn time of about
15 seconds; the combustion chamber is reinforced by
metal. For the purpose of reducing the centering dispersion while in ight, the combustion chamber is located
close to the center of the missile and includes a longer
gas pipe. The 9M38 is capable of readiness without inspection for at least 10 years of service. The missile is
delivered to the army in the 9Ya266 (9266) transport
container.

In 2004, the rst demonstration module of the new

9M317ME missile was presented by Dolgoprudniy Scientic and Production Plant for the upgraded 3S90M
Shtil-1 naval missile system (jointly with 'Altair'). Designed primary for the export purpose, its latest variant
used a vertical launch missile which is red from underdeck silos clustered into groups of twelve, twenty-four or
thirty-six. The rst Shtil-1 systems were installed into The 938M1 missile uses active homing when approach[37]
ships exported to India and China.[32][33] Old systems ing the goal.
Uragan, Ezh and Shtil could be upgraded to Shtil-1 by
replacing the launcher module inside the ship.

3.2 9M317 missile

The reaction time is 510 seconds (Shtil-1).[34] The interval between starts is less 2 seconds. To protect against The 9M317 missile was developed as a common misboats, helicopters, aircraft, anti-ship missiles.[35]
sile for the Russian Ground Forces Air Defence Forces
(PVO) (using Buk-M1-2) as well as for ship-based PVO
of the Russian Navy (Ezh). Its exterior design bears a
resemblance to the Vympel R-37 air-to-air missile.
3 Missiles

3.1

938 and 938M1 missile

The 9M38 uses a single-stage X-winged design without

any detachable parts; its exterior design is similar to the
American Tartar and Standard surface-to-air missile series, which led to the half-serious nickname of Standardski.[36] The design had to conform to strict naval dimension limitations, allowing the missile to be adapted for
the M-22 SAM system in the Soviet Navy. Each missile
is 5.55 m (18.2 ft) long, weighs 690 kg (1,520 lb) and
carries a relatively large 70 kg (150 lb) warhead which
is triggered by a radar proximity fuze. In the forward
compartment of the missile, a semi-active homing radar
head (9E50, Russian: 950, 9501), autopilot equipment, power source and warhead are located. The homing method chosen was proportional navigation. Some
elements of the missile were compatible with the Kubs

The unied multi-functional 9M317 (export designation

9M317E) can be used to engage aerodynamic, ballistic,
above-water and radio contrast targets from both land and
sea. Examples of targets include tactical ballistic missiles, strategic cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, tactical,
strategic and army aircraft and helicopters. It was designed by OJSC Dolgoprudny Scientic Production Plant
(DNPP). The maximum engagable target speed was 1200
m/s[38] and it can tolerate an acceleration overload of
24G. It was rst used with Buk-M1-2 system of the land
forces and the Shtil-1 system of the naval forces.
In comparison with 9M38M1, the 9M317 has a larger defeat area, which is up to 45 km of range and 25 km of altitude and of lateral parameter, and a larger target classication. Externally the 9M317 diers from the 9M38M1
by a smaller wing chord. It uses the inertial correction
control system with semi-active radar homing, utilising
the proportional navigation (PN) targeting method.

3.4

Other variants

The semi-active missile homing radar head (used in 3.3.2 Comparison

9E420, Russian: 9420) as well as 9E50M1 for the
9M38M1 missile (9E50 for 9M38) and 1SB4 for Kub 3.4 Other variants
missile (Russian: 14) was designed by MNII Agate
(Zhukovskiy) and manufactured by MMZ at Ioshkar-Ola. 3.5 Original design tree
The 9M317 missile uses active homing when approaching
the goal.[39][40]

3.3

9M317M and 9M317A missile development projects

Currently, several modernized versions are in development, including the 9M317M / 9M317ME, and active
radar homing (ARH) missile 9M317A / 9M317MAE.
The lead developer, NIIP, reported the testing of the
9M317A missile within Buk-M1-2A OKR Vskhod
(Sprout in English) in 2005.[41] The range is reported as
being up to 50 km (31 mi), maximum altitude around 25
km (82,000 ft) and maximum target speed around Mach
4. The weight of the missile has increased slightly to 720
kg (1587 lb).
The missiles Vskhod development program for the BukM1-2A was completed in 2011. This missile could increase the survival capability and ring performance of
the Buk-M1-2A using its ability to hit targets over the
horizon.[42]

9K37-1 'Buk-1' First Buk missile system variant

accepted into service, incorporating a 9A38 TELAR
within a 2K12M3 Kub-M3 battery.
9K37 'Buk'- The completed Buk missile system with
all new system components, back-compatible with
2K12 Kub.
9K37M1 'Buk-M1' An improved variant of the
original 9K37 which entered into service with the
then Soviet armed forces.
9K37M1-2 'Buk-M1-2' ('Gang' for export markets)
An improved variant of the 9K37M1 'Buk-M1'
which entered into service with the Russian armed
forces.
9K317 'Ural' (9K37M2) initial design of Buk-M2
which entered into service with the Russian armed
forces
9K317E 'Buk-M2E' - revised design for export
markets[68]

In 2011, Dolgoprudny NPP completed preliminary trials

of the new autonomous target missile system OKR Pensne
(pince-nez in English) developed from earlier missiles.[42]

3.3.1

9M317ME missile

The weight of the missile is 581 kg, including the 62

kg blast fragmentation warhead initiated by a dual-mode
radar proximity fuze. Dimensions of the hull are 5.18 m
length; 0.36 m maximum diameter. Range is 2.532 km
in a 3S90M Shtil-1 naval missile system. Altitude of
targets from 15 m up to 15 km (and from 10 m to 10 km
against other missiles). 9M317ME missiles can be red
at 2-second intervals, while its reaction (readiness) time Backside of the 9A317 TELAR of Buk-M2E (export version) at
the 2007 MAKS Airshow
is up to 10 s.
The missile was designed to be single-staged, inertial
guidance, radio control mid-course update and terminal
semi-active radar homing.[32]
The tail surfaces have a span of 0.82 m when deployed
after the missile leaves the launch container by a spring
mechanism. Four gas-control vanes operating in the motor eux turn the missile towards the required direction of ight. After the turnover manoeuvre, they are no
longer used and subsequent ight controlled via moving
tail surfaces. A dual-mode solid-propellant rocket motor provides the missile with a maximum speed of Mach
4.5.[43]

9K37M1-2A 'Buk-M1-2A' - redesign of Buk-M1-2

for the use of 9M317A missile
'Buk-M2EK'[69] A wheeled variant of Buk-M2
on MZKT-6922 chassis exported to Venezuela and
Syria.
9K317M 'Buk-M3' (9K37M3) In Russia, some
active work is being conducted, aimed at the new
perspective complex of Buk-M3. A zenith-rocket
division of it will have 36 target channels in total.

SYSTEM COMPOSITION

on a military parade in Baku. It included the new

80K6M Ukrainian-build radar on an MZKT chassis
(instead the old 9S18M1) and the new Russian-build
missile 9M317 (as in Buk-M2).[71]

9A317 TELAR of Buk-M2E (export version) at 2007 MAKS Airshow

Wheeled TELAR of Buk-M2EK SAM system at Kapustin Yar,

2011

3.6

Naval version design tree

3S90/M-22 'Uragan' (SA-N-7 Gady) Naval

version of the 9K37 Buk missile system with
9M38/9M38M1 missile.
3S90 Ezh (SA-N-7B/SA-N-12 'Grizzly') Naval
version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317 missile.
3S90 Shtil (SA-N-7C 'Gollum') Naval export
version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317E missile.

Peoples Republic of China HQ-16 (Hongqi16) - Peoples Republic of China project based on
the naval 9K37M1-2 system 'Shtil' (SA-N-12).[72]
Other sources also rumored the project involved
some Buk technology. It is able to engage high altitude and very low ying targets.[73] The most visual
distinction between SA-17 and HQ-16 is that the latter is truck-based and vertically launched instead of
track based SA-17, its total number of missiles increased to six from the original four in SA-17 system.

Peoples Republic of China HQ-16A

Improvement of the HQ-16, with redesigned
control surfaces incorporating leading edge,
thus has better performance at higher angle of
attack than HQ-16.

Peoples Republic of China HQ-16B

Further improvement of HQ-16A, with both
active and semi-active radar guidance, and an
increased range, amongst other upgrades. It
can be distinguished by its longer body and ns
mounted near the middle.[74][75][76]

Peoples Republic of China LY-80

Export version of HQ-16A,[77][78] incorporating cold vertical launch method

Iran Ra'ad (Thunder) Medium Ranged

Surface-to-Air Missile System using Ta'er 2 missiles. It has very similar layout to wheeled BukM2EK 9M317. It was shown during 2012 military
parade.[79]

4 System composition
4.1 9K37 Buk

3S90E Shtil-1 (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') Naval export

version with 9M317ME missile.
3S90M Smerch (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') Possible
naval version with 9M317M missile.

3.7

Copies
Belarus In May on the MILEX2005 exposition in Minsk, Belarus presented their own modication of 9K37 Buk, called Buk-MB.[70] On 26 June TEL 9A316
2013 an exported version of Buk-MB was displayed

4.4

9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 (Ural)

9
Preparing to ght (inversely) - 5 min. Translation in battle mode, not for the rst time in battle (after moving to
another place) - no more than 20 seconds.[81] During the
exercise, Defense 92 (1992) SAM family of Buk conducted successful ring at targets on the basis of ballistic
missile R-17 Elbrus, and on the basis of MLRS rockets
Smerch (caliber 0.3 meters).[82]

4.4 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 (Ural)

TELAR 9A317

A command post vehicle 9S470M1-2 may take control

over 4 batteries, each has 1 TELAR 9A310M1-2 with 1
TEL 9A39M1/9A39M1-2 or 2 batteries, each has 1 target acquisition radar 9S181-1 and 2 x TELs 9A39M1

Upper level CP (PBU of the zrbr zenith-rocket

Additionally, the TELAR 9A310M1-2 may take control
brigade) from the structure of ASU Polyana-D4
over the Kub vehicles just the TEL 2P25 or the selfpropelled unit of reconnaissance and guidance 1S91 with
4 zrdn (zenith-rocket division)
a TEL 2P25. In this conguration complex can simulta CP 9S470
neously re two goals instead of one.[64]
SOTs 9S18 Kupol range up to 120 km (45
Probability of hitting of one rocket is:[66] - Statically ying
km at a height 30 meters).[80]
aircraft - 0.70.9; - Maneuvering aircraft with overdrive
3 zrbat (zenith-rocket battery)
to 78 G - 0.50.7; - Tactical ballistic missiles - 0.50.7; 2 TELAR 9310
Anti-radar missiles - 0.60.8; - Cruise missiles - 0.60.8.
1 TEL 939
The composition:[64] command post 9S470M1-2 6 self Technical service division
ommunication service platoon

4.2

2K12M4 Kub-M4 (9K37-1 Buk-1)

1 SURN 1S91M3 (from the structure of 2K12M3

Kub-M3)

propelled re units 9A310M1-2 can perform all combat functions,[64] including identication of the state of
the owner of the object detected.[81] 3 launchers (can
re, transporting and loading of other launchers) installation 9A39M1, target detection station 9S18M1, machine
of maintenance 9V881M1-2 with caravan ZIP 9T456,
workshop of maintenance SPA-M1, machine of repair
and maintenance.

The maximum range of re against ballistic missiles is 20

km, and the maximum target speed is 1200 m / s.[83] Its
capacity of protecting against ballistic missiles are com 1 TELAR 9A38 (from the structure of 9K37 Buk) parable with that of the Patriot PAC-2.[84] However, the
height is less.[81] Preparing to ght (inversely) - 5 min.[83]
Translation in battle mode, not for the rst time in bat4.3 9K37M1 Buk-M1 (Ganges)
tle (after moving to another place) - no more than 20
seconds.[81] The range for engaging targets on land is 15
4.3.1 Technical service division
km, 25 km on the water.[85] The capture distance of targets with RCS = 5 m - 40 km.[64] It automatically pro 9V95M1E mobile automatized control and test vides a high resistance to interference and work in several
station vehicle based on a ZiL-131 with a trailer
dierent combat modes, detection range of the locator of
[81]
9V883, 9V884, 9V894 repair and technical ser- early detection 160 km.
vice vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012
4 TEL 2P25M3 (from the structure of 2K12M3
Kub-M3)

9V881E technical service workshop based on 4.4.1 Technical service division

Ural-43203-1012
Technical service vehicle MTO 9V881M1-2 with a
trailer ZIP 9T456
9T229 transporter vehicle for 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles based on a KrAZ255
Technical service workshop MTO AGZ-M1
9T31M autocrane
Technical service and maintenance vehicles MRTO:
MTO-ATG-M1 technical service workshop based
MRTO-1 9V883M1, MRTO-2 9V884M1, MRTOon ZiL-131
3 9V894M1

10

BUK-M3

Transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a technological mode, not for the rst time in battle (after moving to anequipment set KTO 9T3184
other place) - no more than 20 seconds.[61]
Automated control and test mobile station AKIPS
9V95M1

The probability of hitting targets one missile is: (data

from the developer and several other sources)

Workshop vehicle for the missile maintenance

9T458

Aircraft of tactical aviation - 0.90.95

Unied compressor station UKS-400V

Tactical ballistic missiles - 0.60.7 maximum speed

of ballistic targets 1200 m / s.

Mobile power plant PES-100-T/400-AKP1

Cruise missiles - 0.70.8

4.5

9K317 Buk-M2

There was an experimental 9320 TEL (with 8 missiles).

Hovering helicopters - 0.30.4[67]

Helicopter - 0.70.8[61]

Anti-radiation missile - 0.50.7.[56]

Some works were conducted to utilize a wheeled vehicles
for Buk-M2-1 on a KrAZ260 chassis, but they were not
The minimum rs to 0.05 square meters. Day-and-night
completed.[86]
passive optical system for target detection, thermal imDeveloped in 1988.[87] Accepted for service in 2008.
ager with minimal radiation (9317 and 9318)[90] The
[24][61][88]
system operates in a mountainous area without glare.[38]
The structure of the Buk-M2
Fighting means

The normal range of a ballistic missile to intercept with

the use Buk is up to 200 km[91]

Anti-aircraft missiles: 9317

Self-propelled ring installation: 9317 and
9318 (towed), has everything for self-War,
reaction time - 5 sec, range to 20 km (reecting surface=12m2 height - 3 km), 1820 km
(rs=1-2m2 , height - 1015m), range of work
in the system 5 to + 85 degrees for missile
guidance (to search for up to 70 if alone)[38]

5 Buk-M3

The 9K317M 'Buk-M3' (9K37M3) is currently in development. The Buk-M3 is based on completely new
hardware.[92][93] The new Buk-M3 will have 36 target
channels and will feature advanced electronic components. Proposed specications include a maximum target
Installation of charging 9317 and 9318 or speed of 3,000 m/s (11,000 km/h; 6,700 mph), altitude
shooting teams 9510: 9316 and 9320;[89] range of 0.01535 km (49114,829 ft) and distance of
2.570 km (1.643.5 mi). Extensive trials will begin in
Management tools
2015[94] with the rst deliveries planned for 2016[95][96]
(2 into 2016).[97] Probability of hitting the target with one
Command post 9510, reaction time 2 seconds.
missile: aircraft - 0.95; Tactical ballistic missiles - 0.7;
Cruise missiles - 0.8. Increased eciency against electronic countermeasures and manoeuvring targets.[98] The
Radar of targets detection (all
more compact missiles increase carrying capacity to six
directions - 360) 9181-3,
missiles.[99] The missile has for its shrapnel pierces armor
range to 160 km (1-2m2 )
strong.[100]
Radar of illumination and guidance of missiles or radar Radar of illumination and guidance of missiles or radar
of targets detection of range 60 936.
of targets detection of range 60 936. The goal at a
height of 710 meters can be detected at distances of up
35 km, (edition goal type AGM-158A JASSM (height
9S36-1 (if derrick is raised
20m ying, ESR in the range of 0.1)) at a distance of 17
as much as possible) range to
18 km, missile 'Buk-M3' speed of 1,550 m / s.[101]
120 km (reecting surface=1
2
2m height - 3 km), 30-35 km
In June 2016, the Almaz-Antey announced on success(rs=1-2m2 , height - 1015m)
ful trials of a new anti-aircraft complex medium-range
[61]

Buk-M3. Firing at the Kapustin Yar in the Astrakhan

region was carried out on a ballistic target, which was
Translation in battle mode for the rst time in battle-not made by the missile-target pince-Nez. The rst brigade
more than 5 minutes, but 1015 minutes when using der- set of the SAM Buk-M3 will be handed over to the milrick in which the radar of 9S36-1. Translation in battle itary in 2016.[102]

7.1

Current operators

Service history

6.1

11

Combat service

Abkhaz authorities claimed that Buk air defense system was used to shoot down four Georgian drones at
the beginning of May 2008.[103]
Analysts concluded that Georgian Buk missile systems were responsible for downing four Russian 9K37 Buk in Azerbaijan service
aircraftthree Sukhoi Su-25 close air support aircraft and a Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber
in the 2008 South Ossetia war.[104] U.S. ocials 7.1 Current operators
have said Georgias SA-11 Buk-1M was certainly

Azerbaijan[115]
the cause of the Tu-22Ms loss and contributed to
[105]
the losses of the three Su-25s.
According to

Belarus[116]
some analysts, the loss of four aircraft is surprising

Ukraine[117] - 72 9K37M1 as of 2016.[118]

and a heavy toll for Russia given the small size of
[106][107]
Georgias military.
Some have also pointed
out, that Russian electronic counter-measures systems were apparently unable to jam and suppress
enemy SAMs in the conict[108] and that Russia
was, surprisingly, unable to come up with eective countermeasures against missile systems it had
designed.[104] Georgia bought these missile systems
from Ukraine which had an inquiry to determine if
the purchase was illegal.[109]
The system was used in the downing of the Boeing
777-200ER Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, on 17
July 2014, in eastern Ukraine, which resulted
in 298 fatalities.[110][111] Evidence included missile fragments found on site including pieces of
Ukrainian 9K37 Buk SAMS during the Independence Day parade
warhead stuck in the wreckage as well as nonin Kiev
explosive parts of the missile parts with serial number remnants.[112] Missile fragments were recovered
from the bodies of the ight crew.[113] According to

Egypt Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 versions[119]

one analysis, the launcher belonged to the Russian

Finland In 1996 Finland started operating

53rd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade.[114]
the missile systems that they received from Russia
as debt payment.[120] Due to concerns about susceptibility to electronic warfare, Finland has accelerated the plans to replace the missile system with
7 Operators
NASAMS 2.[121][122][123]

Georgia[124]

India[125]

Map with Buk operators in blue and former operators in red

Iran Raad with Taer-2 missiles, copy locally

produced from Buk M1-2 obtained .
North Korea[126]
Peoples Republic of China[127] Improved
variant as the HQ-16, a navalized VLS system. Joint
Peoples Republic of China/Russian project to upgrade the naval 9K37M1-2 system 'Shtil' (SA-N12).

12

REFERENCES

Russia more than 430 937 and 9317 as [11] Smerch/Shtil-1/2 (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons. Janes Strategic Weapon Sysof 2016.[128][129][130][131] Replacement of complex
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937 with the newer 9317 Buk M2 is planned to
[132][133][134]
be completed by 70% or more by 2020.
[12] Smerch/Shtil-1/2 (SA-N-7B/C or SA-N-12 'Grizzly')

Syria[135] 8 complexes 9317E Buk-M2E degic Weapon Systems. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 21 Aulivered from Russian Federation in 2011 (Stockgust 2011.
holm International Peace Research Institute Arms
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NIIP (Russian). 2005. Archived from the original on 27
M2E Air Defence.[137] + 20 Buk-M1-2 [138]

Venezuela Buk-M2EK Received[139] (20

ordered).[140]

(Russian Federation), Defensive weapons. Janes Strate-

September 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.

7.2

Former operators
Soviet Union

See also
Tor missile system

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[51] "
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[53] "2, - "2"". Retrieved 14 November 2014.

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[77] HQ16A LY-80 Ground-to-air defense missile system

14

[78] LY-80 / HQ-16 Surface-to-Air Missile / SAM Air Defense System. 2 December 2012.

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[79] Iran tests new anti-air missile defense: Guard. The

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[80] " ""- ". [101] http://army-news.ru/2015/06/

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[102] Rogozin told the Russian anti-aircraft missiles of the new

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[82] " "-1"". Pvo.guns.ru. 2000-07-21. Retrieved

[103] SA-11 'Gady' Used to Down Georgian Drones.
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10 Sources
What is a buk missile? at The Wall Street Journal
V. Tikhomirov Scientic Research Institute of Instrument Design Website (Russian manufacturer of
Buk)
SA-11 GADFLY (9K37M1 BUK-M1)".
Federation of American Scientists.
June 20,
2000.
Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system has no equals
in terms of combat employment, Yevgeny Pigin,
Gennady Kaufman, Military Parade, 1998.
SA-11 Gady / 9K37M1 Buk. warfare.be. 2004
2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
Buk SA-11 Gady. Prospects for Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system at enemyforces.com

10.1 Russian sources

(Russian) Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant
(Russian) 9K37-1 Buk-1 (SA-11 Gady) TELAR
9A38 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gady) CP 9S470
SURN 9S18 Kupol (NATO classication Tube
Arm) TELAR 9A310 TEL 9A39 Buk-M1 (export name Gang) Buk-M1-2 (export name Ural)
Comparison table of technical specications of
Buk, Buk-M1, Buk-M1-2 Closing article for Buk
Photos of Buk-M1 in Finnish Army M-22 Uragan
(SA-N-7 Gady) 9M38 9M317 at Vestnik PVO
website

10.2 Video
BUK and other air missile system in teamwork, 9
min.

11 External links

[135] 9K37 Buk. Janes Information Group. 17 November

2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.

Main defense product range of Almaz-Antey

[136] Trade Registers. Retrieved 14 November 2014.

SA-17 Grizzly 9A317E BUK-M2 air defense missile system

[137] "
?". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
[138] The International Institute For Strategic Studies IISS The
Military Balance 2012. Nueld Press, 2012. .
349
[139] Russian Photos (updated on regular basis) - Page 3675.
Retrieved 14 November 2014.
[140] SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Information generated:
09 March 2014.

ROSOBORONEXPORT TO STRENGTHEN
TIES WITH PROSPECTIVE PARTNERS IN
SOUTH-EAST ASIA
Buk-M1 Medium range SAM system

16

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12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Buk missile system Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk_missile_system?oldid=741605849 Contributors: Miguel~enwiki, Ixfd64,

Delirium, Ellywa, GCarty, Tpbradbury, Thue, Altenmann, HaeB, PBP, Davidcannon, DocWatson42, Bobblewik, Alexf, Oneiros, Mzajac, Ctac, Klemen Kocjancic, Oceanhahn, Discospinster, Vsmith, MDCore, Bender235, CanisRufus, Sietse Snel, Dennis Brown, .:Ajvol:.,
Hooperbloob, ReconTanto, Simone, Cmapm, Gene Nygaard, Dan100, Woohookitty, Nvinen, Commander Keane, Tabletop, GraemeLeggett, Yuriybrisk, DePiep, Mendaliv, Rjwilmsi, Hiberniantears, Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Kolbasz, Maribert, MoRsE, Volunteer Marek,
Bgwhite, Ahpook, YurikBot, Noclador, Arado, Alex Bakharev, Manxruler, Megapixie, Vmart, Stephanos Georgios John, Tony1, Dekushrub, HLGallon, Arthur Rubin, Petri Krohn, Whobot, Curpsbot-unicodify, Roke, Nick-D, IrfanFaiz, Attilios, SmackBot, Blue520, Nickst,
Boris Barowski, PeterSymonds, Hmains, Chris the speller, Hibernian, Redline, Derekbridges, Aerobird, TheGerm, Aldaron, A.R., Ohconfucius, Kuru, John, Mgiganteus1, Ex nihil, Meco, Sasabune, Iridescent, CmdrObot, Drinibot, N2e, AndrewHowse, Captainm, DumbBOT, Aldis90, Thijs!bot, Woody, Escarbot, KrakatoaKatie, MarkV, Fatidiot1234, Dr. Blofeld, Dendirrek, Beryoza, Deective, Barek,
MelanieN, Albany NY, Dricherby, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Bg007, SHCarter, Faizhaider, Diego bf109, Objectivesea, Arz1969, Bernd
vdB~enwiki, Alex Spade, BilCat, Rupert Nichol, Raoulduke47, Duncan7670, PMG, Jim.henderson, Ironthrone~enwiki, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Lonjers, DadaNeem, Tatrgel, STBotD, Bogdan~enwiki, Orthopraxia, Piotrszmigiel, Funandtrvl, Malik Shabazz, Tourbillon,
Thomas.W, Toddy1, Martinevans123, Gregogil, Bearian, Immortals, The Devils Advocate, HiDrNick, Pknicker, GoddersUK, Raskiy,
Yintan, Ketone16, Bentogoa, RucasHost, ZH Evers, JL-Bot, EmanWilm, ImageRemovalBot, YSSYguy, Kerth, Vnkd, Mild Bill Hiccup,
Kos93, Nanobear~enwiki, Homan05, Alexbot, Asmaybe, NuclearWarfare, Njardarlogar, Potorochin, Ivan89, Chaosdruid, Typhoon9410,
DumZiBoT, Jan D. Berends, Stickee, Alahly hero, Addbot, Kylanwalters, Mike Babic, Bishmas, EZ1234, Fyrael, Nohomers48, StukaG,
Nath1991, Debresser, Blaylockjam10, Mdnavman, Fireaxe888, Lightbot, The Bushranger, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Legobot II, Boksi, Velocitas, AnomieBOT, Metalhead94, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, High Contrast, LilHelpa, Gilo1969, Kingisland474, Banak, Tobby72,
DrilBot, Dazedbythebell, Geogene, Sscorp, SirMoo, Latios, Cnwilliams, Timurx, Trappist the monk, Yunshui, TheMightyGeneral, Sutilcareh, Tbhotch, Jurryaany, Lopifalko, Derim Hunt, John of Reading, D2306, Foxbat31f, Dewritech, Anir1uph, Brianm358, Midas02,
H3llBot, Thine Antique Pen, JoeSperrazza, DeCausa, Johnmorris1967, Pablogallego, ClueBot NG, Ihosama, Catlemur, MerlIwBot, Sreeking, Strike Eagle, DBigXray, BG19bot, Shadrach 1066, Ymblanter, Machinarium, DSkauai, Yowanvista, Arminden, FormerNukeSubmariner, Albi888, Erlbaeko, Farzam1370, Dokientrung, ArsA-92, BattyBot, Regicide1649, America789, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Adnan bogi, F16vista, Puguh.purwandaru, Hmainsbot1, Jackintosh11, LarryKnight71, Frosty, Wrant, Malerooster, Pincrete, Dapao97, Engineer 3126, Al Khazar, Jodosma, Be-with, Backendgaming, Tamlinwah, YiFeiBot, Martin4x4, Rqasd, Chipperdude15, , Monkbot,
Tutkamestari, Jackpa1w, Lamzhiliang, ACanadianToker, B.Mater, Alpha Monarch, A.PioneerOne, Dfhoran, Phantom mark, Superfunnelc, SamA509, Jasonkarrl, ELomax2w, PTC Bernie, Nickserb, Sirius343, XANTHO GENOS, Lonew8, Calo yronili, Sam Kanzai Frakfurt, Mega775, Hammer5000, Palma.palash.yandex., Themediaman, Walid btr, Zafer14ur8, Monopodman, Teoman Tanhu, GreenC bot,
XANTHO, Messer282, IsrabatTrof and Anonymous: 268

12.2

Images

File:9K37_Buk_of_the_Ukrainian_military,_Independence_Day_parade_in_Kiev.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/a/ac/9K37_Buk_of_the_Ukrainian_military%2C_Independence_Day_parade_in_Kiev.JPG License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: 24.08.2008 Original artist:
File:9M317_surface-to-air_missile_of_Buk-M2E.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/9M317_
surface-to-air_missile_of_Buk-M2E.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as 9M317 Original artist: Yuriy
Lapitskiy
File:9M38M1_9M317.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/9M38M1_9M317.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader. I've made this schematics myself using Inkscape Original artist: Yuriy Lapitskiy for Wikimedia
Commons
File:939_TEL_interior.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/9%D0%9039_TEL_interior.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yuriy Lapitskiy
File:Acap.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Acap.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
Original artist: F l a n k e r
File:BUK_file1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/BUK_file1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work (Own photo) Original artist: Stanislav Kozlovskiy
File:BUK_file2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/BUK_file2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work (Own photo) Original artist: Stanislav Kozlovskiy
File:Buk-M1-2_9A310M1-2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Buk-M1-2_9A310M1-2.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: .:Ajvol:.
File:Buk-M1-2_9S18M1-1.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Buk-M1-2_9S18M1-1.JPG License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: .:Ajvol:.
File:Buk-M1-2_air_defence_system_in_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Buk-M1-2_air_
defence_system_in_2010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: http://vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node/313; exact source Original artist:
Vitaly V. Kuzmin
File:Buk-M2-MAKS-2007-2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Buk-M2-MAKS-2007-2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 1.0 Contributors: [1] from www.aviation.ru/jno. Original artist: jno
File:Buk-M2-MAKS-2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Buk-M2-MAKS-2007.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ru::Tor-M2-MAKS-2007.JPG Original artist: ru::Xchgall
File:Buk-m2_ky.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Buk-m2_ky.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Leonidl

12.3

Content license

17

File:Buk_operators.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Buk_operators.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jurryaany
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Control_console_of_Buk-M2E_missile_system_TELAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/
Control_console_of_Buk-M2E_missile_system_TELAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/
yuriybrisk/6065794731/ Original artist: Yuriy Lapitskiy
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: see below Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 . Original artist: Government of Ukraine
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Original artist:
File:Indian-navy-missile.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Indian-navy-missile.jpg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Inside_of_a_Buk-SAM_(cropped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Inside_of_a_Buk-SAM_
%28cropped%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Inside SAM system Kub (SA-6 Gainful) Original artist: alexindigo
File:Military_parade_in_Baku_2013_40.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Military_parade_in_
Baku_2013_40.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Urek Meniashvili
File:Searchtool.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/Searchtool.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Shtil_zrk.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Shtil_zrk.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Allocer
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created by Smurrayinchester

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Content license

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