NPTEL Power System Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Power System Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?
Summary
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Breaker
Summary
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Electrical Energy is
Generated at few kV and stepped up.
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Transmitted through AC and HVDC lines.

Stepped down and distributed at load centers.
Its natural mode of synchronous operation knits the system
together.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Why do we need protection?

Electrical apparatus operates at various voltage levels and
may be enclosed or placed in open. Under abnormal
operating conditions protection is necessary for
Safety of electrical equipments.
Safety of human personnel.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Breaker
Summary
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Apparatus Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
System Protection
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Types of Protection
Transmission Line Protection
Transformer Protection
Generator Protection
Motor Protection
Busbar Protection
System Protection
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Types of Protection
Transmission Line Protection
Transformer Protection
Generator Protection
Motor Protection
Busbar Protection
System Protection
Out-of-Step Protection
Under-frequency Relays
Islanding Systems
Rate of Change of Frequency Relays
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Breaker
Summary
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
What is a Relay?
A relay is a logical element which process the inputs (mostly
voltages and currents) from the system and issues a trip
decision if a fault within its jurisdiction is detected. Inputs to
a relay are
Current from a current transformer.
Voltage from a voltage transformer.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Breaker
Summary
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Evolution of Relays
If we zoom into a relay, we can see three different types of
realization:
Electromechanical Relays.
Solid State Relays.
Numerical Relays.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
Electromechanical Relays
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
First generation of
relays.
Uses the principle of
electromechanical
energy conversion.
Immune to
electromagnetic
interference and rugged.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Solid State Relays

These relays were developed with the advent of transistors,
operational amplifiers etc. Their functionality is through
various operations like comparators etc. Their advantages
are
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
More flexible.
Self checking facility.
Less power consumption and low burden.
Improved dynamic perfomance characteristics.
High seismic withstand capacity.
Reduced panel space.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Numerical Relays
Operation of a numerical relay involves analog to digital
conversion of voltage and currents obtained from VT and
CTs. These samples are fed to the microprocessor or DSP
where the protection algorithms process these signals and
necessary decisions are taken.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Its advantages are

Maximum flexibility.
Provides multiple functionality.
Self checking and communication facility.
It can be made adaptive.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Breaker
Summary
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
What is a Circuit Breaker?

A circuit breaker is basically a switch to interrupt the flow of
current.
It opens on relay command.
It has to handle large voltages and currents.
The inductive nature of power system results in arcing
between the terminals of a CB.
CBs are categorized based on the interrupting medium
used.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Summary
Necessity of a protection system.
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Types of Protection.
Three generations of relays.
Role of circuit breakers.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines

S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
For Tapped Lines

For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Protection Paradigms - Apparatus Protection

Power System
Protection
Overcurrent Protection
Principle
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Distance Protection
Principle
Differential Protection
Principle
For Transmission Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Principle of Overcurrent Protection

When the current in a system exceeds a predetermined
value, it indicates the presence of a fault.
Relaying decision is based solely on the magnitude of
current.
Used in radial distribution systems.
Overcurrent relaying and fuse protection uses this
principle.

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Uses both magnitude of current and phase angle
information for decision making.
Used in radial distribution systems with source at both
ends.

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Distance Protection
The basic principle is that the apparent impedance
seen by the relay reduces drastically in case of line
fault.
If the ratio of apparent impedance to the positive
sequence impedance is less than unity, it indicates a
fault.
This protection scheme is inherently directional.
Impedance relay and Mho relay use this principle.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Principle of Differential Protection

It is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical
equipment would cause the current entering it to be
different from the current leaving it.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection

Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in

phase or in both, fault can be determined.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection

Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in

phase or in both, fault can be determined.
It is an attractive option if both the ends of the
apparatus are located near each other.

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Differential Protection for Transmission Lines

Its implementation requires a communication channel.
It is extremely accurate.
Its zone is demarkated by CTs.

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Differential Protection for Tapped Line

Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Differential Protection for Transformer

CTs are selected in such a way that under normal
conditions the scaled CT currents will match in
magnitude.
Under fault condition, differential current will flow
through the overcurrent relay.
Overcurrent relay pick up is set above the no load
current value.

Power System
Protection
Principle
Distance Protection
Principle
Principle
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Differential protection for Busbar

If the fault is external the algebraic sum of the currents
entering the bus is zero.
If the fault is on the bus the sum is not zero.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Summary
Basic Principle of
Overcurrent Protection.
Directional Overcurrent Protection.
Distance Protection.
Differential Protection.
Applications of Apparatus Protection.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
S.A.Soman
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection

IIT Bombay
Lightning
Overvoltages
Lightning Protection
Devices
Summary
Protection Paradigms - System Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System Dynamics

Overview
System Protection Relays

Example System
Underfrequency and Rate of Change of Frequency
Relays
Undervoltage and Reverse Power Relay
Lightning Overvoltages
Lightning Protection Devices
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview

Example System
Relays
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Overview of Power System Dynamics

System protection requires study of system dynamics and
control. Power system dynamics
Can be described in terms of a set of differential and
algebraic equations.
Analysis is done by EMTP.
Post fault system stability is determined by transient
stability studies.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics

Following relays are used to detect system disturbances
and for enhancing system stability.
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Under frequency and over frequency relays.

Rate of change of frequency relays.
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Under voltage relays.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Reverse power flow relays.
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Vector shift relays.

For example, consider a voltage distribution system with
local generation which is synchronized with the grid. During
grid disturbances, the local plant generators have to be
isolated from the grid.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview

Example System
Relays
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Example System with Local Generation

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Loss of Utility in the Example System

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview

Example System
Relays
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Underfrequency and Rate of Change of Frequency Relays

Load-generation imbalance in a system leads to fall in
frequency.
Underfrequency relay detects this drop and isolates
local generation from the grid.
Load-generation balance has to be maintained in the
islanded system.
In order to speed up the islanding decision, rate of
change of frequency relay is used.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview

Example System
Relays
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Undervoltage Relay
If the fault on the grid is close to the plant, voltage at
the supply point of plant generator drops.
This drop in voltage is used as a signal in undervoltage
relay.
Reverse Power Relay
During prefault state, power was being fed to the plant.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Undervoltage Relay
relay.
Reverse Power Relay
During fault in the utility system, the plant will be
isolated from the grid and it may be connected to the
downstream loads.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Undervoltage Relay
relay.
Reverse Power Relay
downstream loads.
Then, power will flow in reverse direction from plant
generator to feed the downstream loads.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Undervoltage Relay
relay.
Reverse Power Relay
downstream loads.
Then, power will flow in reverse direction from plant
generator to feed the downstream loads.
This reversal of power flow can be used to island the
plant generator.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Operation of Reverse Power Flow Pelay

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Operation of Reverse Power Relay

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview

Example System
Relays
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Lightning discharges produce overvoltage surges and they
are extremely harmful. Lightning overvoltages can be
classified as
Induced overvoltages.
Overvoltages due to shielding failures.
Overvoltages by back flashovers.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview

Example System
Relays
Summary
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays

The most commonly used devices for protection against
lightning are:
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Shielding by earth wires.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Proper earthing of transmission towers.
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Surge Arrestors like ZnO varistor.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Summary
Power System Dynamics.
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Various System Protection Relays.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning Protection.
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Dependability
A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is
expected to trip.
Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay
will operate correctly.
Dependability can be improved by increasing the
sensitivity of the relaying scheme.
%Dependability =
No. of correct trippings 100

Total No. of desired trippings
Sensitivity
It is the ability of the relay to pick up even on smallest
possible faults.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Security
Security is a property used to characterize false
trippings.
A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is
not expected to trip.
It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not
operate incorrectly.
Security can be improved by improving selectivity of the
relaying scheme.
%Security =
No. of correct trippings 100

Total No. of trippings

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Selectivity
It is the ability to correctly locate and classify the fault.
A relay should be able to discriminate whether the fault
is in its jurisdiction or not.
This jurisdiction of a relay is called zone of protection.
Protection zones are classified into primary and backup
zones.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Selectivity is usually provided by

Time discrimination. Overcurrent and distance relays
use this principle.
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Applying differential protection principle. In the case of

differential protection, the CT location provides crisp
demarcation of zone of protection.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Desirable Attribute of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Reliability
It is the ability to not to fail in its function.
It can be achieved by redundancy.
Redundancy in protection depends on the criticality of
the apparatus.
Reliability can be improved by providing backup
protection.
No. of correct trips 100
% Reliability =
No. of desired trips + No. of incorrect trips
Number of desired tripping can be greater than or equal to
number of correct trippings.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Zone of Protection
A relays zone of protection is a region which defines its
jurisdiction.
It is shown by demarcating the boundary.
It is essential that primary zones of protection should
always overlap so that no portion of the system ever
remain unprotected.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order

to
Maximize safety

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

to
Maximize safety
Minimize equipment damage

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

to
Maximize safety
Minimize system instability.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

to
Maximize safety
Minimize system instability.
The relay should quickly arrive at a decision and circuit

breakers should be fast enough.

Power System
Protection
For a single machine infinite bus system,
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Occurrence of fault reduces
Pe to zero and increases.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
At point D, Pe > Pm and
the machine decelerates.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
At point E,
Pe = Pm .
d
dt
= 0 and

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
At point E,
Pe = Pm .
d
dt
= 0 and
As reduces, generator
starts accelerating and the
swing reverses.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
At point E,
Pe = Pm .
d
dt
= 0 and
As reduces, generator
starts accelerating and the
swing reverses.
Finally system stabilises at
point O.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
As per equal area criteria, the post fault system

reaches stable equilibrium if accelerating area is equal
to the decelerating area.
If a machine goes out-of-step with the rest of the
system, it has to be islanded to a sub-system.
As the fault clearing time increases, the stability margin
reduces.
The fault clearing time at which the stability margin
reduces zero is known as critical clearing time.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in Relaying
Summary
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary

The consequences of quick tripping decisions are
Nuisance tripping or tripping when there is no fault.
Tripping for faults outside the relay jurisdiction.
High-speed system tend to be less accurate because of
lesser amount of information.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Summary
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Desirable Attributes of a Protection System

Dependability
Security
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed Vs Accuracy Conflict
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
S.A.Soman
Summary

IIT Bombay
Introduction to CT
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Introduction
Equivalent Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification of CTs
ANSI/IEEE Classification
Summary
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction
All electrical measurements and relaying decisions are
derived from current and voltage signals. CTs and VTs are
necessary because
They scale down line currents and bus voltages to fed
into the relays.
They are sensors for the relay.
They electrically isolate the relaying system from the
apparatus.
Electrical isolation from the primary voltage provides
safety for both human personnel and equipment.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
It is similar to that of a regular transformer.
The main difference is that CTs have current source
excitation.
Primary winding of the CT is connected in series with
the transmission line.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Introduction
Modeling of CT
Summary
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Modeling of CT
It is assumed that CT primary is connected to a current
source.
Primary winding resistance and leakage reactance are
neglected.
Magnetizing impedance from primary side is shifted to
secondary side.
The load on the secondary side are the relay burden
and the lead wire resistance.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Modeling of CT
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Modeling of CT
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Total impedance on the secondary side is the sum of

Relay burden.
Lead wire resistance.
Leakage impedance of secondary winding.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
The secondary voltage developed by the CT is given by,

E2 = 4.44fN2 m
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
If Bm corresponding to the peak sinusoidal flux m is

above the knee point, the CT will saturate.
During saturation, the performance of CT deteriorates.
CT is to be operated always in closed condition.
The magnetizing impedance falls down during
saturation.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
CTs can be classified into
Measurement CTs.
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Protection CTs.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Measurement CTs.
They have lower VA capacity than protection grade CTs.
It has to be accurate over a range of 5% to 125% of
normal current.
It is not expected to give linear response during large
fault currents.
Protection CTs.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Measurement CTs.
They have lower VA capacity than protection grade CTs.
It has to be accurate over a range of 5% to 125% of
normal current.
It is not expected to give linear response during large
fault currents.
Protection CTs.
It is expected to give linear response upto 20 times the
rated current.
Its performance has to be accurate in the range of
normal currents to fault currents.
In order to get linear response, CT burden has to be
kept low.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Introduction
Modeling of CT
Summary
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
ANSI/IEEE standards classify CTs into two types:
Class T CTs.
Class C CTs.
Ratio Error
It is the percentage deviation in the current magnitude in the
secondary from the desired value.
Ratio Error =
Ip
N
Is
IE
100 =
100
Is
Is
During saturation, ratio errors are very large.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Class T CTs
It is a wound type CT with one or more primary turns on
a core.
It has high leakage flux.
Its performance can be determined only by test.
CT burden should be kept as low as possible.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Class C CTs
Its leakage flux is very small.
It is more accurate.
Its performance can be evaluated from standard
exciting curves.
Ratio error is maintained within 10%.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Summary
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Equivalent circuit and modeling of CTs.

Measurement CTs and Protection CTs.
Class T CTs and class C CTs.
Ratio error.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
CT Tutorials
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 1
A 1200/5, C400 CT with excitation curves shown in fig is
connected to a 2 burden. Based on the accuracy
classification, what is the maximum symmetrical fault
current that may be applied to this CT without exceeding
10% ratio error?
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 2
A 1200/5, C400 CT is connected on the 1000/5 tap. What is
the maximum secondary burden that can be used so that
we can maintain rated accuracy at 20 times rated
symmetrical secondary current?
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 3
Assume that secondary burden of a 300/5, class C CT is
5. The relay setting is 2A. Using excitation curve, calculate
the primary current required to operate the relay.
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 4
A relay is expected to operate for 7000A primary current.
The class C CT ratio is 600/5. Secondary burden is 3.5.
Will the CT saturate at this burden? Also, comment on the
ratio error.
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 5
What will be the approximate % error if a 500/5 class C CT
is connected to a burden of 2.5 and the secondary current
is 68A?
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 6
If a 300/5 class C CT is connected to a meter with
resistance RI = 1 and secondary current in the CT is 4.5A,
find out the primary current, voltage developed across the
meter and % ratio error. Lead wire resistance RL = 0.02
and secondary resistance RS of a 300/5 CT is 0.15.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
S.A.Soman
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection

IIT Bombay
Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC Offset Current

Peak Value of DC Offset Current
CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation
CT Oversizing Factor
Cautions in CT Selection
Summary
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

Fault current consists of
Symmetrical AC component.
DC offset current.
If Rline + jLline models the line impedance, then for a fault
at t = t0 , the fault current will be,
i(t) =
tt0
Vm sin(t + )
+ I0 e ( )
|Zline |
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman


Summary
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

The peak value of DC offset current is obtained by setting
the current at t0 to zero. It is given by,
I0 =
Vm
sin(t0 + )
|Zline |
The peak value of DC offset current depends upon the

following parameters:
Time at which fault strikes.
Phase angle of AC voltage.
|Zline | and of transmission line.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
The severity of DC offset current is maximum when,

=
t0 = 2
It can be also concluded that,
Peak value of DC offset current can be as high as the
symmetrical AC peak.
DC offset current can be positive or negative.
If = and t0 = 0, DC offset current may be totally
absent.
It has adverse impact on CT performance.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation

When a CT core is saturated due to DC offset current, it
cannot faithfully replicate the primary current waveform. The
secondary current is given by,
i2 =
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
N1 I0 t
e
N2
The voltage developed across CT secondary would be,

v2dc (t) =
N1 RI0 t
e
N2

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Assume that initial flux in the transformer core at t = 0 is

(0) = 0.
Using Faradays law,
v2 = N2 d
dt
Rt
t
1 RI0
)
(t) (0) = N12 0 v2 dt = NN
2 (1 e
2
Since,maximum value of I0 =
max
=
dc
N1 RVm
N22 |Zline |
Vm
|Zline | ,

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
It can be seen that

AC voltage induced flux is sinusoidal in nature and it
has zero average value.
DC offset induced flux is unidirectional and its average
value is not zero.
The peak value of instantaneous flux in the core is
RVm N1
N1 RVm
+ 2
2
|Zline | N2
N2 |Zline |
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman


Summary
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
The secondary current

will not faithfully replicate
the primary current.
Secondary current is
clipped.
This clipping of CT
current leads to blinding
of the relay.
The relay should be fast
enough to take decision
before CT saturation.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
The way to avoid CT saturation on DC flux is by oversizing
max
the core so that for flux, max
ac + dc , corresponding B is
below knee point.The factor
oversizing factor.
Core oversizing factor = 1 +
max
max
ac +dc
max
ac
max
dc
max
ac
is known as core
line
= 1 + = 1 + L
Rline
= 1 + XR
It is to be noted that high amount of oversizing is not
practical.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
The following precautions have to be taken while selecting a
CT for a particular application.
The CT rating and continuous load current should
match.
The maximum load current should be less than 20
times the CT rated current.
The voltage rating of CT should be compatible.
It should be ascertained that magnetizing current is
kept much below the pick up value.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Summary
Origin of DC offset current.
Range and peak value of DC offset current.
CT saturation due to DC offset current.
CT oversizing factor.
Precautions to be taken while selecting a CT.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line

Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
Introduction to VT
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line Communication
Ferro Resonance Problem
Classification of CCVTs
Summary
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Voltage Transformers
The measurement of voltage for various relaying
schemes is done by a VT.
The equivalent circuit of a VT is similar to that of a
conventional transformer.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer

A capacitor potential divider is used to cut down VT
size and cost.
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
A reduced voltage is fed to primary of the VT.
Classification
of CCVTs
A tuning inductor is connected to compensate for

capacitance effect.
Summary
When L =
voltage.
1
(C1 +C2 ) ,
the relay sees the actual
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent Circuit of a VT
CCVT
Ferro Resonance Problem
Summary
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary

Capacitance potential
divider provides a shunt
path for high frequency
signals.
High frequency signals
can be coupled to power
line for communication.
Frequency range is 50 400kHz.
A drainage reactor is
connected to block the
path to ground for RF
signal.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Ferro Resonance Problem in CCVT

Nonlinearity of the iron cores of reactor and transformer
causes ferroresonance.
Hence, ferroresonance suppression circuit is included
in the secondary of CCVT.
This will aggravate transients in the CCVT.
The differential equation of the equivalent R-L-C circuit is
given by,
dv
di
1
d 2i
= R +
i +L 2
dt
dt
Ceq
dt
During fault, v(t)=0 and the equation will be,
R di
1
d 2i
+
i = 0
+
L dt
LCeq
dt 2
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
The standard form of the equation is given by,

d 2i
+ 2n + n2 i = 0
dt 2
CCVT in Power Line

Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
It can be seen that the response of the circuit depends upon

The damping constant .
The natural frequency n in rad/sec.
The point on the voltage waveform where the fault
strikes.
The transients formed are known as subsistence transients.
It can reduce the accuracy of distance relays.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
CCVTs are classified into two types:
Class 1
Class 2
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Class 1
Maximum ratio error is 1%.
Maximum phase angle error is 40 min.
Class 2
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Class 1
Class 2
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Summary
Role of voltage transformers.
Equivalent Circuit of a CCVT.
Use of CCVT in pilot wire communication.
Ferroresonance problem in CCVTs.
Classification of CCVTs.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2

S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
VT Tutorials
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 1
Problem 2
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 1
Design a CCVT for a 132kV transmissiion line using the
following data. Resistive burden (3)=150VA, frequency
deviation to be subjected to, f = 3Hz, phase angle error
= 40minutes. Consider four choices of V2 as 33kV, 11kV,
6.6kV and 3.3kV. Transmission line voltage V = 132kV. The
standardized VT secondary voltage is 110 volts(L-L).
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2
The equivalent circuit of a CCVT is shown in figure. The
values of C1 and C2 are 0.0018F and 0.0186F
respectively. Tuning inductor has an inductance of 497H
and a resistance of 4620. Xm of the VT referred to 6.6kV
side is 1M, core loss = 20 watts per phase, VA burden =
150VA per phase. Value of Cm for compensating the current
drawn by Xm is equal to 3.183 109 F.
(a) Verify the appropriateness of choice of L and Cm .
(b) Find out the nominal value of V /V2 .
(c) If the frequency drops from 50Hz to 47Hz, what would be
the values of ratio error and phase angle error?
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
S.A.Soman
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors

IIT Bombay
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
Sequence Components
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components
Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Linearity in Transformation
Modeling Network
Fault Current Computation

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Estimation of fault current is very important because

Fault current estimates and fault impedance form input
for setting and coordination of protective devices.
Since the system should withstand the resulting
stresses due to fault, equipment ratings are decided
based on these values.
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sequence Components

Modeling Network

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
The fault current in a system is contributed by

Synchronous Motors and Condensors
Induction Machines
Synchronous Generators
Electrical Utility System
Distributed Generation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
The concept of sequence components was introduced
by Charles. L. Fortescue in 1918.
His intuition was that any 3 unbalanced system has 6
degrees of freedom whereas a balanced 3 has only 2
degrees of freedom.
Hence an unbalanced 3 phasors can be synthesized
by 3 sets of balanced phasors. They are
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sequence Components

Modeling Network

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault

It represents a set of balanced phasors Va1 , Vb1 and
Vc1 .
They are the balanced set of phasors in steady
operation of an ideal system.
If the stator of an induction motor is subjected to
positive sequence voltage, it causes rotation in anti
clockwise direction.
Vb1 = a2 Va1
Vc1 = aVa1
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sequence Components

Modeling Network

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault

Vc2 .
The order of Vb2 and Vc2 has been reversed with

respect to positive sequence phasors.
If the stator of an induction motor is subjected to
negative sequence voltage, it causes rotation of rotor in
clockwise direction.
Vb2 = aVa2
Vc2 = a2 Va2
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sequence Components

Modeling Network

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault

Vc0 .
Application of zero sequence voltage will not cause any
rotation of rotor of an induction machine.
This is because the net mmf induced in the air gap is
zero.

Va0 = aVb0 = Vc0
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Mathematical Description of Sequence Components
1 1 1
Va0
Va
Vb = 1 a2 a Va1
Va2
Vc
1 a a2
Or
Va0
Va1
Va2
[V abc ] = [T ][Va012 ]
1 1 1
Va
= 1 1 a a 2 Vb
3
Vc
1 a2 a
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sequence Components

Modeling Network

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Significance of Linearity in Sequence Transformation

Sequence transformation matrix provides a
methodology to convert sequence domain phasors to
phase domain phasors.
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault

Inverse transformation matrix converts phase domain
phasors to sequence domain phasors.
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault

There is no loss of information in either domain.
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault

There is no loss of information in either domain.
Both transformations are linear.
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Modeling Network in Sequence Domain

Sequence component analysis is used when network is
balanced but phasors or loads unbalanced. Consider a
transposed transmission line with self impedance Zs and
mutual impedance Zm .
Va
Zs Zm Zm
Ia
Vb = Zm Zs Zm Ib
Vc
Zm Zm Zs
Ic
Va0
Zs + 2Zm
0
0
Ia0
Va1 =
Ia1
0
Zs Zm
0
Va2
0
0
Zs Zm
Ia2
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Advantages of Sequence Transformation

It is used when the network is balanced and it provides
decoupling of the network.
It can be applied for both balanced and unbalanced
loads.
Zero sequence currents provide sensitive earth fault
detection technique.
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sequence Components

Modeling Network

Three Phase Fault
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Three Phase Fault

For a three phase fault,
I2 = I0 = 0 and I1 = Ia
For a solid fault, fault current
I1 = ZV1
For fault through an
impedance Zf
I1 = Z1V+Zf
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Sequence Components (Tutorial)

S. A. Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT Bombay
S. A. Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Problem 10
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Outline
1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
10 Problem 10
S. A. Soman
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 1
The currents in a 3 - unbalanced system are given by
Ia = (10 + j4)A, Ib = (11 j9)A, Ic = (15 + j9)A

Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence currents.
S. A. Soman
Problem 10
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 2
The zero, positive and negative sequence voltages of phase a
are given below. Find out the phase voltages Va , Vb and Vc
V0 = 2000 , V1 = 21030 , V2 = 150190
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 3
A 20MVA, 6.6kV 3-phase generator has a positive sequence

impedance of j1.5, negative sequence impedance of j1.0
and zero sequence impedance of j0.5. and Zn = 0 (a) If a
single phase to ground fault occurs on phase a find out the
fault current. (b) If the fault is through an impedance of j2,
what will be the fault current?
S. A. Soman
Problem 10
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 4
In a 3 system, if the per unit values of positive, negative and

zero sequence reactances are given by j0.1, j0.085 and j0.05
respectively. Determine the fault current, if the fault is of the
following types (a) L-L-G (b) L-L.
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 5
Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance

of a feeder if its self impedance is j1.67 and mutual
impedance is j0.67. Self impedance Zs = 1.67 and mutual
impedance Zm = 0.67
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 6
Assuming b phase to be reference phasor define the sequence

transformation matrix.
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 7
Comment if the two sequence transformations obtained by

taking a phase and b phase as reference are identical or not.
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 8
In problem No. 2 if the data represented sequence components

with b phase as reference phasor, instead of a phase,
compute Va , Vb and Vc . Comment on the result.
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 9
Analyze a bolted S-L-G fault on phase b of an unloaded

transmission line using sequence components with b phase as
reference phasor.
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 10
Derive the relationship between zero, positive and negative

sequence phasors defined with b as reference phasor and
corresponding sequence phasors defined with a as reference
phasor.
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Thank You
S. A. Soman
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus

S.A.Soman
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of Mutually
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Modeling of Electrical
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

IIT Bombay
Sequence Modeling of Power Apparatus

Power System
Protection
Review of Per unit Calculation and Modeling of

Apparatus
Modeling Aspects of Static Apparatus

Modelling of Transmission Line
Modeling of Mutually Coupled Lines
Modeling of Transformer
Modeling of Synchronous Machine

Sequence Modeling of Induction Machines
Modeling of Electrical Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series Capacitors
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Sequence Network Admittance Matrix Formulation
Short Circuit Analysis Using Sequence Components

Calculation of Short Circuit MVA
Objectives
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Objectives
Per unit calculation and its advantages.
Modeling aspects of static apparatus like transmission
line and transformers.
Modeling of rotating machine like synchronous
machines and induction machines
Formation of sequence admittance matrices.
Evaluation of Thevenins equivalent.

Apparatus
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Per Unit Quantity =
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Base Current(Amp) =
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Base(KVA) 1000
3 Base Volts
Base Impedence(Ohm) =
Modeling of
Transformer
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Actual Quantity
Base Quantity
ZP.U =
Base(Volt)
3 Base Current
Actual Impedance(Ohm) Base(MVA in 3 phase)

(Base(Line Voltage in kV))2
Advantages of P.U computation

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Manufactures usually provide equipment data with

name plate rating as base.
Range for acceptable % or p.u. values can be easily

fixed.
Especially useful in networks with multiple voltage

levels interconnected through transformers.
P.U impedance of transformer is independent of the kV

base.
Standard base conversion (scaling with MVA Base)

formulae are available.
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors


Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modelling of Transmission Line contd..

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zs Zm Zm
Ia
Va
Vb = Zm Zs Zm Ib
Ic
Vc
Zm Zm Zs
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Applying sequence transformation, we get

V1 = Z1 I1 , V2 = Z2 I2 and V3 = Z3 I3
where Z1 = Z2 = Zs Zm and Z0 = Zs + 2Zm
Thus, for a transposed transmission line, the positive
and negative sequence impedances are equal. A
commonly used approximation for Z0 is to assume it to
be three times Z1 .

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors


Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
H
~ dl
~ = inet .
Amperes law H.
+
inet
= ia+ (t) + ib+ (t) + ic+ (t) = 0
inet
= ia (t) + ib (t) + ic (t) = 0
+
inet
= I0
Conlusion: Mutual coupling exhibits only in zero sequence
networks.
Mathematical Explaination
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
a2
a1
1
I
I
v a
1 1 1
Zs Zm Zm
1
b2
b1
v = Zm Zs Zm I +j 1 1 1 I
2
1
1
1 1 1
Zm Zm Zs
Ic
Ic
v c
Applying sequence transformation we will get
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

1
v 0
Zs + 2Zm
1
ZsZm
v =
1
1
v
Zs Zm
01
I
3
1
2
0
I +j
1
2
0
I
Modeling of Ground
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
+ve sequence circuit, lground = 0, resistance/impenace

of ground or neutral wire plays no role. Hence ground
for +ve sequence circuit is equipotential surface.
Same Conclusion can be drawn for -ve sequence
current.
For zero sequence current, ground potential or drop in
the neutral conductor is not zero. It (arrests) the voltage
profile.
Usually, this drop orequivalent impedance is lumped
with apparatus impedance to creates a equipotential
ground plane.

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

Modeling of Core Type Transformer

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of +ve and -ve sequence impedance is

staright forward - (Equation) net leakage impedance in
p.u
Zero sequence modeling
~a + ~b + ~c = 0 [by KCL]
Hence 0 = 0
Practically, zero sequence flux leaks through tank
creats heating. Tank is not (saturates)
Modeling of Shell Type Transformer

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
+ve and -ve sequence impedance = leakage

impedance
Zero sequence impedance
Low reluctance to zero sequence flux
High impedance
Modeling of Bank of 1 transformer

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
+ve seq impedance = -ve seq imp = zero sequence

impedance
Role of circuit interconnections on + - and zero seq
circuits of transformers
+, -ve sequence cirduits, staright forward,
zero sequence circuit
In delta winding zero sequence currents are exists
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
in star-ungrounded with I0 = 0 i.e. leads to o.c
Modeling of Transformer contd..

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
00
The subtransient reactance Xd determines the current

during the first cycle after fault occurs.
In about 0.1sec, reactance increases to transient
0
reactance Xd .
In about 0.5sec to 2sec reactance increases to Xd , the
synchronous reactance; this is the value that
determines the current flow after a steady state
condition is reached.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
During a fault, motor acts as a generator to supply fault

current. The rotor carrying the field winding is driven by the
inertia of the rotor and load. Stator excitation is reduced due
to drop in voltage. The fault current diminishes as the rotor
decelerates. The generator equivalent circuit is used for
synchronous motor. The constant driving voltage and three
00
0
reactance Xd , Xd , and Xd are used to establish the current
values at three points in time. Synchronous condensers can
be treated in same manner as synchronous motors.
Negative sequence Impedance of Synchronous

Machines
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
For a synchronous machine, positive and negative

sequence impedances cannot be equal.
Hence, double frequency emf and currents are induced
in rotor.
Negative sequence impedance is 70-95% of
subtransient reactance.
Zero Sequence Impedance of Synchronous

Machines
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Zero Sequence currents cannot create rotating mmf. In

fact, with sinusoidally distributed three phase windings,
the net flux at any point in the air gap is zero.
Hence, zero sequence impedance is only a small %
(0.1-0.7) of the positive sequence impedances
Since synchronous machines only generate positive
sequence voltage, the internal voltages used with
negative sequence and zero sequence networks are
zero.
If Y point is grounded through impedance Zg , then 3Zg
will have to be added to zero sequence impedance of
generator.

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors


Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
In asynchronous machines, transient state of current is

damped quickly i.e. within 1-2 cycle. During a fault,
rotor is driven by inertia of load and rotor itself. There is
no dc field excitation on rotor. Rotor winding is short
circuited. Hence, whatever rotor excitation is present, it
is due to the induced fields in the rotor from the rotating
stator mmf. As stator excitation is lost and rotor slows
down, this field is lost quickly. The current contribution
of an induction motor to a terminal fault reduces and
disappears completely after a few cycles.
As a consequence, only the sub transient value of
00
reactance Xd is assigned for positive and negative
sequence. This value is almost equal to the locked
rotor reactance. Subsequently, machine behaves as a
kV 2
passive element with impedance of value Z = MVA
where rated LL voltage and 3 phase MVA rating is used.

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors


Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
The generator equivalent circuit can be used to represent a

utility system. Usually, the utility generators are remote from
the industrial plant. The current contributed to a fault in the
remote plant appears to be merely a small increase in load
to the very large central station generators, and this current
contribution tends to remain constant. Hence, it is
represented at the plant by single valued equivalent
impedance referred to the point of connection.

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors

Load Modeling
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
One approximate way of accounting prefault load flow

condition in short circuit analysis associated with
transmission system is to model load as positive sequence
shunt impedance.
|Vi2
V1
=
(Pi jQi )
I1
old .
The shunt load impedances are added into diagonal of Ybus

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors


Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Sequence Network Admittance Matrix

Formulation
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
I1abc
I2abc
..
.
Inabc
abc
V1
V abc
2
..
.
Vnabc
abc Y abc
Y11
12
abc Y abc
Y21
22
..
..
..
.
.
.
abc Y abc
Yn1
n2
[T ]
0
0
Ibus
YBUS
I1 =
bus
2
Ibus
abc
Y1n
abc
Y2n
..
.
abc
Ynn
V1abc
V2abc
..
.
Vnabc
012
V
1
V2012
[T ]
.
..
[T ]
[T ]
Vn012
0
Vbus
1
V1
YBUS
bus
2
2
YBUS
Vbus
Differences between YBUS Modeling in SCA

and LF
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Load flow analysis uses only positive sequence

admittance matrix while short circuit analysis requires
positive, negative and zero sequence admittance
matrix.
In load flow analysis, the voltage at generator terminal
is assumed to be fixed. Hence, source impedance and
internal generator voltages are not modeled.
In SCA
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
SCA
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
1 , Y 2 andY 0
Step1: Build Ybus
bus
bus
Step2: To compute Thevenins equivalent impeance at

bus i inject 1pu current in each network and solve for
0 ][V 0 ] = [e ] and obtain Z 0
v i.e. solve [Ybus
i
ii
1 ][V 1 ] = [e ] and obtain Z 1
[Ybus
i
ii
2 ][V 2 ] = [e ] and obtain Z 2
[Ybus
i
ii
Step3: Use Standard fault current calculate formulae to
solve for fault currents
Remark: Solution in step-2 can be done by efficient
sparse matrix computational technique.

Power System
Protection

Apparatus


Load Modeling
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors


Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
3 short circuit MVA = I3 (in pu) 3 base MVA

S L G Short circuit MVA = ISLG (in pu) 3
base MVA
Closing Remarks
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Fault analysis methods are quasi steady state model of

dynamic system. It uses Limited Data
More accurate models requires EMTP -EMTP requires
large data
approximate asymmetrical currents due to dc offset in
fauls analysis are obtained by using approximate
multiplier (... .....)
SCA ysed for relay coordination, breaker () selection
etc.....
Problem 1
Problem 2
Sequence Modeling (Tutorial)

S. A. Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT Bombay
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Outline
Problem 1
Problem 2
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 1
Figure shows the single line diagram of a 13.8kV system
connected to a 480V bus through a 13.8kV/480V transformer.
Two motor loads of 400hp and 600hp are connected to the bus
through three parallel three core copper cables. If a 3 phase
bolted fault occurs at F1 , compute the fault currents. Repeat the
calculations for fault at F2 .
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2
Figure shows the single line diagram of a 3 bus system. The
sequence data for transmission lines and generators are given
in table. If a bolted single line to ground fault occurs at F,
calculate the fault current. If the fault impedance is j0.1 pu;
what will be the fault current?
S. A. Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2 (Contd.)
Description
Generator-A
Generator-B
Transmission Line 1
Transmission Line 2
Transmission Line 3
Transmission Line 4
S. A. Soman
Sequence Data in pu
Zero Positive Negative
j0.03
j0.25
j0.15
j0.02
j0.20
j0.12
j0.24
j0.08
j0.08
j0.65
j0.13
j0.13
j0.18
j0.06
j0.06
j0.18
j0.06
j0.06
Problem 1
Problem 2
Thank You
S. A. Soman
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Characteristics
S.A.Soman
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics

IIT Bombay
Classification
of Fuses
Non-Current Limiting
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Abnormality and Faults

Abnormal State
Introduction to Fuse
Thermal Characteristics
Interrupting Characteristics
Classification of Fuses
Non-Current Limiting Fuses
Current Limiting Fuse
Power Class and Distribution Class Fuses
Physics of Arc Interruption
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Abnormal State
Pertains to deviation from the rated operating point.
Operation in this state for a long time can lead to
damage of the equipment.
It is also unsafe to operate in this region.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current

In a radial system with single source, the magnitude of fault
current depends upon the following:
Source contribution.
Introduction to
Fuse
Transformer impedance.
Motor contribution
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Distance of fault from the source.

The transformer short circuit current is given by,
Isc = Transformer Full Load Current
100
%Z
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
A fuse is a device that opens a circuit with a fusible part
which is heated and severed by current flowing through it.Its
operation involves two phases.
Melting of the fuse element when the current has large
enough magnitude.
Current interruption when the arc stuck is de-ionized.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Thermal Characeristics
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Current rating.
Melting characteristics.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Current rating.
Melting characteristics.
Voltage rating.
Interrupting rating.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
The melting time of fuse

is inversely proportional
to the square of
magnitude of current.
This relationship is given
by its melting time
current characteristics.
Fuse has very inverse
time current
characteristics.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
During arcing period, fuse must withstand transient

voltage condition and steady state recovery voltage.
Because of the stored energy in the inductive elements
of the power system, for large currents, arcing time is
large.
Addition of melting time and arcing time gives the total
clearing time.
Total clearing curve (TCC) gives this information.
These characteristics are used to coordinate fuse with
overcurrent relays.
Voltage rating of a fuse is the highest voltage at which
fuse is designed to operate.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Total Clearing Curve
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Non-Current Limiting Fuse

Expulsion Fuse
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Vacuum Fuse
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption

Expulsion Fuse
It is used in overhead circuits and equipments where
expulsion gases causes no problem.
Due to high temperature of the arc, special gas
generating materials like fiber, melanine,boric acid, oil
etc rapidly create gases.
These gases help to reduce the arc channel and
deionize the arc.
This leads to rapid build up of dielectric strength that
can withstand the transient recovery voltage.
Vacuum Fuse
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption

Expulsion Fuse
It is used in overhead circuits and equipments where
expulsion gases causes no problem.
Due to high temperature of the arc, special gas
generating materials like fiber, melanine,boric acid, oil
etc rapidly create gases.
These gases help to reduce the arc channel and
deionize the arc.
This leads to rapid build up of dielectric strength that
can withstand the transient recovery voltage.
Vacuum Fuse
Its design, operation and current-voltage-time
characteristics are similar to that of expulsion fuse.
It is a completely sealed unit.
There is no expulsion action.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Current-Voltage-Time Relationship of Expulsion Fuse
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption

The basic principle is to insert a high resistance in the
fault circuit which is otherwise inductive.
This makes zero crossing of current and voltage in
phase.
Thus temporary arc is extinguished and dielectric
medium will be quickly deionized.
The fusible element used is very long and surrounded
by silica sand.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Current-Voltage-Time Relationship of Current Limiting Fuse
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection

Abnormal State
Summary
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Classification Based on Domain of Application

Power class fuses which are used in or near to
generating station or substation for three phase circuits.
Distribution fuses have specifications closely matching
to distribution system and are away from source or
substation on a single phase or a three phase system.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
The differential equation governing the simplified fault

current circuit is given by,
di
v (t) earc (t) = L
dt
Z
1
i(t) =
(v (t) earc (t))dt
L
earc (t) is the arc voltage and v(t) is the source voltage.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
From the equation it can be seen that

The current is proportional to the area under the
difference of source and arc voltage.
A higher source voltage will adversely affect the
interruption of current.
A high fuse arc voltage will help in limiting the fault
current.
The fuse arc voltage sustained over a time has a
positive impact on limiting fault current.
Lower the inductance, higher the available prospective
fault current.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Summary
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Abnormality and faults.

Sources of fault currents.
Fuse for overcurrent protection.
Characteristics of fuse.
Classification of fuse.
Physics of arc interruption.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Limitations of a Fuse
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Lack of Coordination
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection

Power System
Protection
Principles of Overcurrent Protection

Algorithm for Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier Setting
Classification of Overcurrent Relay

Lack of Coordination Problem
IEC Standard Equations
IEEE Standard Equations
Pick up Current Setting

Guidelines
Primary and Back up Relays
Setting and Coordination
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
It is difficult to control the time to trip.

This makes primary backup relay coordination difficult.
Once fuse melts, it has to be replaced for
reenergization of the equipment.
Thus it is difficult to have remote operation.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Set reference or threshold for discriminating
overcurrent Iref .
Measure device current I.
Compute the ratio abs( IrefI ) which is known as the Plug
Setting Multiplier.
Trip the device, if PSM is above the threshold. The
threshold is always greater than 1.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Overcurrent relays normally play the dual roles of
primary and backup protection.
Backup action requires a wait state.
By providing the additional setting feature of TMS, this
can be achieved.
TMS is defined as the ratio TTm , where T is the desired
relay operating time for a given PSM and Tm is the
corresponding operating time at TMS=1.
Relay operating time can be varied by varying the TMS
setting.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Instantaneous relay
Its action is very fast.
It has only pick up setting.
It does not have any TMS setting.
This relay is not suitable for backup protection.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Instantaneous relay
Its action is very fast.
It has only pick up setting.
It does not have any TMS setting.
This relay is not suitable for backup protection.
Time delayed definite time relay

It can be adjusted to issue trip decision after a specified
delay.
This delay is independant of PSM value.
It has both time setting and pick up setting.
It is used for short length feeders.

Power System
Protection
Overcurrent Protection Using Definite Time Relay
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
R1 trips without any intentional time delay.

R2 has to coordinate with R1 and its operation is
delayed by CTI.
R3 has to back up R2 and it is again time delayed.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Lack of Coordination Between Fuse and DT relay

DT relay R1 has to back
up fuse.
After point X relay acts
faster than fuse.
This lack of coordination
is due to different
characteristics of fuse
and relay.
This lead to the
development of inverse
characteristics for
overcurrent relay.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Inverse definite minimum time relay
It is inverse in the initial part and tends to approach a
definite minimum operating time characteristics as the
current becomes high.
This is the most widely used characteristics.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
IEC Standard Equations for Inverse Characteristics
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
Standard Inverse Characteristics

t = TMS
0.14
(I/Is )0.02 1
Very Inverse Characteristics

t = TMS
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
13.5
(I/Is ) 1
Extremely Inverse Characteristics

t = TMS
80
(I/Is )2 1

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
IEEE Stanard Equations for Inverse Characteristics

0.0515
Moderately inverse: t = TD
+
0.114
7
(I/Is )0.02 1

TD
19.61
Very inverse: t = 7
+ 0.491
(I/Is )2 1

28.2
Extremely Inverse: t = TD
+
0.1217
7
(I/Is )2 1

5.95
TD
+ 0.18
US CO8 Inverse: t = 7
(I/Is )2 1

TD
0.02394
US CO2 Inverse: t = 7
+ 0.01694
(I/Is )0.02 1

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
IEEE Standard Curves

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Faults are classified into two:

Phase fault which do not involve ground.
Earth fault which involve ground.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Guidelines for Setting Pickup Current for Phase Fault

Relays
Pickup current should be above the maximum load
current.
Pickup current should be below minimum fault current.
Pickup current should also be below the minimum fault
current of the feeder that it has to back up.
The back up relay also should provide time for primary
relay to operate. This time interval is known as
coordination time interval.

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
Algorithm for Identifying Primary and Backup Relays
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Identify leaf nodes and

root nodes.
Find the parents of the
active child nodes.
The corresponding
relays should back up
the leaf node relays.
Update active child
nodes to corresponding
parent node.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection



Guidelines
Summary
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Algorithm for Setting and Coordination of Overcurrent

Relays in a Radial System
Initialize the coordination tree.
Are there any leaf nodes except the root? If yes, go to
step 3, else go to step 7.
Identify the leaf node in coordination tree.
If the PSM of these relays are not set so far, set their
PSM.
Identify the parents of leaf nodes in step 3. Compute
their PSM and TMS for backup protection and
coordination.
Delete the leaf nodes. Update the coordination tree and
go back to step 2.
Coordination activity is complete.

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Summary
Limitations of fuse protection.
Fundamental principle of overcurrent relay.
Plug setting multiplier and time multiplier setting.
Classification of overcurrent relay.
Primary relay and back up relay.
Setting and coordination of overcurrent relays.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
S.A.Soman
IIT Bombay
Primary and Back up

Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
PSM Setting and Relay Coordination (Tutorial for Phase

Faults)
PSM Setting And Relay Coordination(Tutorial

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting for Primary and Backup Protection


Guidelines
Summary
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
PSM Setting and Relay Coordination(Tutorial

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
PSM Setting for Primary and Backup Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Pick up current should be above 1.25 times maximum

load current.
Pick up current should be limited to 23 rd of minimum
fault current.
Backup protection is provided by time discrimination
principle.

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

R MxFL MnPC MnFC MxPC MxFC PSM
R1 50
62.5
250
167
500
160
R2 100
125
650
167
1200
167
R3 200
250
1100
433
2000
400
R4 250
312.5 1600
733
3500
700
where, MxFL = Max feeder segment load current
MnPC = Min limit on pickup current
MnFC = Min fault current on remote bus
MxFC = Max fault current
TMS
0.025
0.07
0.086
0.097

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Fault Type and CT Burden

In three phase CT connection, the burden on individual CT
will depend upon
Type of connection, i.e. star or delta.
Type of fault, i.e. phase fault or ground fault.
For a three phase fault in a star connected CT, the effective
impedance seen by the CT will be
Z = RS + RL + ZR
For a three phase to ground fault, it will be,
Summary
Z = RS + 2RL + ZR

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Problem 2
An 8MVA, 138/13.8kV transformer is connected to an
infinite bus. If a bolted three phase fault occurs at F,
find out the fault current. The impedance of the
transformer is 10% and location of the fault is close to
the bus as shown in the figure.
If the distribution feeder has 600/5 C200 CT with a
knee point of 100V, calculate the voltage developed
across CT and comment on its performance. CT
secondary resistance is 0.414, lead wire resistance is
0.411 and relay impedance is 0.259.

for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
If the existing 8MVA transformer is replaced with a new

28MVA transformer with 10% leakage impedance, find
out the new fault current. Will this new fault current lead
to CT saturation?
In case CT saturates, comment on the performance of
Primary relay
Back up relay
Coordination between primary and back up relay pair

NPTEL Power System Protection

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