Open Journal of Business and Management, 2016, 4, 329-344

Published Online April 2016 in SciRes . http://www.s ci rp.org/journal/ojbm

http://dx.doi .org/10.4236/ojbm.2016.42035

Political Marketing: Exploring the

Nexus between Theory and Practice in
Ethiopia (Comparative Study between
Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary
Democratic Front and Coalition for
Unity and Democratic Party)
Mulugeta Girma
Department of Marketing Management, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Received 29 Dec ember 2015; accepted 24 April 2016; published 27 April 2016
Copyright 2016 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Cr eative Commons Attribution International License (CC
BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract
The main purpose of the study was to explore th e Nexus between Th eory and Practice of political
marketing in Ethiopia by examining the perceptions of members of EPRDF and CUDP political par ty. A mixed approach with 248 and 304 usable samples were collected from top members of two
political parties randomly and relevant data were gathered, presented and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings revealed that there is no formal
marketing practice used by both parties and no department responsible for establishment of po litical marketing mix elements rather they seldom undertake conventionally by simply stand for
what they believe, or focused on persuading voters to agree with their preplan ideas and policies
which is relating with the selling concept and product concept.

Keywords
Electorate Market, Ethiopia, Political Commitment, Political Marketing, Political Parties

1. Introduction
Ethiopia and most other African countries experience various political incidents starting from the feudal, social How to cite this paper: Gi rma , M. (2016) Poli ti cal Ma rketing: Explori ng the Nexus between Theory and Pra cti ce in Ethiopia
(Compa ra ti ve Study between Ethiopian People s Revoluti ona ry Democra tic Front and Coalition for Uni ty a nd Democra ti c
Pa rty). Open Journal of Business and Management, 4, 329-344. http://dx.doi .org/10.4236/ojbm.2016.42035

M. Girma

ism to democratic system and all have to sell their idea or policy either by force to the electorates or in a free mar-ket
which all can be included under the broad concept of political marketing. Political marketing is a growing
phenomenon as political parties are applying marketing concepts and techniques to help and achieve their goals. It is
currently argued that for major parties to win elections they need to apply political marketing and become marketoriented; understand the demands of the public, and design a product to suit for the electorates [1].
By recognizing the political market ing benefits, majority o f developed and a few developing countries are
successful in implementing and using the concept of political marketing [2] though in Ethiopia, still no formal
study is conducted on how the concept of political marketing practiced and exemp lifies the use to the political
parties through identificat ion of their perceived status by its electorates, employees, and partners relative to its
competitors and market. Although the use of marketing enables ubiquitous to such an extent that it has become
impossible areas [3] and enables to anticipate wishes of its constituencies, create offering that integrates and articulates needs of biggest possible number of electorates [4]. On this regard, this research exp lored the practice
and nexus with theoretical concepts of political marketing by taking Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front abbreviated as EPRDF, that established in early 1989 and became the ruling political coalition Pa rty
in Ethiopia consisting of four political part ies namely the Oro mo Peoples Democrat ic Organization, the Amhara
National Democrat ic Movement, the Southern Ethiopian Peoples Democrat ic Movement and the Tigrayan
nd
Peoples Liberation Front [5] and Coalition for Un ity and Democracy often referred to as Kinijit as 2
case
which was also a coalition of four polit ical part ies of Ethiopia that i.e., all Ethiopian Un ity Party, Un ited Ethiopian Democratic Party-Medhin Party and Rainbow Ethiopia which co mbined to compete for seats in the Ethio pian General Elect ions held on May 15, 2005 [6] as comparative study base and addressing of the following objectives:
Exp loring how political parties members and leaders aware and understand political marketing;
Exp loring how the polit ical parties imp lement market ing mix;
Identifying wh ich marketing orientation is fit to Ethiopian polit ical parties;
Identifying how the polit ical parties build position and manage image.

2. Literature Review
2.1. Background
Successful companies have a market o rientation and are constantly engaged in creating value for their customers.
In other words, marketers must anticipate their customers needs, and then constantly develop innovative products and services to keep their customers satisfied [7]. And the same principles that operate in the commercial
marketplace hold true in the polit ical marketplace and are constantly trying to create value for their constituents
by improving the quality of life, and creating the most benefit at the smallest cost [8] that leading to the concept
of political marketing wh ich is a very useful tool for a successful pre-election campaign, and although relatively
new [9] and defined as the process of parties or candidates use opinion research and environmental analysis to
produce and promote a competitive offering which will realize organization aim and satisfy groups of electorate
in exchange for their votes [10], science of influencing behavior which includes set of strategies and tools to
trace and study public opinion before and during an election campaign [11] and the outcome of the marriage
between marketing and polit ics [12]. Also is concerned with communicating with party members, med ia and
prospective sources of funding as well as the electorate [13]-[15].
Furthermore, it literally becomes impossible not to incorporate a marketing orientation when running for office, or for that matter, when running the country. Politics today is increasingly being influenced by marketing,
which forced to rely on market ing not only to win the election, but also to be successful [16]-[35].

2.2. Functions of Political Marketing

Functions of political marketing are pre requisites for successful political marketing management. According to
[10] [36]-[40], political market ing theorist, there are 8 generic functions starting fro m Product Function, which
consists of three core components that are party image, leadership image and policy commit ments and a mindset
of voter-centredness [41] [42]. Distribution Function in polit ics consist two aspects; that are campaign delivery
and offering delivery [12]. Cost Function: refers to the management of attitudinal and behavioral b arriers of voters through calculated campaign strategies [43] Co mmunicat ion Function, consisting function of informing the
primary exchange partner of the offer and its availability and it is often seen as the heart of political marketing

330

M. Girma

[44]. News Management Function which is closely linked to communicat ion function targeted to secondary exchange partners or intermediaries of wh ich media is an important part [45]. Fund Raising Function consists of
fund raising tasks to strengthen its capacity. Parallel Campaign Management Function describes co -coordinating
campaign management activities of a political party with those of parallel organizations [46]. Internal Cohesion
Management Functions, concerned with relat ionship with party members and activists as well as the spoke persons [47].

2.3. Key Concept in Political Marketing

Voter as a consumer: Marketers work very hard at shaping the expectations of their customers. Expectations of
customers are often influenced by the gaps in thinking that exist between their own perceptions and those of the
service provider. One gap exists between the expectation of the consumer and managements perceptions of
those expectations. A second gap exists between quality specifications and service delivery. The third gap is
between management perceptions and service quality specifications. Finally, gap can exist between the serv ice
delivery and external co mmunicat ions [48].
Antici pating voter needs: Success in market ing goes beyond the simple identificat ion of the needs of con sumers, but also includes the ability to forecast what those needs will be in the future. Marketers must not only be
able to measure and identify the needs and wants of their customers , but they must also have a vision which
enables them to anticipate what those needs will be. Whether it is a candidate, issue or product, marketing is a
critical co mponent to understanding what voters, citizens or consumers want and need. Needs may be driven by
both emotion and rationality, resulting in people desiring the same product or candidate for different reasons [10]
[49].
Marketing research in politics : Significance of doing research rests with the concept that not all products
can be sold to all consumers. Co mpanies use marketing research to determine what to stress to different con sumer groups. Polit icians are no different. Marketing research and polling are of course not new to the field of
politics [50]-[65]. There are many different types of polls that candidates rely upon, including benchmark surveys (usually conducted after a candidate has decided to seek office to provide a baseline of information); trial
heat surveys (used to group candidates together in hypothetical match -ups early in the campaign); tracking polls
(conducted on a daily basis near election day to monitor any late shifts in support); cross -sectional and panel
surveys (conducted by the major polling firms over time to provide a picture of where the electorate stands at
different points during a campaign); and exit polls (carried out immediately after the voter casts his or her ballot)
[66].
Market segmentation and targeting in politics : In business, market segmentation and targeting are used to
identify those groups of customers who the marketer directs his product and promotional campaign towards [67].
It is used by many companies who choose not to sell their product or service to every potential customer, but
only those who are likely to buy it. In politics, market seg mentation has been tra ditionally used by each of the
political parties to choose which segments of citizens they target with their appeals [67] [68].
Candi date positioning in politics : Once the multip le constituents segments have been identified, the candidate has to position himself in the electorate market. Positioning is mult i-stage process that begins with the candidate assessing both his own and his opponents strengths and weaknesses. Positioning is the vehicle which allows the candidate to convey his image to voters in the best light possible [18] [45] [69]-[78]. The image is
crafted through the media by emphasizing certain personality traits of the candidate, as well as stressing various
issues [79].
Image management: The image management process has also been used by political part ies to manufacture
new and improved images that more accurately align them with their changing constituencie s. Along with this
process has come a constant shifting back and forth of people from one party to another and a blurring of the de fin ition of ideology in this country. In marketing terms, ideology is a labeling process, almost similar in nature
to the use of branding for products. People have historically used ideology as a way of labeling both themselves
and politicians, and then making a connection between themselves and the candidate and or political party
through the use of this label. These labels are no different than the ones we see on products, as well as attached
to services offered by a whole host of professionals who advertise in the hope of creating an image which de fines who and what they stand for in the minds of consumers [71]. As a result of this change, ideology is now
driven less by party affiliation and more by market ing, and the latest poll results indicting the mood of the elec torate. Today, the labels liberal and conservative in politics are no longer defined by the political part ies, but by

331

M. Girma

the candidates themselves and the images their consultants craft for them. Along with this change has come a
dramat ic shift in power fro m the political party to the consultants [10] [80].

2.4. Political Market Orientations

There are three orientations; the first on is the Market-Oriented Party (MOP) which will use various tools to understand and then respond to voter demands, but in a way that integrates the need to attend to members needs,
ideas from polit icians and experts and the realities of governing [81] [82]. A MOP party views and political
judgment to design its behaviour to respond to and satisfy voter demands in a way that that meets their needs and
wants, is supported and implemented by the internal organization, and is deliverable in government. Politi -cal
market ing is used to understand the public, rather than manipulate it. Parties may use their ideology as a means
to create effective solutions to public demands, but party elites try to respond to market demand, rather than
trying to influence its opinion [83]. The second orientation is The Sales -Oriented Party (SOP) which aim to sell
what they decide is best for the people, utilizing effect ive polit ical market ing commun ication techniques. Market
intelligence is used not to inform the product design, but to help the party persuade voters it is right [84].
Finally the Product-Oriented Party (POP) which is the most traditional approach to party behaviour and as
such attracts less attention. A product-oriented party argues for what it stands for and believes in. It assumes that
voters will realize that its ideas are the right ones and therefore vote for it. This type of party refuses to change
its ideas or product even if it fails to gain electoral or membership support [85].

3. Material and Methods

3.1. Description of the Study Area
Ethiopia is found in the eastern part of Africa between latitudes of 3 and 18. and found in a favorable time zone
for financial markets as it is situated at GMT+3:00, 8:00 Hrs. ahead of New York and 6:00 Hrs. behind Tokyo
with capital city of Addis Ababa which center for many international organization including AU and called as
the second Geneva of Swit zerland [86]. Mean while fo llo wing the failure of military junta lead by Mengistu
H/Mariam, the country start to implement democracy which allow the right to form political party, participate in
national and regional election [87] [88]. Currently more than sixty parties were found in the coun -try; among
this, CUDP and EPRDF was powerful in terms of competition wh ich led in 2005 G.C. of Ethiopian election
though it raises many controversies [89].

3.2. Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis

The study used descriptive research design because it enable to get a deeper understanding and rich explorations
of the actual practice or application political marketing as it develops in a real-wo rld setting and applied both
quantitative and qualitative approach because, using both methods gain the best of both and increase its reliability [90]-[92]. And purposely takes Ethiopian peoples democratic revolutionary front and collusion for unity
party participated in 2005 and 2010 G.C. elections based on degree of acceptance and preliminary surv ey.
There were 61,763 Ethiopian peoples democratic revolutionary front party members working on key areas of
Addis Ababa city administrations [93] that were taken as a target population and determine the respondents us ing sample size determination formu la fro m www.cengage.com/highered. Based on this, A total of 270 copies of
printed questionnaire were distributed at EPRDF party session time rando mly and collected only 248 of them.
According to [94], sample size 30 - 500 is already adequate for most of the research [76]. Fo r the CUDP that had
130,215 reg istered members; used Krejcie & Morgan, tables to find a total samples of 368 at 95% confidence
interval and collect 304 questionnaires.
The data were gathered personally using structured questionnaires developed based on literatures and face to
face interview were also conducted with public relation office of respective parties. Dat a presentation and analysis of both parties were done using latest version of SPSS by applying descriptive and inferential statistical tech niques supplemented with themat ic analysis for interview section.

4. Results and Discussion

Gender is equally distributed across respondents. As shown in Table 1, most of the respondents are between 25
- 54 years old (84.7%), with higher education (79.0%) and, membership time of most of the respondents are

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M. Girma
Table 1. Summary of the Ethiopian peoples revolutionary democratic front and Coalition for unity Democratic Party
members characterstics.
EPRDF

Gender

Age

CUDP

Frequency

Percent

Frequency

Percent

Male

109

44.0

165

54.3

Fe m ale

139

56.0

139

45.7

Total

248

100.0

304

100.0

18 - 24

2.4

2.0

25 - 34

53

21.4

109

35.9

35 - 44

33

13.3

33

10.9

45 - 54

124

50.0

124

40.8

55

32

12.9

32

10.5

Total

248

100.0

304

100.0

High school complete

10

4.0

10

3.9

Diplo m a

42

16.9

50

14.7

De gr ee

160

64.5

198

67.9

Second degree

34

13.7

43

12.6

Educational background

Above second degree

0.8

0.9

Total

248

100.0

304

100.0

Above 15 years

144

58.1

0.0

11 - 15 ye ars

38

15.3

0.0

6 - 10 yea rs

54

21.8

42

13.8

0 - 5 yea rs

12

4.8

262

86.2

Total

248

100.0

304

100.0

Membership time

Source: Survey Data, 2013/14.

between 6above 15 years (95.2%).

4.1. Descriptive Analysis

Every variab le in the questionnaires were examined by several statements to investigate the variable were trans formed into index by computing mean values of the responses in relation to political marketing concept practic es. There were 43 items respondents could rate the practices of political marketing dimensions with theoretical
perspectives. The average mean and mean values are presented in Table 2, together with standard deviation for
each variables which defined as the spread or variability of the sample distribution values from the mean [95].
If the estimated standard deviation is large, response distribution values do not fall close to the mean of the dis tribution, the responses are inconsistent. On the other hand, if the estimated standard deviation is small, the re sponse distributions are close to the mean, the responses are consistent [96]. 5-point Likert scale is emp loyed.
High means express high agreement with the statements, while lo w means stand for lower agreement. There fore in th is comparative description of EPRDF and CUDP, the statements that describes Marketing application
in polit ics has an average mean of 3.3095 (SD = 0.7053), and 2.04115 (SD = 0.48737) showing the application
of market ing is rare and they simp ly give lip service for the concepts irrespective of the importan ce to bring
considerable advantage. The dimensions that explain pract ice of Anticipating voter needs had average mean of
2.8537 (SD = 0.44066) and 3.0075 (SD = 0.4905) respectively showing low values, meanwhile consideration of
voters as a consumer were very low with average mean of 2.0726 (SD = 0.49570) and 2.0148 (SD = 0.4969)
correspondingly; on the use of market ing research and market intelligence and its application in politics had av erage mean of 2.5282 (SD = 0.5570) and 1.4803 (SD = 0.5004) still lo w and, moreover the use, effectiveness,

333

M. Girma
Table 2. Statistics indicating the application political marketing in Ethiopian peoples revolutionary democratic front and
Coalition for unity democratic party.
Dimension Used to Measure Practice of Political Marketing

EPRDF

CUDP

M e an

Std. Dev.

M e an

Std. Dev.

Marketing application in politics

3.3095

0.70530

2.0411

0.48737

Requirement of marketing department for the party

2.5887

1.0533

1.4803

0.50043

Giving lip s ervi c e to the m ark eting con c ept.

3.1855

0.88044

1.4803

0.50043

Det er m ining custo m e r ne eds wor k only busi nes s wo rld

3.7258

0.44701

3.7237

0.44791

Better plan vs. marketing strategy application

3.7379

0.44066

1.4803

0.50043

Anticipating voter needs

2.8537

0.70910

3.0075

0.49065

Partys devotion at determining voters needs and wants

3.7339

0.44283

3.6184

0.48658

P arty d e cisions sh ould b e vote r ori ent ed

2.4355

1.0816

3.6184

0.48658

Co nfli cts on att e mptin g to satisf y vot er s ne eds and obj e ctiv es.

3.7177

0.45101

3.6184

0.48658

The notion of being oriented on satisfying voter needs too vague

2.4315

1.0814

3.6184

0.48658

Politi cal obj e ctiv es ov er riding vot e r ne eds and wants

3.7339

0.44283

1.4803

0.50043

Det er m ining th e ne ed s and wa nts is a philoso phy o f the p art y

2.3468

0.96114

3.6184

0.48658

Determining voters needs increase political commitment

1.5766

0.50321

1.4803

0.50043

The voter as a consumer

2.0726

49570

2.0148

0.49679

M an agi ng ga p bet we en cons u m er e xp ect ation and p er c eptio ns

1.5726

0.49570

3.6184

0.48658

M an agi ng ga p on qu ality sp eci fic ation s and s er vic e d elive ry.

1.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

M an agi ng ga p on pe r ce ptions a nd qu ality sp eci fic atio ns.

3.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

Managing gaps of service delivery and external communicat ions.

1.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

Ma rketi ng res ea rch a nd i ntellig ence a ppli ca tio n in poli tics

2.5282

0.5570

1.4803

0.52004

The party conducts market intelligence

1.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

Su rv eying to fi nd out what ele cto ral s ervi c es will ne ed

1.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

Survey to assess quality of policy and performance on post election

3.3992

0.74061

1.4803

0.50043

Degree of responses to the research output

3.5685

0.49628

1.4803

0.50043

Political communication

3.0754

0.57870

2.7020

0.49250

The p a rty und er stan ds the i mp ort ant of p ro m otion

3.5685

0.49628

3.6184

0.48658

The p a rty has alte rn ativ e pro m otion al str ate gies

3.5645

0.49682

3.6184

0.48658

The p a rty is ef fe ctiv e on i mpl e m ent ation of st rat egi es

3.5524

0.49825

1.4803

0.50043

The p a rty co m m uni c ation d esign ed to p ers ua de vot e rs

2.2863

1.06218

1.4803

0.50043

The party appear united and professional in the campaign to voters

3.4879

0.50086

3.6184

0.48657

The party tends to eschew or avoid full-scale communication

3.4960

0.50099

1.4803

0.50043

The party campaign is informed by market intelligence and targeted

1.5726

0.49570

3.6184

0.48658

Ma rket seg mentati on a nd targeti ng

3.5802

0.49660

1.4803

0.50043

The p a rty me m be rs Und erst andi ng the us e o f distributi on

3.5040

0.51690

1.4803

0.50043

The p a rty me m be r kno w Exist en c e of s eg m ent ation str at egy

3.6184

0.48658

1.4803

0.50043

I mpl e m entati on of s eg m ent ation str at egi es

3.6184

0.48658

1.4803

0.50043

Ca ndidate positi oni ng a nd i mag e ma nag em ent

2.8166

0.49177

2.5493

0.49350

The p a rty builds th e ov er all pa rty i ma ge

2.5494

0.49351

3.6184

0.48658

334

M. Girma
Continued
The p a rty build indivi du al m e m be rs i ma ge

1.4803

0.50043

1.4803

0.50043

M an ag e th e im ag e, le ade rshi p im ag e a nd poli cy

3.6184

0.48658

1.4803

0.50043

Cascading of roles for members to represent party beliefs

3.6184

0.48658

3.6184

0.48658

Reaction pattern

1.5726

0.49570

2.193

0.40958

Co m petit ors poli cy and ta cti cal cha ng e tak es th e pa rty fo r ev er

1.5726

0.49570

3.6184

0.48658

De gr ee o f r espo nse to co mp etito rs fo r an y ass ault

1.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

De gr ee o f r espo nse for ch ang es in c o mp etitor s poli cy or di re ctio n

1.5726

0.49570

1.4803

0.50043

M eas urem ent a nd param eters

2.2820

0.49520

1.4803

0.50043

The p a rty has its o wn pa r a m ete r to m e asu re it ov er all pe rfo r m an ce

3.0838

0.49004

1.4803

0.50043

Customer in the electorate market transact without incurring cost.

3.4803

0.50043

1.4803

0.50043

Pro duct dev elo pm ent

3.5352

0.49950

2.5493

0.49305

The p a rty pro du ct desi gns h ave sig nifi ca ntly don e by th e pa rty itsel f

3.5524

0.49825

1.4803

0.50043

The policy-design process show to include party views

3.5161

0.50075

1.4803

0.50043

The p a rty le ad er el e cte d to suit the p arty

3.5323

0.49997

3.6184

0.48658

De gr ee o f b eliev es on its pr odu ct with out co nsid er ation o f publi cs

3.5403

0.49938

3.6184

0.48658

Source: Survey Data, 2013/14.

continuity of political commun ication had average mean value of 3.0754 (SD = 0.5787) and 2.7020 (SD =
0.4925) showing gaps in its practice. Furthermore the applicat ion of market segmentation and targeting has av erage mean value of 3.5802 (SD = 0.4966) and 1.4803 (SD = 0.50043) besides on the effort of Candidate positioning and image management, considering co mpetitive reaction pattern, d eveloping measurement and parameters, product design and development had average mean of 2.8166 (SD = 0.0.49177), 2.5493 (SD = 0.0.4935),
1.5726 (SD = 0.49570), 2.193 (SD = 0.40958), 2.2820 (SD = 0.0.4952) 1.4803 (SD = 0.50043), 3.5352 (SD =
0.4995) and 2.5493 (SD = 0.49305) fo r EPRDF and CUDP respectively showing the existence of gaps on application of political marketing dimensions though there is crude justification on the benefit that could result in by
using political marketing in their political pract ice.
where, MP = Market ing practice, A VN = Anticipating voter needs, VC = the voter as a consumer MRI =, Marketing research and market intelligence application in politics, PC = Political co mmun ication, MS = Market
segmentation and targeting, CP IM = Candidate positioning and image management RP = React ion pattern, and
PD = Product development.
Table 3 shows except for anticipation of voters need all the variables had value of greater than 0.5 for both
CUPD and EPRDF confirming there is strong relationship between marketing application with effectiveness on
**
considering voters as consumers and working to meet the demand with value of 0.727 and 0.643 respectively,
application of marketing commun ication elements such as advertis ing publicities, direct and network market ing
**
**
**
and others (0.588 and 0.781), the practice of market segmentation and targeting (0.612 and 0.541 ), posi**
**
tioning and image management (0.600 and 0.711) and keep eyes on competitors reaction pattern (0.556 and
*
0.737 ) and striving to come up with new product or promising idea by striving on discovering unmet need of
*
*
the electorates (0.506 and 0.651 ) with 0.00 significance level indicating a high statistical significance of the
results.
Principal Factor Analysis (PFA) was conducted on 18 items used in the study (measured on a Likert 5-point
scale; 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The ext raction method used was Principal Co mponent
Analysis with Varimax Rotation.
The Initial Eigen values -first 5 factors are mean ingful as they have Eigen values >1 for EPRDF. Factors 1, 2
3, 4 and 5 exp lain 37.855%, 14.021%, 12.998%, and 6.938% (Table 4) of the variance respectively a cumulative
total of 82.095% (total acceptable) KMO score was 0.751 and Bartletts Test of Sphericity 5985.002 (df = 153; p
= 0.000) though a loading of 0.722 considered as also significant (Stevens, 1992). For CUDP there were seven
factors meaningful with a value greater than 0.1 and total acceptable value of 93%. Whereas the Ext raction

335

M. Girma
Table 3. Correlation between marketing practices and application on Ethiopian peoples revolutionary democratic front and
Coalition for unity democratic party.
MP
Pe a rson Cor rel ation
MP for
CUDP

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

304

AVN
**

VC
**

MRI
**

PC
**

MS
**

CP IM
**

RP

PD
**

0.490

0.727

0.512

0.588

0.612

0.600

0.556

0.506

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

304

304

304

304

304

304

304

304

**

0.651

Pe a rson Cor rel ation

0.607

0.643

0.715

0.781

0.541

0.711

0.737

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

248

248

248

248

248

248

248

248

248

MP for
EPRDF

Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Source: Survey Data, 2013/14.

Sums of Squared Loadings which have the effect of optimizing the factor structure provides similar informat ion
by equalizing the relative importance of the five factors for EPRDF and seven factors for CUDP based only on
the extracted factors. And as shown in the data set before rotation factor one accounted for considerably more
variance; the remaining four (37.855% co mpare to 14%, 12.998%, 10.283% and 6.938% res pectively) however
after rotation it account for only 29.307 of variance compared to 16.682%, 14%, 135%, 11.511% and 10.460%
respectively this leads us to the conclusion that a five factor solution will probably be adequate for application of
political market ing data in case of EPRDF however in case of CUDP seven of them were sufficient for its ap plication.

4.2. Qualitative Analysis

Though both parties did not have any marketing department, the task of marketing such as promotion, campaign
management delivery (offer delivery and campaign delivery), searching for member, need identification and
fund raising is under taken by bureau of regional departments with the collaborat ion of commun ication bureau
of the parties.
Currently, EPRDF has 5.2 million members throughout the country who live with the societies and playing;
an intelligence role on identifications of the society s problem. Furthermore, in order to chalked out again
BORD with collaboration of Kebeles leaders and elders peoples conduct public sec ession to deal with problems
and follow the following procedures (Figure 1) to recognize needs of the electorates and potential electorates.
Although experiencing of such type of communicat ion with the publics were helps to identify existing problems, but regarding to identifications of the electorates latent demand there are difficult ies unless intensive surveying and intelligence task done.
On the segmentations of the electorates market, EPRDF applied demographic and geograp hic bases even if
CUDP had no a clear segmentation line rather swing left to right. The majo r focused area of the EPRDF is rural
dwellers because they cover 85% of the populations (Figure 2). However, according to Cui & Choudry, such
big segmentation is viewed as anti market ing because of not considering the customer as a unique individual but
as standardized within the segments. In contrary to this, [96] argue that some organizations need to have larger
segments and they refer to this as counter-segmentation so that they can be beneficiary over cost reduction.
The second segmentation is focused on urban dwellers by highly emphasising on poor dwellers specifically on
wo mens and youths to achieve objectives through organizing them in to females (set) leagues and youth
leagues. Bannon portray that: all markets are not similar in terms of their desired outcomes, motives and beha viors. Understanding of such special segment group who covers the larger population segment could play a great
role in campaign management. Also it is clear that Market is not a mass of potential customers all with the same
values, desires, aspirations and ability to be a customer for any given organizations and using of such segmenta tion in defined manner help the party over the acquisition and retaining of loyal customers in the electorates
market.
To communicate their ideas, policies or directions, both parities used print Medias such as magazine, news
paper, before the election campaign is began. However, during the campaign period the both uses TV, radio,
sticker, pamphlet, hats and others that have the logo of the party even uses SMS to motivate the peoples to elect
the party in addition to utilizing of public relation as means o f penetrating the electorates market.

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M. Girma

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M. Girma

Figure 1. Process of need recognition in case of EPRDF source: Interview data 2013/14.
Oromo
Rural
(85%)
Total
population

Amhara
Tigre
Southern nation na tiona lities
Poor
Federal cities

Urban

Middle
income

Females

Youth

High income

(15%)

Poor

Fe ma l e s
&youth

Regional cities

Middle

Youth

income

High income

Figure 2. EPRDF segmentation Practices using geographic and demographic bases Sources:
Interview data. 2013/14.

Though there is no clear parameters used to measure their act for CUDP, EPRDF emp loy dimension like fo llowing the principles of federalism, secularism, equality, unity and diversity, striving for national interest and
considering poverty as the only enemy of Ethiopia in addition to parameters like focused on empowering females identification of the needy (child and disabilities), expansion of education to reduce illiteracy, increase
accessibility health facilities, work on in frastructure development and believe on the principle of There is no
permanent friendship in the absence of permanent benefit are also the party philosophy. Finally EPRDF were
not striving on building a single candidate name in the name of the party rather striving over building of overall
image but not in case of CUDP that builds individual as well as organizational brand by endorsing special pro motional strategies such as providing of well educated and famous persons as brand celebrities.

5. Discussion and Recommendation

5.1. Discussion
Political market ing is a very useful tool for a successful pre-election campaign, and although relatively new, it
has been practiced in one form or another for some time [9]. Part ies that aware of its true meaning should try to
be more inclusive though there are challenges country like Ethiopia where it has fixed days and years on which
the election undertaken, once the writ is dropped; there are normally only a few month in which to campaign
before Election Days. This brief t ime period makes it d ifficu lt for new or unknown candidates to gain the visibility they need by practicing the market ing task unless they already have a high profile and form strong share of
mind heart and market. Having this the following conclusions is extracted fro m t he three analysis part of the
study;
The average mean score for marketing applicat ion in politics wh ich had four variables = 3.3095 for EPRDF
and 2.0411 for CUDP showing there is common understanding of marketing importance in politics by Ethiopian
peoples revolutionary party and a low understanding by collusion for unity party members. Whereas; on antic ipating voter needs, that had seven variables, EPRDF score average mean of 2.8537 reflect ing gaps on identify ing and feeling voters need and become market orentidness including gaps devotion of members party to feel
demand of electorates. In contrary the average means score for CUDP was 3.1907 somewhat at positive level of
anticipating needs though gaps are still there.

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M. Girma

On consideration of voter as a consumers that includes Managing gap between consumer expectation and
perceptions, service delivery and external co mmunicat ions, perceptions and quality specifications, quality specifications and service delivery with mean value of 2.07 26 shows the reluctant practice of EPRDF on recognizing
electorates market customers that gives vote in exchange to the promising ideas or products. Mean while CUDP
also score low average mean values (2.0148) existence of optimizing expectation through delivering quality service and communicat ions. Furthermore, for the application of Marketing research and intelligence in politics
which includes four variables, both parties has means sore of 2.5282 and 1.4803 showing low practice of re search and intelligence services. And concerning to Political co mmunicat ion that have seven variables, have
means score of 3.0754 for EPRDF showing there is understanding and application though gaps are still existed.
Also CUDP score average mean of 2.0148 that reflect on low understanding application of marketing co mmunication tools. Meanwhile, on Market segmentation and targeting understanding, application and consistency as
well effectively, average means score = 3.5802 and 1.4803 for both parties showing EPRDF has in a go od position on application and usage of the concept but not CUDP
Finally on Candidate positioning and image management with mean score of 2.8166 showing gaps on practice
of branding elements, reaction pattern with mean of 1.5726 Measurement and parameters with mean = 2.2820
shows EPRDF has perform at lo w level in all area specially on the understanding and reflecting to the competitors was very low however on Product development and design the means score shows (3.5352) EPRDF has
largely develop product without considering the need of the voters despite the interview part portray the party
developing the product based on the need of the voters. Similarly CUDP also not considering what consumer re ally need or anticipation of need rather they develop their own product and force strive to convince the voters
with the mean score of 2.3966. Generally, both parties have no conducting return on investment which identify
the electorate market satisfaction or conduct research over the policy whether the electorates are satisfied or yet
not happy and both parties give high emphasis to the internal polit ics compare to the external customers.
Also the correlation analysis shows there were high correlat ion between the application of pro motion with
winning elect ion, segmentation with winning election, conducting research and having intelligence, understand ing reaction pattern of competitor, considering voter as a consumer, and anticipating need and, product development at 0.00 significant level. Not only this for EPRDF the d iagonal of anti image correlat ion matrix wh ich
show sample adequacy and KMO are all above 0.5 and the R square that indicate all represents the proportion of
variance of each item exp lained by the factors except one (existence of marketing departmen t within the party)
have value of greater than 0.5. Furthermo re, the study extracted five co mponents for EPRDF seven for CUDP
with the total Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings value of 82.095% and 93% respectively. The reliability statis tics for both parties analysis have value of 0.872 for EPRDF and 0.983 for CUDP showing the study output is
reliable and consistence.

5.2. Conclusion
In overall, EPRDF considers the heart beat of the voter despite the fact of failure to address what the electorate
market need. They simply reflect what the party ideology seams, representing social movement during election
time, unresponsive to social change because of many of the strategy developed by the top political leaders and
appointees and imp lemented by other and finally they are striving for vote production and mass mobilization
through campaigns. Although the party design product ideas accordingly based on internal policy, intra and par ty acceptability in addition to identifying voter demands to some extent and assessing deliverability of demanded policies even if it will have its own effect over the minority use commun ication medias and political in telligences, it is possible to categorize the party in between the product oriented type of party and market
oriented party because of the party take elements both models [80]. Meanwhile the EPRDF imp lement segmentation. Parties may simp ly stand for what they believe in, or focus on persuading voters to agree with them, or
change their behavior to follow voters opinions. Having this, CUDP is striving over bu ild ing of intra-organizational choice of policies, using of advertising and communicat ion techniques to sell itself and get the power with
a goal of persuasion in order to get the votes of the electorates, that makes them as sales oriented party despite
the fact of failure to conduct research to understand what they need and want and having of thought of customers does not know what they need and want and to create a demand for the electo rate which is against the marketing concept as well as the selling concept, believe and follow consumers are irrational at least as often as ra tional, mot ivated in large degree by emotions, habits and prejudices differing widely in personality structure, in

339

M. Girma

aspirations, ideals and buying behaviors. Based on this the party fails between selling and market oriented mod el.

5.3. Recommendation
Peoples votes for peoples, not just partys sake or platforms; The more voters feel they have a personal connection to a particular candidates and parties, the more likely they give extra consideration especially if they are part
of the ever-growing undecided category. Making that personal and political connection, however, is a challenge especially in Eth iopia where campaigns typically only last a few months from the writ calling for a vote to
the actual Election Day and not actually having effective political marketing practice rather practicing selling
concepts in their practice. To solve s uch issue for both federal and provincial candidates, they must work on
branding, positioning and need intensively made campaign delivery and need to out from trad itional practice of
election and electorates cultivation that highly focusing on shading of b lack color and creating fear, an xiety by
raising past history that specifically having black scare on certain ethnic groups. And need to effectively recog nize what a promising idea do voters, need? How they want to serve by those groups and even they need to
highly engaged in public relation works and cultivate public meeting culture to apply outside in approach and
need to engage in philanthropic activit ies and should;
Consult political marketing expert ise or setup department that help to reach electorat es market in a short period with limited budget and time by identifying the electorates need, want as well demand and be able to in crease their chances of success or mentioning current positions.
strive on understanding the principles of political marketing that helps parties to win consistently the heart
and mind of electorates in order to survive in this new kind of electoral market, where voters act like consumers,
parties act like businesses. Last but not list, knowingly or unknowingly for years polit icians have relied on basic
market ing skills-campaign buttons, posters, political rallies and campaign speeches to familiarize voters with a
name, a party, and a platform that makes the use of marketing in politics is indispensible and understanding how
it works and implanting it can help all parties regardless of their orientation in addition to its ability of support ing for the develop ment of co mprehensive voting system that make the cit izen to feel included in each action.

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