ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return

from GSM to LTE

Feature Guide
GERAN UR14

ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTE

Feature Guide
Version

Date

Author

Reviewer

Notes

Wang
V1.0

2014/04/20

Haifeng,
Liu

Gu Yuhui

First edition

Yinghui
Adds optimization function:Control
V1.1

2016/04/07

YangYiqin

Gu Yuhui

FastReturn by RXLEV; updates

parameters and activation procedure.

2016 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used
without the prior written permission of ZTE.
Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information in this document is subjected to
change without notice.

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1

Feature Attribute ............................................................................................... 4

2
2.1
2.2
2.3

Overview ............................................................................................................ 4
Feature Introduction ............................................................................................. 4
License Control .................................................................................................... 6
Correlation With Other Features .......................................................................... 6

Technical Description ....................................................................................... 6

Parameters....................................................................................................... 11

5
5.1
5.2

Related Counters and Alarms ........................................................................ 15

Related Counters ............................................................................................... 15
Related Alarms .................................................................................................. 16

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

Engineering Guide .......................................................................................... 16

Application Scenario .......................................................................................... 16
Feature Activation Procedure ............................................................................. 16
Feature Validation Procedure............................................................................. 18
Feature Deactivation Procedure......................................................................... 19
Impact on the Network ....................................................................................... 19

Abbreviation .................................................................................................... 19

Reference Document....................................................................................... 20

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

FIGURES
Figure 6-1 GSM Cell Configuration ....................................................................................17
Figure 6-2 GSM Cell Configuration ....................................................................................17
Figure 6-3 E-UTRAN Measurement Configuration .............................................................18
Figure 6-4 Deactivating Fast Return ..................................................................................19

TABLES
Table 2-1 License Control List ............................................................................................ 6
Table 4-1 Parameter List ...................................................................................................11

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

Feature Attribute
BSC version: [ZXG10-iBSC (V6.30.30)]
BTS version: [Only for the SDR platform]
Attribute: [Optional]
Involved NEs:
NE Name

Related or Not

MS

BTS

BSC

iTC

MSC

MGW

SGSN

GGSN

HLR

Special Requirement

: involved
-: not involved

Overview

2.1

Feature Introduction
In the areas with both LTE and GSM deployed, a terminal preferentially resides in an LTE
cell. The terminals that have established services may transfer from LTE to GSM for
some reason such as mobility. In most cases, a terminal returns to IDLE state after
releasing the service in the GSM network, and triggers a location area update procedure.
After that, the terminal reselects an LTE cell based on cell reselection parameters, and
triggers a tracking area update procedure. If many terminals that have established
services transfer from LTE to GSM, two location registration procedures triggered by

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

each terminal not only add signaling load to the core network, but also increase the
duration in which the terminal cannot be paged.
ZTE GSM products can send LTE cell information through the Cell selection indicator
after release of all TCH and SDCCH indicator in a Channel Release message when a
GSM/LTE terminal releases a call in GSM. With the LTE cell information, the terminal
directly reselects an LTE cell, instead of returing to GSM and then reselecting an LTE cell.
Thus one location area update procedure in GSM is avoided.
In UR12, the operator can determine whether a suitable LTE neighbor cell for a terminal
to fast return to is selected based on measurement reports. If a terminal reports multiple
acceptable LTE neighbor cells, the BSS selects the cell with the highest level among all
the acceptable LTE neighbor cells and sends the cell information to the terminal.
Meanwhile, the BSS can set cell reselection parameters specified for fast return to LTE,
which are independent of cell reselection parameters from GSM to LTE in IDLE state.
This enhanced feature needs to be supported by GSM/LTE dual-mode terminals.
In UR13, the operator can determine whether fast return from GSM to LTE only applies
to Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) calls. If this feature applies to CSFB only, the BSC
triggers fast return from GSM to LTE based on the CSFB indicator in a Clear Command
message sent from the MSC, and enables the terminals with CSFB calls to fast return
from GSM to LTE after the calls end. For non-CSFB calls, fast return from GSM to LTE is
not performed. This enhanced feature needs to be supported by the core network.
In order to improve the network index, sometimes hope can according to user level
situation before release, deciding whether to redirect to LTE network. So, in order to
ensure that 2G index may require the low level users to return to the LTE network, the
high level users stay in GSM network. When the GSM coverage is better than LTE, in
order to ensure the overall network benefits, may require high level users try to return to
the LTE, and the low level of the user is still retained in the GSM.

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

2.2

License Control
Table 2-1

License Control List

Feature ID

ZGO-02-03--014

Feature Name

License

Configured

Control Item

NE

Fast Return from

Fast Return

GSM to LTE

from GSM to

BSC

Unit

TRX

LTE

2.3

Correlation With Other Features

1. Required Features
ZGO-02-03-008 GSM/LTE Cell Reselection
2. Mutually Exclusive Features
None
3. Affected Features
ZGO-02-03-019 CSFB from LTE to GSM
If the CSFB feature is activated, it is recommended to activate this feature at the same
time.

Technical Description
Based on 3GPP TS45.008, if the Cell selection indicator after release of all TCH and
SDCCH parameter is carried in the channel release message, a terminal tries to reside in
the indicated cell, which may be a 2G cell, a UTRAN cell, or an E-UTRAN cell, and
accelerates the procedure by using the measurement results on the dedicated channels
of these neighbor cells. This feature is called redirection or fast return.

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

When fast return from GSM to LTE is required, the BSC sets the E-UTRAN cells in the
channel release message in two ways: based on configuration only, and based on
measurement results. If the LTE neighbor cells are set based on configuration only, the
MS must measure the cells before residing in one of them, which may affect the speed
and accuracy. If the LTE neighbor cells are set based on the measurement results on the
dedicated channels, the speed and accuracy of fast return can be increased further. If
the LTE neighbor cells are set based on measurement results, the cell information must
be broadcasted for the MS to measure the dedicated channels of these cells. Now the
LTE neighbor cell information is broadcasted in both the Measurement Information
message and 2quater message.
LTE neighbor cells contain FDD cells and TDD cells. The operator can determine
whether TDD cells or FDD cells are preferentially selected for fast return by setting
parameters.
The measurement results of LTE neighbor cells are reported in two formats: 3-bit format
in a common measurement report, and 6-bit format in an enhanced measurement report.
The reported measurement value may be RSRP or RSRQ, which can be configured by
parameters. After receiving the measurement results of LTE neighbor cells, the BSC
averages the results.
When CS services are released, the BSC carries E-UTRAN neighbor cell information or
not to instruct the MS to redirect to LTE based on the FastReturn to LTE parameter.
When the switch support carrying E-UTRAN neighbor cells in the Channel Release
message, and then determine the switch (Control FastReturn by RXLEV), if the switch is
closed, the optimization function does not work, continue to process according to the
original process. When the switch is open, the average value of downlink level from the
current serving cell for judgment, if the level value is in the range of "FastReturn high /
low threshold, it enabled FastReturn, carrying the E-UTRAN neighbor information in the
Channel Release message. If the power level value is not in the range, it is not enable
FastReturn function.
When E-UTRAN neighbor cell information needs to be carried, the E-UTRAN neighbor
cells are selected based on the RelEUtranStrategy and RelEUtranPrio parameters and
terminal capability. The rules are described as follows:

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Only E-Utran TDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell, the BSC does not select any E-UTRAN
neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Only E-Utran FDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell, the BSC does not select any E-UTRAN
neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Prefer E-Utran TDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell, the BSC selects the best suitable
E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell. If there is no suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell
either, the BSC does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Prefer E-Utran FDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell, the BSC selects the best suitable
E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell. If there is no suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell
either, the BSC does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Config and the

RelEUtranPrio parameter is set to Only E-Utran TDD Neighbour Cell, and if the
MS supports E-UTRAN TDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cells
from the configuration. If no E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell is configured, the BSC
does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Config and the

RelEUtranPrio parameter is set to Only E-Utran FDD Neighbour Cell, and if the
MS supports E-UTRAN FDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cells

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

from the configuration. If no E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell is configured, the BSC
does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Config and the

RelEUtranPrio parameter is set to Prefer E-Utran TDD Neighbour Cell, and if the
MS supports E-UTRAN TDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cells
from the configuration. If no E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell is configured, the BSC
checks whether the MS supports E-UTRAN FDD. If the MS supports E-UTRAN
FDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cells from the configuration.
If no E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell is configured either, the BSC does not select any
E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to According to Config and the

RelEUtranPrio parameter is set to Prefer E-Utran FDD Neighbour Cell, and if the
MS supports E-UTRAN FDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cells
from the configuration. If no E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell is configured, the BSC
checks whether the MS supports E-UTRAN TDD. If the MS supports E-UTRAN
TDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cells from the configuration.
If no E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell is configured either, the BSC does not select any
E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to Prefer Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Only E-Utran TDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell, and if the BSC verifies that the MS
supports E-UTRAN TDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cells
from the configuration. If no E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell is configured, the BSC
does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to Prefer Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Only E-Utran FDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell, and if the BSC verifies that the MS
supports E-UTRAN FDD, the BSC selects all the E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cells
from the configuration. If no E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell is configured, the BSC
does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

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ZGO-02-03-014 Fast Return from GSM to LTEFeature Guide

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to Prefer Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Prefer E-Utran TDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell, the BSC selects a best suitable E-UTRAN
FDD neighbor cell. If there is no suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell either, the
BSC selects a cell from the configuration. If the MS supports E-UTRAN TDD, the
BSC selects all the E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cells. If no E-UTRAN TDD neighbor
cell is configured, the BSC verifies that the MS supports E-UTRAN FDD and selects
all the E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cells. If no E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell is
configured either, the BSC does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

If the RelEUtranStrategy parameter is set to Prefer Measurement and the

RelEUtranPrio is set to Prefer E-Utran FDD Neighbour Cell, the BSC selects the
best suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell from the measurement report. If there is
no suitable E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cell, the BSC selects a best suitable E-UTRAN
TDD neighbor cell. If there is no suitable E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell either, the
BSC selects a cell from the configuration. If the MS supports E-UTRAN FDD, the
BSC selects all the E-UTRAN FDD neighbor cells. If no E-UTRAN FDD neighbor
cell is configured, the BSC verifies that the MS supports E-UTRAN TDD and selects
all the E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cells. If no E-UTRAN TDD neighbor cell is
configured either, the BSC does not select any E-UTRAN neighbor cell.

BSC also support CSFB based FastReturn and SRVCC based FastReturn function.
When the parameter (FastReturn to LTE) is set to " Channel Release with E-UTRAN
Neighbour Cell When CSFB " or " Channel Release with E-UTRAN Neighbour Cell When
CSFB and SRVCC ", E-UTRAN neighbor cell information is carried only when a CSFB
indicator.When the parameter (FastReturn to LTE) is set to " Channel Release with
E-UTRAN Neighbour Cell When SRVCC " or " Channel Release with E-UTRAN
Neighbour Cell When CSFB and SRVCC ", E-UTRAN neighbor cell information is carried
only when a SRVCC indicator, try to let mobile phone FastReturn to LTE.

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Parameters
Table 4-1

Paramet
er Name

Parameter List
Defau

GUI Name

Parameter Description

Value Range

lt

Unit

Value

Recommend
ed Value

0:Channel
Release without
E-UTRAN

After a GSM/LTE dual-mode

terminal ends a call in GSM, it
should return to LTE network as
soon as possible. Based on the
3GPP specification, the "Cell
selection indicator after release of

Neighbour Cell

This

1:Channel

parameter

Release with

should be set

E-UTRAN

according to

Neighbour Cell

the network

2:Channel

configuration

Release with

and operator

E-UTRAN

requirements.

Neighbour Cell
GGsmCe FastReturn all TCH and SDCCH" indication in
When CSFB
the Channel Release message can
ll
to LTE
3:Channel
carry LTE neighbor cell information
Release with
to let the terminal return to LTE
E-UTRAN
network,this parameter is for
Neighbour Cell
control if LTE neighbor cell is
When SRVCC
carried.
4:Channel

In a GSM/LTE
None 0

network, it is
recommende
d to use fast
return so as to
reduce the
time required
for the MS to

Release with

return to the

E-UTRAN

LTE network.

Neighbour Cell
When CSFB and
SRVCC

Strategy for
E-Utran
GSMCE Neighbour
LL

Select
When
Release

This parameter specifies the policy

for filling a channel release
message
with the information of an
E-UTRAN neighbor cell so that an
MS can
quickly reselect the E-UTRAN cell

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Generally, set
0:According to

this

measurement

parameter to

1:According to
Config

None 1

0. If MSs are
not expected

2:Prefer

to measure

measurement

E-Utran
neighbor cells

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Paramet
er Name

Defau
GUI Name

Parameter Description

Value Range

lt

Unit

Value

Recommend
ed Value

after call completion.

and thus

The parameter value 0 indicates

there are

that the BSC selects the E-UTRAN

more time for

neighbor cell with the best signal

measuring

quality from all measured

GSM/UTRAN

E-UTRAN

cells, set this

neighbor cells to fill the channel

parameter to

release message.

1. In this
case, E-Utran

The parameter value 1 indicates

that the BSC fills the channel

neighbor cell

release

selection is
not precise.

message with the configured

E-UTRAN neighbor cell.
The parameter value 2 indicates
that the BSC prefers to fill the
channel
release message with the
measured E-UTRAN neighbor cell
with the best signal quality. If no
measured E-UTRAN neighbor cell
is available, the BSC fills the
message with the configured
E-UTRAN neighbor cell.
This parameter specifies whether

Set this

an MS prefers to select an FDD

GSMCE
LL

parameter

E-Utran

neighbor

FDD and

cell or a TDD neighbor cell when

TDD Prio

an E-UTRAN neighbor cell is filled 0..4

When

to the channel release message to

Release

allow the MS to quickly reselect an

based on the
None 0

network
condition and
telecom
operator's

E-UTRAN cell after call

requirement.

completion.
RxLevel

This parameter defines a

GEutran Threshold threshold. If the receiving level of

Measure for Measure the local cell
E-UTRAN

is lower than this threshold

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0: below - 98dBm
1: below - 94dBm
2: below - 90dBm

None 15

15

3: below -86dBm

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Paramet
er Name

Defau
GUI Name

Parameter Description

Value Range

lt

Unit

Recommend
ed Value

Value
Neighbour

(meaning the parameter value is

4: below -82dBm

Cell In

0-6) or higher

5: below -78dBm

Dedicated

than the threshold (meaning the

6: below -74dBm

Mode

parameter value is 8-14), the UE

7: always

starts

8: above searching for E-UTRAN neighbor 78dBm

cells. 7 means always and 15
9: above -74dBm
means
10: above
never.
-70dBm
11: above
-66dBm
12: above
-62dBm
13: above
-58dBm
14: above
-54dBm
15: never
Slippery
window size
for
GEutran
Measure

calculating
average
value of
E-Utran

Slippery window size for

calculating average value of
E-Utran Neighbour

1..20

None 4

Cell

Neighbour
Cell
Set this

offset to the

parameter to

reported
value when offset to the reported value when
GEutran prioritizing prioritizing the FDD E-UTRAN cells
0..7
for
Measure the FDD
E-UTRAN

6bit reporting

cells for 6bit

reporting

a larger value
if FDD
None 0

E_UTRAN
neighbor cell
are
expected to
be reported in

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Paramet
er Name

Defau
GUI Name

Parameter Description

Value Range

lt

Unit

Recommend
ed Value

Value

priority.
offset to the
reported
value when offset to the reported value when
GEutran prioritizing prioritizing the TDD E-UTRAN cells
0..7
for
Measure the TDD
E-UTRAN

None 0

None 0

None 0

6bit reporting

cells for 6bit

reporting
offset to the
reported
value when offset to the reported value when
GEutran prioritizing prioritizing the TDD E-UTRAN cells
0..7
for
Measure the FDD
E-UTRAN

3bit reporting

cells for 3bit

reporting
offset to the
reported
value when offset to the reported value when
GEutran prioritizing prioritizing the TDD E-UTRAN cells
0..7
for
Measure the TDD
E-UTRAN

3bit reporting

cells for 3bit

reporting
This

According to the terminal before

parameter

release of the downlink level

GGsmCe
ll

Control

should be set

decide whether to carry on the

FastReturn channel release message 3G or

by RXLEV 4G neighbor cells, to ensure that
the network index.

according
the
0: No

to

network

configuration
and operator

1:Yes
High
GGsmCe RxLevel
ll

None 0

requirements.

This parameter is used for

This

controling FastReturn by RXLEV

parameter

threshold of It indicates the upper threshold of

FastReturn downlink Rx level.

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should be set
0..63

None 63

according

to

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Paramet
er Name

Defau
GUI Name

Parameter Description

Value Range

lt

Unit

Value

Recommend
ed Value
the

network

configuration
and operator
requirements.
FastReturn
should

be

used only for

the

users

which
downlink

Rx

level meet the

threshold
requirements.
This
parameter
should be set
according
the

to

network

configuration
Low
GGsmCe RxLevel
ll

and operator

This parameter is used for

requirements.

controling FastReturn by RXLEV

FastReturn

threshold of It indicates the lower threshold of

should

FastReturn downlink Rx level.

be

used only for

the

users

which
downlink

Rx

level meet the

threshold
0..63

None 0

Related Counters and Alarms

5.1

Related Counters
Counter ID

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requirements.

Name

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5.2

C901110114

Number of fastreturn to LTE

C901110115

Number of SRVCC service fastreturn to LTE

C901110116

Number of CSFB service fastreturn to LTE

Related Alarms
This feature has no related alarm.

Engineering Guide

6.1

Application Scenario
This feature applies to hybrid GSM/LTE networking.

6.2

Feature Activation Procedure

In the configuration resource tree, select Managed Element > GSM Logical
Configuration > Cell Information Configuration and double-click GSM Cell
Configuration. In the right pane, select the corresponding record. The GSM Cell
Configuration tab is displayed, see Figure 6-1. Set FastReturn to LTE parameters.

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Figure 6-1

GSM Cell Configuration

In the configuration resource tree, select Managed Element > GSM Logical
Configuration > Cell Information Configuration and double-click GSM Cell
Configuration. In the right pane, select the corresponding record. The GSM Cell
Configuration tab is displayed, see 2. Set Strategy for E-Utran Neighbour Select
When Release and E-Utran FDD and TDD Prio When Release parametes.

Figure 6-2

GSM Cell Configuration

In the configuration resource tree, select Managed Element > GSM Logical
Configuration > Cell Information Configuration and double-click E-UTRAN

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Measurement. In the right pane, select the corresponding record. The E-UTRAN
Measurement tab is displayed, see Figure 6-3. Set the corresponding parameters.
Figure 6-3

6.3

E-UTRAN Measurement Configuration

Feature Validation Procedure

Test Item

Fast return from GSM to LTE

Prerequisite

1.

The iBSC and BTS are operating properly.

2.

The LTE cell is operating properly.

3.

The MS supports GSM/LTE Dual mode.

4.

Cell reselection and handovers between GSM and LTE

can be executed properly.

Steps

1.

Enable this feature.

2.

Add an LTE neighbor cell.

3.

Use the MS to set up a call in GSM. After releasing the

call, check whether LTE neighbor cell information is
carried in the Channel Release message.

Expected Result

After the call is released in GSM, correct LTE neighbor cell

information is carried in the Channel Release message, and
the MS can fast reselect the LTE cell.

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6.4

Feature Deactivation Procedure

In the configuration resource tree, select Managed Element > GSM Logical
Configuration > Cell Information Configuration and double-click GSM Cell
Configuration. In the right pane, select the corresponding record. The GSM Cell
Configuration tab is displayed, see Figure 6-4. Set the Fast return to LTE as
0:Channel Release without E-UTRAN Neighbour Cell.
Figure 6-4

6.5

Deactivating Fast Return

Impact on the Network

When this feature is activated, terminals can fast return LTE after completing CS
services in GSM, and user experience is improved.

Abbreviation
Abbreviation

Full Name
rd

3GPP

3 Generation Partnership Project

CCN

Cell Change Notification

E-UTRAN

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

LTE

Long Term Evolution

NACC

Network Assisted Cell Change

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RRC

Radio Resource Control

TA

Tracking Area

TDD

Time Division Duplexing

FDD

Frequency Division Duplexing

GSM

global system for mobile communications

CSFB

Circuit Switched Fallback

SRVCC

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

Reference Document
ZXG10 iBSC (V6.30.30) Base Station Controller Performance Counter Reference
ZXG10 iBSC (V6.30.30) Base Station Controller Radio Parameter Reference

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