lopic 3 i Chemcal ond: CHRIS LAU Ne meh REOPEN nee > oil narote sort are 5 am A AVE CO: —— given FAO racic CHEMICAL BONDING meta) —> non mete) Tonic_bend 1304 eletovalent bend Tone bond Meaning | Electrostatic force of attraction between 2_9pOS#€N| ‘charged ions which are formed through __ tran Sfer of electrons from a. metal atom toa Non=metot atom in order to achieve octet electron configuration, ~~ shown by Lewis Diagram Formation = =- & bonding, only envolve of Nac+ "cm > Nat + QI Reiner Tome , a 3s! as%ap*——_t522%2p! 38%3p° Mg’ + 2"C™ > Mgt 4 2% C1 ast asap? tstastap® —aatagf 5 a ee ee te reac epee ream Sy ey eased tt “The higher tho _larice entry the stronger the ionic bond. Ore verse Sper 8 J ca pghegt ae All Latin energy BIG dphet sels dsachalaiey ae >a : ucts RS trace 0 9: LE ofNer eT steer ge LE of Alf; Ss LE of MgF, because AP” has higher charge and smaller size, et ey Wah haere Mesa se Apt Moet (i) high melting and boiling point = uv Be (@ can conduct electricity inmaten tate or aqueous soliton becme gf (3 {P (ii) most ionic compounds can dissolve in water Free maging Dacoss the peed, NF) (9) cannot dssoWve in organic solvents or nonpolar soWvents "Sone 7 fonlsation energy | The _teallf_ the tonssation’energy, the easier the melal -alom To Factors | aiiqhticer-smpisneiy | release electron, the easier the posnive fon is formed. fect termatonet | steer eet [10 WY} ew easton way annem ae ne ones asi the negate on formed The__bightr te ative energy, the eronger the ion bond ectong Po +a, aatabene eres cliapeis at eter {f dtference in electronegatvity between the 2 atoms, AEN +620 718) Patan eke EISOTA pene ‘ole EAT (eyttad) Baa seie coe is] a mensee ‘Ct | > e2valent bond ‘compound > ionic bond / compound of | Phe relative | eg. AlCl (AL, EN=1.5 &Cl, EN=300) 9. AIF (Al, EN= 1.5 & F, EN=4.0) fy 9. AlLO3 (Al, EN=1.5 & O, EI A ies ¢ | z oe 8 eo eteet on g P Lattice encgy) : at Atmignsetiils rena Electranagetinty OMevence He tenth of Gaiemet ionic bond with Covalent Chowtter) 2% al is an ionic compound with covalent characteristics because Al* ion is small in size and high spe el | nate sa techn coeng (4) ee (lkmcausg___| A ion onc compound Basis is 00 wT RES an not est oie ‘come bond IGGEEAY (HRV clay fErcccesS , SAUL vaietons FAQ catertas)F yelecwoncgarty ai eta ee iat WV caer _ eowind Choratter begher a A al rane ea Ean AIF, iS “ite chon -amallin size, high cherge eA?” > XA}oonss [enlelborid vad Al has high charge density (chargerionic size] *0% =a ie pol ALLO, part stent oes htt Se ne a charactor + the anion: - large in size, high Jjiontc tons are very close 1° (has high polarsabi Comporad | Seeomer : eee rae MS PVA gS Trind, |saremtancanctan «ish _santminalgeaetttan ene yn bullets oS reearer aston yaracoar eT Be RETR ae yjomeced Ae Covalent | eg2: AyOshas __highte cose ru seiar eat Cea in ita each BaaA hows | Aeasty Usiher patent poner AP (as AP is smaler size and has higher Gharge than LF 3 2 aK ‘The smaller the AEN between the two atoms, the __-Sraoii#t kiGht the covalent charactors 4 eg Nahas __hiqber calc 0 ME) car ce huey ba SS power choy. EN: 09 35 os 40 ee pmontaenty t AEN: 2-5 (ionic bond with 3-1 r ae Covmjent chacates) No diflacengy big , lower covelsat chorea 4. Element X reacts wih element to form compound The eecronegaivty values of X and Y atoms are 10 and 35 FBR chennai. mieten. (beeen tue anne ia eeconea ROP i) The Lewis symbols for atoms X and Y are 182-5) fone compan 1s) Nat once “Yt Guvp Vb era 2 natty P eae 2 vo PF eagiom x ‘Atom Y oe is the chemical formula of 27.1] (ii) State two physical properties of. [2] MESA ane butts mets and eee 2.1 Covolent ns ‘Meaning Electrostatic force of attraction between the __ AUUT@ ‘of two non-metal atoms through shoring, of electrons. Formation | (Lewis dlaglom (ay van ciean has 40 be Shown) ‘period 2 elements annt have more then 66 Sie Vafemine the | Tat atence elacon have tbe shown fra atow | “Bonded electrons canbe represented by ne 2s shown above. @ Hema) E.g a) Covalent molecules obeys the octet rule 2 Sydiao @ Jpn by wat bo NAS CCl. HO 60; NO Tetras vde (@ cheer vatenve Ml ot 2 ase Geese || HEE cle Cec] re 28H ee Gebuve gost él | = dota not or dupoh | contig any ves D convot atomzon ag Eh rnin tom ig ODE to fe ney Y KOBE dupret] 0 choh ® ry — tin ae 2Conteoof—comnaerm7r She pre Swovtl, muscle > spindle slope sroos ede ie) a 0 Z reaagen(i) oxide (wet ges) [cc] ‘ £ st eo ‘ : a el e | a2 Wb = Oo : NEN = 0: Ae ARAB cone Wot NE FORE coeiete UE K oes he Must Fouow when doweG Lewis Ctardee @ period 2 element Comet heve wore that Fer, wegt chance fo drmnay, (OM ety oF ocapied GR poud 22 sxe ) > petod 2 element Ge cna aoa freer (Fo dt ¥) (2) Teaniaal atom ~"f % acheve eto | dept (8) Perod 3 element as Contra! ato on Ry th hee ® TE feminal atom ig oglu nevieal OQ SS == Ou) Oe ie to jon oy © (os electroneg atwe 64) E contra) atom ) eEiR-§ (40 petod 2 element as Grin ctor Sge-, Hon ERE” & ~ bend, IBIS © AQ GY femin al APE.E.g b) Covalent molecules that show exception to the octet rule 3 NO 1; 7 F ere rif Ale EF -8—F) wN=t: Joan Pe a oi fuse treme ea) NO," On Z (Valence bond theory ood Veterl? og: t Bayonet Te ee rn HHA), fenitrdamicmlete é fF anrssotaer atop cis CS eed lec RA RB oe i ee a Te eS (2p) chang So) a0 i ra ape 4 amb ee pombe | ow Grd zone PY saree nest gal Ti aattatnmen, aha ion . | _ eres ha equivalent rVORECRUUEET Tdeaememate, oibital - ae enblee a Wietahegtal shape veel) “Lay egoeeountehs ‘ Hf a oH | fn ws cn, inate ed cigrouns ANI ite] [+ Tt Hy is owed a 1s 2 Bs soe) (Ue) EI ETE TE e 3 me yo riety eidctons ma oe no eae as + [t H 6 sp ‘sp’ hybeid orbitals WH aes (04-S" if ihe a a yes" w Ln yout a al, has ok spp A S evs cheat Ca That set Gay 3Covaimt bond -——— = cingie bon d or seared . = Aon yotor = sya boon d = pr bord eis fad though heed-on <®) aitee ect eal Adetay evecap y ath Pentel ee abt aig — WEEN ov atetoronad. eat! ae es ~ Neonat Nomtaat boa Sachs Catt, 0 Gan dove bind = sp? —— = OP WS sp? Beth elaront SEA detie bord BORNEAH KEBANGSAAN SACRED HEART Sibu, Sarawak. Angka Giliran Index: Number Mata Pelajaran. Subject Draw the Lewis Sucve { | )) Os ~ 2) Nos | i = sat + O=6 Lie Sa cs . : Dds | Pernod 2 [09% £9 W clear 0 EB FRE bed FSpoe Pp orbrial unpanecl ~Henee ao 7 dopel i]. d : only 6 bonaF-4e- _$p-3p 282p® F unpaired otbital i : pyar wl eg UN nH Types of | (No.of electron pairs Mee reat ee ie E Bybee Wal Eh unpre ecoee Single covatont bond lent bond og oe = T pair of is shared Btw 2 atoms | - more than one pair of € are shared biw 2 aloms. pend on) - eg:C-c + eg:C=C >doubie bordl HoH and the molecule Is non polar. (li) How bond is formed eve > EER donor to suitor Normal covalent bond Dative / coordinate covalent bond to form a shared e- pair / covalent bond = eg: HCL [each atom contribute one & ~ formed in which a single atom camer Both &ToTorn bond, i) = donor atom must have fone ee Bette, as ‘atom must have ae orbital oe ; aN 2 err 2 Wes Woy Ht ‘Coordinate bond formation in ammonium ion ~ eg 1: HN + > HsNe-® Hor NH,” — or = poe 4 150" ew = Oout N tripe bund maker lydagyn not fai oe nin tee De ere shared befuten | pis inert because ofthe strong triple NEN bondex 197 Fe? + ‘in, > [Feltit)] iqand r Cues paw of eens) 2g = | i ]| anna ay, neo i Scotia ters momen Ve eM Pe irgaer ee A atom 70 ANC i pene : Hc) AOS AA empt [sts Wey te eatanpeneiic HA = Og SHIN + AICP H-NPARCI tag Ni stony ‘ Ho yet KK tin Celemdateebardery | Sac sgreeien ee SS Ne ia octet) addition compound G lone pordlof i ra Leck. AI the Comtex ion “so coovhnate pom bend elect A | Apparent of Mr oFAICR] ALS Si ae im vapour sotede 18261, nc sich +a ah EEE vaya organic solvent due to formation of coordi >The AICI, ik in the or carpe ts 4 ee ee on of dimer. ot deply obetarc Prageate Net i a a Ge - on Bcc\w iy, Pee 3 AL Al ng oe ow CT tandbuen Be Zi Hanson Alament « ini ct Se Ke Zinc ore nok transition etomen Polar covalent bond {* > Won-polar covatent bond lf Fo=valent bond with ionic character | Tra dato molecule, he e- pai shared Mlecroneg a covalent bond in which = are ual ‘2s both atoms exert an Ls abint of TOY = shared oqualy br 2 iaetial Sirecon fie atemig || atoms (a bond along which the charge hes been separated nfo te and-—ve pats and | eg:C!—C!_ AEN=0 attack @- has dipoley?3 Rae oucione opty ac iNG covatent}| - 9: 1 AEN (e-paicshares equally) bond. «The one That is rare Mecontg ste ett CTY, Band ten 5 the distant See ee ie abaiow oo tadyacent nuclth F + the__grééttr__ the difference in EN Ss the two as Led the between the 2 atoms, the more 5 bee ie || Mpa thbond eeaongate i , Factor Ta bond length bond onoray [astm tare to beak one wale oF abe a affecting the | -the higher the bond energy, the range the covalent bond ea RTS strength =the ‘Shortt __ the bond length, the stronger the covalent bond. , i fewyh of comient | Ea. tiple bond’ Heppiouble bond _C=CE™Hngle bond He rete bond Eg. C~Clbond weaver? C-Br bond he bind et 9f one acne Properties of | () Relatively low meting and Boling point (Yor simple molecules) covalent (@) cannot conduct electricity in any physical states because they do not have mob? ions compounds | ordelocalised el (can ony find va. Meh ae at ond,_| Lt s80e ony in organi solvent but ro water. — [those covalent compounds that can dissolve in water is due to formation of hydrogen bonds: re song lend | between simole molecules and the water molecules.) ; | Wire eat van dur his foreerae (0, No,~ auomaily daw) Lets chee en AR, ReSB CNT 64 CN shape [ SOR Soy | 6 | | 20 oe | = ee C03 | 205 | Tetrabedeo | C-Ae- Z (Oe 2a % “ 1 double bund (eee e fer = oo =e smoye bund Tagano| Pace Nos” - (#7 dhog am A Li (a eles ge 5G a a sie 0 =N38: : or is tnoaaay plencyCHRIS LAU gent * oy exp br A es 22 Te bat fee Predicting || () by hybridisation ER ti Ison the shape || Chet don't brow phe |” aes fle of sp” bead 6aQQe) molecules ||| eg°CH. NH; H,O | | - electron pairs are separated as far apart as possible. to minten SC - Vat cape bier ore His, 7%, || ape eraiplene oe reo? ie ea: 2 (aS for as (A) state the rami bond palr-bond pair 7° 7 a [Pee | rencon wel SN BRA Fa nie @ : Pear Was Hee / a oi a i 21 ile | merece fice ange tits |) Pen os on eet -the e pairs in N-H bond - HO | fepason reais a FUR Hy -bond angle ia RH ae pene aati. | bags puter orgy oe ‘Ise ss s hur 1S [ec electronec 6 eae pore V SEPA Hhcony 23 Factor affecting covalent | The —_Siwallar Rema wo atoms, the charsctecin an onic glee covert char. Nee co bond (refer ae note Cation: igh chptge & smal size ‘Anion: - dize i, e charge density) ge i) =, ele 02 - polarzing power) gaye alee Be Eg AiO, Ally, Lil: Covalent character ag > v-0 > ut Factor affesingionie) |The Ws ig ference nelecvoneaivybawen io om character in ac the grea ong ane sfpieliinim Comper | yao reaget rg code ola ai ond! 8 tl, organolithium is more RREY “Than RilgX. Gognatereseent ~FRIR OE cag) SY SAA Content bond is more polar 0 pass) Sy) Mant a tat nator iene deer Sarhivieeu Polar molecules. T molecule (has no fone | = molecules are: syemetncal (have lone pat of eleconslend general one pe of band) = has no net dipole moment, of: ‘aio electrons and dere pes bores), Jug {as nt dpote momen or wt0 (THE AS, ron This is because all the bond dipoles cancel out { j,|. This is Because the bond dipoles EAAmol Cael Suede SS : Sethe comunk bond ta the mole wes UF partie - eg: 6=c=0, ci bec - eg: AS aXe pie peopel silt ertectin stctostatonens "ICS HS OTT a aatate gga : i He No deflecton "etected towards the notes VNB Se ov Sf cl 90 meme Hl A aheoute US ) ye nt a 4 cD) és yotew™ pane macets ducted Cee reg V Etrectinelectricfielt, ayuerds fhe cheged "S| erect reectic field Frendomy ditibuted iota” ° San TH bop Fs SS pane BK Pac mrorecvtes LILI Z ante character ta oweuat uel Soh Stata tn: pom = The different va leckonagatioty between hydogen and caren IS very Smany. The |ag iG sep 1s vdentily central tor CLrenesity ECGK IONE Centra | eee slep 2+ teeminall tee Cao of e conttibte #0 fum bead ) Uae" Eh pas eee Deming total nue ber of, e- pats. -—CI—F Step 42 change it unio electron part sep S° identity the bonding por & tone par: step 6+ draw the stuctvre bosed on VSEPR é Bela AH, eee Hehe es Dees N—-Be- aE ; ; aH Be fen = 2 poirs (rinear ) Ben Eb pres (tehabedral shop) — CI — Be —C] 130 0- be- 2H =2e= Fe- = k pairs i 0: fa shape ane H f ae ! a Cte aan BH 30" ie -| a len Fe“ Ele pairs (feted)Exercit 1() Nitric ai is obtained from ammonia by the Ostwald's process. Nivic acid undergoes complete dissociation in water to Produce the yarogen onan he item. FIN (Q8bv1998) EN SO cnet Aas (i) Drow meee Saga) tore ntl and site stage. SCS Nem 1 o Ome gx “5 EF B=anN56 ve oss) DAS shope Arigonal plan ow .2. (a) Disulphur dichloride, $2Ci,, is yellow liquid used to vuleanised rubber. The structural formula for disulphur dichloride is asso (24/2001) (Draw he Lows structure for dsuphur dicho “i—$—s-—E e (single bond HE % s>4) (i) Name thefnybrid orbitaslor the sulphur atom in disulphur dichloride. .., te eae eee rere s \ JEL Clone pow repulsion £62) 5 a ¢ pow repu ual) (©) Suphur hexdiuorde is absorbed together with oxygen during the Xf examination ofthe lungs to provide a sharper picture. However, sulphur hexachioride is not known to exist. SCI (0) Wie the sulphur in sulphur hexafluoride, ote enachoride doesnot ext. (3) (AAnot stable) He S01, boad ‘3. The carbon atom uses hybrdised orbitals to frm bonds inthe propene molecule, Cate, H— C= C-G-" —(arnya002) {Stato the type of hybrid orbs volved (Draw a labeled diagram incicating the overiapping of orbitals in the propene molecule and show the type of bonds involved Hq ul [3 mares] + tg ot g's NO eH 4(0 brn Lee drlhre a sae th pooh bs BF ole nd he en case) i ey a ottohedam olearearnaage (c2<720 () SF 6 Used asa insclting gas in igh votage eect apptances, Tt AS Ghemicaiy inert. {) S, does not exis,Covalent Compou nd ‘non-polar ee teas a lypee be = noe symmetacel shepe ~ Symmetrical ShoPC ng rane par Catt bord dipoles = ali bond dipoles cance! out Conroe Cus enC qaotly” cath other Fipple. =[CEO Pre Cancel ovt eoch othon NE rer )—D make rt bee, pola as re mare Lj, become pve polae moleutes ra € ecteestate fele/ [eet ' eee at ee i Cc ty ¥ nm prar 4 0 u 3 7s lo=Ss 7 oO S { O 0 YT ehaged oc BA syortice) ce [pitar anecaie s ee deMededl tow ards red ~Datitle bet onli ~Aww (iL, and Br,” ions exist but Fon does not exist under normal conditions. (4) eleckrons Fiuocne. alow 3s very sonaiy in size. Repvisin between the tone par of (0) Explain the following statements, ()Nitrogenis inert [2] 6” Suiphur coxide is apolar molecule whereas sulphur tioxide i @ non-polar molecule. Explain this siatement. (7) (Ga/2008) lar Molecule becasce the te enumert And the bend dip "n0A cover molecules because the 8... RO. 7 up! antes ina racine ste anit penn un ae THIS YS hecous® it TH soos) () Draw the Lows stuctue of sulphur ttaivonse. [2] bend pols cowry out each oflvy. SES MEE Hepe pe gf -SE ee 0 Sesaud shape. iy Is sulphur tetratuoride a polar or non-polar molecules? hae rnoecutes (tone sie che ign Teat gan aaa io PRE em dy 3 overtap diagram for a cyanide fon. (3) {@1012006) “on oY (0) Ore th str of ui Slade int CleeegiCVesass | shee SIT ao al ne, (qunsim wsyanunnats LAG» Sng retina agent edn oi coi. (22272007) raw he Lave sche ofthe ryasiomitsen TH vapour is phase. 1] (@3ar2007) [ fle hr] a ( State te active ion hich acis as a nuceodine h the reduction reaction of aldehyde with Wa. as a reagent me seach 10. (i) Using the concepts of hybridization and overlapping of orbitals. describe the bonding in the ethyne, C242, molecule. (6] ered sede of CF] A)MY Gps {@) Both ete and ntrdgen molecules contain tiple bonds. The reactivity of ethyne i greater than that of nogen, Explain this Storena nese — maier than C, NEN is songs I, C=C, 11. The relative molecular mass of aluminium eee Se density at ae Jpregreunes er shown in ‘the table below. a= bead UE, fem (70/2008) Temperature 200 ACTS 800 Relative molecular mass 268 = 133 Explain why the relative molecular mass of aluminium chionde shows GWfSrent values atthe diferent temperatures. 3] at 200%6, forms dimer fio, 12, 0 brew inepsrytse We pes ames tom he acon etveen ama nd aman che 0 ch Me na (€ The ammeria molecule NH andthe phosphine mleade PF have gna pyamialshapes. Explain he erence a bond angles. [3] (@322009) Tre bond cage ip Pres Netedert stem (el erorr ages than that oneal ot ge Po Ci ae pt eas (6) Drew the seucture of aluminum cori, a ‘ype oftondng present (2) anal ante, CAMEdaa cl FIR fell ee ~ igie to z =) Sag Cola sed >gas > AlaCl, is a covalent taolecule Es a A (a Asian lait ay eal ryote tng eae onstoe eee ets compo UCHLCH,}0 ~ AICI], Expl hese obsevators, eae Peeper Ala (2302010) “ney 14 Nivogn ga ne fn na ir sierences 18 Suir donde deve nwa ofom apron st SDs wid eres oa () bro be Lie ora of gsarnelon Sa ; * % (o2uc01 i Bp - (J TeisbedeoD (bot iT = & on OMe Pate | Hy @ wart anes ape ofthe slp ion. (1 bh aby 14g) Tingonel Nremida secs atom is oxygen | PALI leone dhaguem SH PF to094 9 tuganal plano nae) oor 0 i) The bond angles of O—S—0 in SO:*ion and in sulphur trioxide molecule, SOs, are 106° and 120° respectively. Explain iar ng oe, rd tee sap ol he SOs mee The Menno tie wcoleie ae eigencl- prammeetele 1s 4 lone (0 at ne ergo ac rain on np enviorpert 46. (0) (9 Draw an overtapping orbital diagram for @ hydrogen molecule. a (arty 2012) HHL hu ® 6 Sto yp fcr and pm. 47. (@) Carbon monoxide isa poisonous gas (25012012) () Draw the Lewis structure of °C%0 molecule, and state the hybridisation ofthe carbon atom in the molecule. (2) (GAMENET atest AER B. temo”) Tat 4 Sire eters co moidcule the same as that of1C*0 molecule? Explain your answer . (2) 5 sg ed hav! the tee, number enter. and eect: 18.0) Aurinm oie Is an amphoteric compound () Whatis meant by amphoteric compound ? {1} (wre baie equstons to Show the amphoteric benaviou of turin DOs 4 20H" +3Hs0 —y 2[ALOHX]~ (©) Aluminium chloride behaves as a Lewis acid with donor ligands to form complexes. Explain why aluminium chloride is a Lewis “ACCA: WERE Postal: Tk con acapl a pase a ian Gee © ae SL a LL a ne el Cimck > ae aie ci (e) Exoan why bron titre is alate whee, ei eros pe meting point (2) (22 2012) cel i808. Comprind “at as ie ‘gel, by weak, 1. () Day the Lewis structures of O, and hi’. Using the valence ~shet electron: psc repulsion theory, deduce both oftheir nore Seer erin \ Molecvior shape : V-theped bod ange K 128"oo 0 horus element exits as phosphate ion, PO, Whats the shape ofthis ion? {1} 22a) Sate he ra of he valence allot parepdion theory VSEPR. (2 Elecwon pairs repel each thee and move as for as possible OD Magnitude £22, (a) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN is a type of gas. {16120151 (@ Draw the Lewis structure of HCN. [1] -ch (@ State the number of and @ and: bonds found in @ molecule of HCN. [2] Number of o bonds:...2A¢-;. 410. Number of bonds :. #4 Gi) State te typeof hybrid orbital ofthe carbon atom in HCN. [1] Inybridisotion npleasant pungent smell Nl (2) Drew the Lows structure gfhe product formed from te reaction between ak ‘and aluminiuaehioride i Aa dotve boad Fshow WIth , Fshowfok AZ BME, ane Se alas otSiart aT pot (rot el pace moleculeA No C2 semple molecule 42 LAF FER exomple , AACE simple motewtor cement. 6 27. Complete the table below regarding the differences in the properties between ionic comounds and covalent molecules. °°" % Propery. Tonic Compounds Hal ‘mpl Covlet olesuls (0, | Gan Covsien’ Molecules ”~ clevahrt dart esing and Wadar Wont TTBlaqen beady TOAD, vee bog ot she cas higher low medium ae ‘Sates of mater ji mr | sod at eo Miguid 1gas [roud ail demperot w@ (depend 0% maewutor 20) Conductivity | Zonduct electric in | insulator beowst tiwe| insuiator melien wows stele] ge é soeet anh eft eanctty oad Free motile aie Sodje in water buf | vsualty Solubie in mite DESL not _suuble in egonic | Sevnt agen | wotee aad organic spivent. Saivtet. 23. boven ype comme aoa vember Fad \(8 1S soatler thay C05 a 4 oes 20 mists Ng utd white CO, i €i-A\ eine at OOM Fenner 3 - és = 1 presence st hyde on bending aur Hed i etl maa acansitop tat tert vl ia ee ee elector ond acts @S Lew bace waalg tea fs Stee ‘ ae rahe NN aria ) rae oe a a ae ie ner le [Weaning] Attractive force between posiive nuciel/ metal ions and the sea of elecrons, ake eo for, metal 1977 . Oey eee ESSE wags “CSeSeseesey: tan is cotta Tae ab epmecinn ot waedallic =the valence-shel ombials of Sold overlap wth one anclher Tarn 2 energy bands, Te valence band ‘and conduction band weno tot ape - explains the electrical conductivit ids _ phen we weteeee deme aty (ok i eat bone 49? 1 NONE, al on oe tne, wnyto : Waals —y€ neon bag | SetcmaalaT MATOS | None Tinacon? tn sae ~ weak electrical ~ cannot conduct electri conductog (n fect n vein (@tromtovatznce | |_| some erent | [_] tre tm ice Band ca easly Eo overcofe the 5 move conduction | Py enery gan and . band) Cine jump to conduction svenat han cof Df Se Uaed wy e-) eae } Be whe tv at a vera That OBE et omy peer REIL amtnad- “0Ne Mo Al A The Hrengthe of pactantic baad : gS caress OR NEE CES ce Sf Aa ting po neta eee ER acecers. fame Ne to Al They oee_mital_and have _mstoinc loendin ‘mort fle] | - conductivity of metals decreases conductivity can no of with increasing temperature due valence Ae “e tha Strong) fe tai foix omar tH tor S velar - ee Z.ilate than @ Sf Pte ep 4 |] 2) Number of =the wore ‘the no. of valence e, the stronger the metallic bond. valence electrons jeg: Na & Mg ive 2ve tmaatctonfie Heong, i weve a i “Ts “The strength [. Trotsce, tae {Cas San metaticbond. yeetc be ee ot Tiere mde g Pi Lattice But why Ca has higher meting point than Ng? tour 4" re stare Mg:2ve-, has teeagona aruchre(texe oealy packed) acaneut, Ca: 2v.e., it has face-centred cubic( more closely pac ‘ wt . epee apneic Be REDE E oR OK ; Properties | - good electrical conductor at all physical states as they have delocalised electrons. rer temas: | © Tapateamaty > oe Fhe ahewn toyer Com Mi ee: ee q lager Can side past one another eonty « Exercise: 41(0) State, in terms ‘wy aluminium conducts electciy better than sosium. [1] N " sore delocarised el(cton than a0 dived 2. ibm and bediium gre the fst two elements in Period 2 ofthe Pedic Table. Compare te electicalconductvies ofthe two elements. ta) (26072010) tle ewetneal conductivities of | bevitiven iS beter than Mthiven — g better {.Potassium and copper are in the same period inthe Periodic Table but ther meting points are 64°C and 1083°C respective Potassium crysalises in the form of a hexagonal close-packed structure while copper crystals i the form of - (5072010) Relosery packed, ee ae Reged cE tery pocte d 1 "a" transition — element fia biock d Thee pease /The steel Gy iy gnailer, than 401m tem ol tucoe oad bonding reps Ai fami etre, A) Mgcls win anty conduct gtecinicity in molten State but aot in fond state, Flowever, [1862014] Gia a “quod eenduesor of ewemerdy "iq “rend and’ matter aie [2] e bat” detncotted rebie 190) Copyte. “thewon in emotion end cond sit. TT male hes c Ie Metanic bond — have doer (Avteraitzed! cern) en maufen de coud stab, 8S ~ottd CX have mobile te@ Trtemoleentor fete $ CHRIS LAU z aera os sit Wen de wacls furs Kydeage s bench pe ee penned, atlas arvemaewanrere 4 aay wales 5 intermolecular PLES oy |} covalent _bond- Sates) CS Formation (20]]7- permanent dinale — permanent dipole attraction (eh 2. oo See ormeuaeet ete se on = cig papreen 0 polar friolecules: ~ The,Féfdom movement of electrons causes electron densty to be unevenly distributed. The 77 Molecule Becomes temporarty polarised and a temporary poe i formed. This temporary dipole wilinduce a dipole in the nearby molecule. = 09:60, automaticaly 6 SARK 9:60: oe ny 8 REF Factors affecting the stror van derwoals Fors = Timelecaar six] The Tiger te mls, fe sbgo, he emotoouer (Mr) or the total | van der Waals forces. (1% atom Of baste ARS uneutay| number of eg: CO, and O, cs ‘electrons in the Maag M=32 molecule CO; has larger molecuiarsize,thas_S10nGa?_intermoleciar van der Waals forces. BEE BEA ony tenting, paiok tnctenses when gong down G14 7 Tob botlng pbk increases inthe ordors CFs Sl Gel, St riage Ziy | Reason: ‘The molecular size increases in the order of CH,, SiH, GeH,, SnH, Be%M* AE | Se erg fan de Wad faces ncn toe Cha Shi, Gere SOM stagh muting, PIMA than demched thar ngth AbH oi 9 butane has ... 404) intermolecular van der Waals foroes than 2- bean ok Contect AL, | °S 2 shape of (ps7) Staihi-chaln Womers nas Senger ‘ntermolecular van otc .gy fv} Gor Waals foes than Sameera BRS Bap Stight: chain omer 1, has long and elongated shape ade area of contact between molecules is Fes F ~ 50, the molecules are more easily IL. Branched- chain isomer ed aay fom dipete - has more spherical shape des = area of contact! molecules is_Small er ‘methylpropane, hence butane has higher boling point than 2-methyropane vonter ovals AN Til) polarity of | Thera polar molecule has stronger van der Waals forces molecule between molecules (if the molecular size is almost the same) Mri rage DIE} 29 CHCl has eyes, intermolecular van der Waals LE pant. | foesthan Coty widavted) Effects of van der Waals forces wr dee fortes, RM gh Waals} 1. Simple molecular compound have relatively low melting and Boling point Eg. CO; is @ gas ( simple molecules with weak. Van der Wools {or¢¢ ‘but SiO2 (giant molecule with strong covalent bonds between atoms in the molecule) is @ ‘solid at room temperature. 2 Simple molecular compound are gas or Kquid or so1d._ AY wom conden Eg. Cl -9as; Bry - liquid ; !p~ solid'3 Graphite is soft and slippery. (due fo weak van der Waals forces Bw layers) @, Real gas deviates from Weal “\deat gas Eg. He, He, COs and ote \ 915 cause by von der waats bars” '. Covalent compound can dissove inorganic sovent. 1. duc fo van der waall Eg. CCl, lissotves in benzene fortes. degen bad 15 stonger thon & a ven dec waal 5 fect 4.2 Hydrogen Bonding Mosning | Permanentipcl-pemanent poe airacion between ata tot atom which is covalently bonded to a small and highly electronegative atom (such as N, O or F) and the lone pair of ve dagen these small and highly electronegative atom of the other molecule." C=O. wad ind) Examples cH ee i ay ay C= On C=cy Rs ro panont Sail ee Frichtoromettan? 0 2H Aa Om CHM EPH aad _pconery te acrtt a 7. Organic compounds such as ROH, i iH, Rs aaa have re ‘Telting and Boling point than alkanes, alkenes of comparable M.. (3 ry Sand Reason: They can form stronger hydrogen sy He) Fiche harond tases a le can oni fom itomolecular van der Waal forces pevlaaees an Effects of bonding nn Ed Ms as Th matty Hy they Gk He Co 2. Malling and boiling of hydrides of Group 18. 16 and 17. Ps |. NHs, H:O and HF have an abnocmaly higher boiling pont i their respective groups. a oh Sa oe ica Bigaause: The presence of stronger hydrogen bonds in NHs, H:O and HF. iene Bale He GEC) HE Met wag arDone water moieuies can dirws 4 lyydogen lords:i ta sxrnges, yea bond wher Dwmpared to lydoger bord bewe burt & and HH g molcules AE 3 nore en E Armonia hes the owen baling pont compared to HF and HzO, NA 10 Can tort frore| hy dagen, pads aia = = ron er 3 ew = 3 fs |e eee wel . . eS ay em Ton rrtescr 70 : qe aH 3 Se Von dee was’ fate ak (ty awh 3 a Molecular Weight 3 Simple organic such as ROH, RCOOH, amine (RNH;) , RCONH; are soluble in water. Reason : they'can form hydrogen bond with water molecules. cl mone the size of of Be eioh Organic compovad increases , (6% the sowvbtity in woter decease § ole BrREBKIEA Rater wait. "4. Glucose, C3H,203 18 very soluble in water. aifhosgh wt War a iq molewior Size. Reason: It can form extensive hydrogen bonds with Water molecules. (a wt) if syrometenal Cro tone pare one 4y}pe sf i Coad, state/_"_on- polar solvent) id, from measurement in the vapour phase and a non polar solvent twice as large as expected. Reason oe Daimost tHe same as a ALCl, | he a eens ally | hence denar ghee Can oaty dum iy tate tomictey aii Koken daeed wae Tedagen bind 0) inn ot er ea ceteris niece topkedlto aoc Ea aint oe. AE Wuak teaver 3 Caen AMEE ack Be bepalluat tart of pein ws couned by nfdngen bondgy 6, Structure of protein (secondary siructure,terlary structure, quaternary siructure) ‘structure and properties of biological molecules depends onthe hydrogen bond in their molecues. —Protes have C=0 qavp and NHgoup. Sine the C=0glvp anand MH geep oe peter , hydragen bending, occur bewieea SS Pthe adjacent gaups 4 To SRS z SSE 0 HENS 4 = Mtg en bonding ie fan dete betwen) meme haa ee in ached URE 7. Density ofice is less than density of water. Reason: Each water molecule in ice is hydrogen-bonded to four ther water molecules ina tetrahedral thos Tee has more * Fo polecutes ae¢ 4RY lybegen beads, Oe ts less dense they ‘arrangement. This arrangement creates avery open tree dimensional sincture whore the molecu are less closely packed than in the liquid state (This sigue pases ‘tae molecules nA Dae HE RAVE 4 nee ted) NL raehaeh eared swoter moirwies FAR En sh Bi lees, closely SUNY, open (goad % o anced Hen See less. donut é Woter-me = When ice melts, some of the hydrogen bonds break and the open structure of ice colapses. Hence, the H,O molecules become more closely packed, thus giving water a greater density than ice. 7 iferant mang pot ad baling pon hams — A 7 hears rete ei RT die eg “4 nitrophenol 2 = ‘2-nitrophenol A Bae , = aig ne ao O- H0: N 7 6 4 ae wp uesesh, roger wth iter S form intcomolep dor molecdar hydrogen bonding ee ie the “NO; aad-“OH groups are not dose To each | =the -NO, and “OH groupe are cose to each [was other other i =the molecules frm intermolecular hydrogen | - the molecules form intramolecular hydrogen bonding beads 5, forms extensive hydrogen bonding between | - So the molecules are held mainly by van der molecules, Waals forces “ithas higher meting and boing points =ithas lower meting and bling points Sh formation tance cate hye aertT i Hn sole HF cries tall rm Tonge 27204 chains Laure the moleules ove hal Se Dewees are broken. ae inl Shi as eee ea rieg taentantle cae teh formula d te Eel as We fan, the Hatem '3 bonded fo > Huon een One Hage weO per emwonte mnojetdar size.) Lerdroten baie de(@ Using te graph you sketced in (), expan the variation in boing points of the hydrogen hades. (3 (72000) HE has. excepvonel high puta guuek Ths is due fo. stanger _intemole cae er ee ee earl Ss —— [agp | — eager a a a Seteta we i 5 Sodium gral 98 880 Hydrogen bromide ~~ 87 oT (9 State the ype pf bonding present nla chodide. jon iC bond (Name one substance which conduct lccty in mot sae (Which substences are gaseous at rom tempereiue and atmospheric pressure? Methand. _.W) Bolin interns of structure and bonding, why methane and sicon dioxide show asanificantatference in bling point. Tike sempre molewies with weak infemoeular 5b) In terms of the structure and bonding, explain the folowing statement: (Ices ess dense than water. When ice melts, ts volumes decreases. (4) Tee hat shugure and. dhe. maoleeules ese a tr9672014) acked. more open, 6. Explain the folowing observations in tems of structure and bonding: {@) The meting point of 4-ntrophenol is higher then 2-nrophenol. Lduudure and bonding () Te bong otf ammonia ane rosghig f3°C a7" repacivey Ha ond oh het thas a bake baling "puva 2 wae Py hag tok intermolerelenr A Gp in tem of banding why seid Aly subines aff reudiven) Vows Seoplature > [>] D> ACIy te & simaple motecater canywund - Thee are week van der wats dices between the wleculec. 20BEN otes Frog Textbook = Concution for tonic bind 1) Tonic bond compounds ore foamed betestin maetattic elements ( Group | 2 and 13) and _non—metaiic elements Clroup 15,16 ,!7) es 2 2) During the fonction of ionic bond , he lattice needy) _ must exceed the iontsction energy) require 40 he respective cations and ani ons. Drawing, of the Lewss Dug) ) Determuate which atom iS” central ate and which are the terminal atom. ( Central ctom Gy Ve PEBELA , Sometimes have tone poir = central atom) 2) Tuennal atoms must attain AN octet conk guration « 3) Th isnot necessary for the cantel at0"1 ‘Yo attorn octet Zonlquetig 1) If the cental otom 1S bom fenod & (Li to F) , then the fetal no. of alectwns sumounding, the At) Cannot > (*UK&KEAP ). 5) Moms witl endeavour fo fom murtine bonds (double or inple > euch are Stronger - ise oe ie eo G) In hn rilewtor onion, Hoe neqstive chawye Of the ior\ fends 40 share ame as many other smllor tors as ponible. This 1s 40 “decree the chara densttX) on ony porticular tow) and. # Yabinse the 17. D) Fox _atcewslor cation NOf He postive choge will be Cony by Tees Clectronegadive etom in fhe Molecul ow (071 coe Sees 7) For _wwoiewitar Gnion , the negative chowgX ott be cemed by atom which ar more ele ClO negat} es eon more So rer 0 TS eletoneqate than¢, a + Ligands are atoms [motectes | 218 thet can donate Hiei fone pare of eceaans to adler ate’ +0 foan dotve bond (coor diaste bord ) ae The cations are Aecton pair aceept0 (Lewis guds) whle the anion (tigaads) bre alecon-porr donors (Lewis bases)tN at: Couphox yon = Gonprer ion Consists of a Central metal Catwr Lande to a gavp of Bees molewles or was (Ngands? shou h dative bow as (el A a as Geo t F factor atfediay the strength, of Covalent Loe! Sbind leagth —~ Sed ety rae & The tapi Coudent bond 14 Na molecuitS 45 vesponsible or tts inetness f a ame ETS] a Staple and tS stronger then cing d double bel tuple bond ve sate bond RE hence tt 15 Homer. ' Resonance stwucturt ) The position OF gh, doubie ond an the (Oy iva 6 ned x00 The Getwa) wwctore of “the Cog-iea is aeqwotty) a‘ wnxture | of thee posse resonghc ~ Sectuve. Hine , Are three carbon soxygen’ beads in C0," tom dre identica( 9 lengih and 2 — oer 5: eS ql i Nee sl ear ea [aaa OS Ga0s as pe eaanaCEE ear = (i its u pee an, . a“No, Date Metontic Bonding, ») Due 40 the tow) Clecimnegatmty , the valente shetl elecmng of metals ark eacity renewed to fmm Métal Cations. 2) The toms Gre packed very closely in sored state until the orbital Contam the wolene electwn ovday> wit one onotler 40 form gionk mleudor otbite, The vedere cleion ort fru to Move throupra® tke giant mnglecviar orbtel| (detocorised) ) Hemet Abere fre new gy attrac ye forces — between the postr wong and the detocoird electan = This ic called entice _boedvoy. as e ) The presence of delocarised clecrang explony the elecinea] conductuty As we ap US Wat conductuty 5) When heat 18 applied do one end of wytal , the elector gain kitnehic egy. he heat is then tonsinited 40 tg other end thovql delocained elector, ) Wher a peieation diflecene is appried Gents a pie of metal , the detocoyd eleva wit! be attracted to positive teminay High, ionic character Ingle _Coverak chaveeterClechonegave Coutent character 1 an roric bond. [eecwon cloud AK cation fei) 7) Paarisation Can algo cer wm nic baad. ‘ @ iC) =| before priacisation , even distribution of Chergeg P aa Ong) =| alter polertsaier uneven distribution, } ew it happened Factor affecting the covalent Character in an tonte bead. | pick: t ch Bod The potertsing power of cation S + The poterising power of cotton 1s divectty prope et to the [BE rates Coarge deasty ) acter 2 > The porartabitity of dhe anon~ | + The lager the size of aa anion , The weaker the attraction | betwen the nucleas and the electwas. The electron cloud is east _potanse d by cations - Aor 3 + The diffrence in. elecronegatinty better flO atoms. ~The senatley the differenece the higher Hhe Covalent charactor - AAMC, has polar _covotent bond, but becouse the molecule i symmetrical the two dipoles exactly cancel out one aavther . Thut, AICI become non polar molecule . f = A por molecule is a molecule which hat a cmatl poutive chacge on one end and smai negative cheqe on He other end.! The molecule is [said tol nsveetdl polemicsExceptional - case. 7910, 1S G none flkar “wolewle even thyvaa Ae bond ow potorised [T+ has potarsed covalent bond . 2) Cs rs ‘Tinear shape. The oxygen atom ix more elechonegatve thon Cacoon Gtom . Therelor , the #WO C=O bead s in CO. ave _potorue d. oo Oe ee ee _3)| Hlovinver Are _moWevie 1S syemetnicat | the 400 dipaes exactly Cancel oud Jone another. Thus , Phe moewie is net peter ene, G covalent molewle is poanied if . AOATAD) the covotent bond vin thes molewle is .poworued. 32) The “dipole -rmemert do “nok ceiacel “ot one: -onotherd 3 Tonic. Choracter im Covctent_bond : Cetecvon clovd 4X mawre etecronegatwe BITES How it happend ? a a Matty , the election deastty is uniformity distributed between 4wo we 2) However | due 40 the bigher elecronegativiy of fwusrine compored #0 Inydiogen oton , the Fluorine tan 4endS +0 Ott a shonger attracto: He Yndng elector 3) This couse the electron dens Y of the bonding, elerreas to be Ingle Tovouad the Fiuerne ator shan the hy drogen ado. Hence , the _theonne end of the moieaes 2 lnequires ight naganve [auarge and the “hydagen end ' now acquins a snghily positive chag. 0) The tovaient bond is tid 40 . prlawed and this que are 40 Tonic chocacter 1A Covarent bond. ‘ “Leg of malewies vith pator covarent bonds i NHs Wed Allg [Factor affecting the tonic choractrr in a _covalea bond = | The difference in etectwnegativty perwieen two atoms. igher the differences , the higher the ionte Characty >soya ie [Von de Wats rss. [Wher Comparing, “the strength of van der waals foras FUVEA moewles Giq size “and no of elector raative molecular mass. Molecules with biggee siZ@ , more no elector and Lagher relative molerweor [mass wilt have _Strower van der Waals Fortes, (Tonprary dipole -wiaveed ce PS) Ri? cmeistzee tastatiatecanie SSrelar Smee almost tdentica : f _, Ao of ele a) raative.moleculor mass almost 2 Le = © Tovalent bead the pour —mvtewtex— vonger—Tavelent bo A Roper Mite TA. Covalent bond | [the —shenget—ol _ puueatege of tonic character in covatent bond. a — peed —on thi —difterence 24 —efechoaagatiesty (dif feience in cleanangaiy eat Ae Ha higlsc He _poianty of mule wes, 8.5 |Hydogen bandens) Fite hydwgen bonding iS ston, 2 DlThe bydegen atom bad no wnerd shen electors Heace, the nucleus of hydiogen Btver con get ury cluse to Hee tont pore of electans vf — [ator without being reptlied by erchon Clud oround He eter — atom, ate: : | " ! 9g . . 2 i . ¢ Oxygen or fuorme atom, or the tone pow of cect s. of antler ——$luery tea Pein ER 21 Exampie, [Pucange the fonrowincy compounds, i the ender Of increasing, boil [pats Began sour onswer- = +} } 20H : a =Expanation © LGUs: CH Br has the lowest baiting pritt because it is unalote to Foren, ny drogen bending. The intemoiecutar forces between CHsCU3 C2 Br molecules Ys weak Von der waals foros. =| Ge cooh has the highest boitiag, Pant becuse the tydagen bondag between the Crs Coo molecuter are Manger due to the presence Of an eecion withdrawing ‘C=0' group which tacreases the, postive Charge on tke hydagen tom of a OH group | Rianeca epee 1m) = Both CHycHoH and CHsCH2Ch20r| con Ben by dogen bonds berweer [the molecules. However CHa cH2CH , of - has a higher beoiltn pain thea CH3CH20H incense of ther bigger molcwle « 812P | and the wowe total number oF eteciome in the moleculen Hee, 14 rneeaus the ctrengih of the by dagen bonding. ctor af The swe of “the molecules (A. molecular = bigger size, ctronger the hydoger banding, 2) The datal number of electors 1” the molecules =| the higher the totat wumber of 7, the swunger the Heength of hy degen _bondiag 3) The number of lone parr electron as = eH. HO has tngher” b point than NH enue oxygen atom hot [fio tone port electons. Ha0 con fon 2 hydagen bunds per molecule. Bewoaie— Nt, Nitogen in NHz has only onc long pair tection , [NHg motecrte form “only wae hydagen bend per wolecle. 1) The aecronegatvey of tha atom in-ear a molecule, — The higher the “ elecronagatiey the Hangin the covet hydrogen howd eg. HIF er has a higher bomnng pot thea NHs because ferme [tom is yore ekaonegee then niagen ator cousin Ue _bydragen bond between KE molewtes to be Yonge =) the presence of electon ce, ‘C=0" =e “ coboryiie acd KOE A toc = FEAR Z On, 0 2 a SP “Alcly BS sp Cae ae 5 XC op ke ad Eye eben ap