In this chapter several of the integration formulas and proofs are discussed and examples are

given. Some of the formulas from the previous chapter are repeated because they are
considered essential for the understanding of integration. The formulas in this chapter are basic
and should not be considered a complete collection of integration formulas. Integration is so
complex that tables of integrals have been published as reference sources.
In the following formulas and proofs, u, v, and w are considered functions of a single variable.
POWER OF A VARIABLE
The integral of a variable to a power is the variable to a power increased by one and
divided by the new power.
Formula.

PROOF.

Therefore,

EXAMPLE. Evaluate

SOLUTION.*

EXAMPLE. Evaluate
SOLUTION.,

CONSTANTS
A constant may b e written either b e f o r e or a f t e r the integral s i g n .
Formula.

PROOF:

Therefore,

EXAMPLE. Evaluate

SOLUTION:

EXAMPLE: Evaluate

SOLUTION:
The integral of an algebraic sum of differentiable functions is the same as the algebraic
sum of the integrals of these functions taken separately; that is, the integral of a sum is
the sum of the integrals.
Formula.

PROOF:

Therefore,

where

Then

and

E X A M P L E : Evaluate

SOLUTION:
E X A M P L E : Evaluate

SOLUTION:

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
Evaluate the following integrals:
ANSWERS:
POWER OF A FUNCTION
The integral of a function raised to a power is found by the following steps:
1. Increase the power of the function by 1.
2. Divide the result of step 1 by this increased power. 3. Add the constant of
integration.
Formula.

PROOF:

Therefore,

NOTE: Recall that

EXAMPLE: Evaluate

SOL UTION: Let

so that

or
Then by substitution,

Therefore,

When you use this formula the integral must contain precisely du. If the required constant in du
is not present, it must be placed in the integral and then compensation must be made.
EX A MP LE: Evaluate

SOL UTION: Let

so that

We find d x in the integral but not 3 dx. A 3 must be included in the integral to fulfill the
requirements of du.
In words, this means the integral

needs du so that the formula may be used.

Therefore, we write

and recalling that a constant may be carried across the integral sign, we write
Notice that we needed 3 in the integral for du, and we included 3 in the integral; we
then compensated for the 3 by multiplying the integral by 1/3.
Then

EXAMPLE: Evaluate

SOL UTION: Let

so that

Then
PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Evaluate the following integrals:

ANSWERS:
QUOTIENT
In this section three methods of integrating quotients are discussed, but only the second method
will be proven.
The first method is to put the quotient into the form of the power of a function. The second
method results in operations with logarithms. The third method is a special case in which the
quotient must be simplified to use the sum rule.
METHOD 1
If we are given the integral

we observe that this integral may be written as

By letting

then

The only requirement for this to fit the form

is the factor for du of - 4. We accomplish this by multiplying 2x dx by - 4, giving - 8x
dx, which is du. We then compensate for the factor - 4 by multiplying the integral by
-1 /4.
Therefore,

EXAMPLE: Evaluate

SOLUTION:

Let

so that

The factor 2 is used in the integral to give du and is compensated for by multiplying the
integral by 1/2.
Therefore,

PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Evaluate the following integrals:

ANSWERS:

METHOD 2
In the previous formulas for integration of a function, the exponent was not allowed to be -1.
In the special case of

where
we would have applied the following formula:
Formula.

PROOF:

Therefore,

NOTE: The derivative formula , presented in chapter

5, can be extended for negative functions also. Hence,

EXAMPLE: Evaluate the integral

SOLUTION: If we write

we find we are unable to evaluate

by use of the power of a variable rule, so we write

because the 1 dx in the numerator is precisely du and we have fulfilled the
requirements for

EXAMPLE: Evaluate

SOLUTION: Let

so that

We have the form

therefore,

EXAMPLE: Evaluate

S O L U T I O N : Let

so that

We find we need 3 d x b u t we have 2 d x . We compensate as follows:

Therefore,