1

Concept of stress
To obtain distribution of force acting over a sectioned
area
Assumptions of material:
1. It is continuous (uniform distribution of matter)
2. It is cohesive (all portions are connected
together)

Concept of stress
Consider A in figure below
Small finite force, F acts on A
As A 0, F 0
But stress (F / A) finite limit ()

Normal stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting normal to
A
Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)

z= lim Fz
A 0 A
Tensile stress: normal force pulls or stretches the
area element A
Compressive stress: normal force pushes or
compresses area element A
4

Shear stress
Intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent
to
t A
Symbol used for shear stress is (tau)

Fx
A 0 A

zx= lim

Fy
zy= lim
A 0 A
5

General state of stress

Figure shows the state of stress acting
around a chosen point in a body

Units (SI system)

Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or a
pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo
(kilo-pascal)
pascal)
MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)
6

Examples of axially loaded bar

Usually long and slender structural members
Truss members, hangers, bolts
Prismatic means all the cross sections are the same

Assumptions
1.
1

2.

Uniform
deformation:
Bar
remains
straight
U if
d f
ti
B
i
t i ht before
b f
and after load is applied, and cross section remains
flat or plane during deformation
In order for uniform deformation, force P be applied
along centroidal axis of cross section

Average normal stress distribution

+ FRz = Fxz dF = A dA

P = A
=P
A
= average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = x-sectional area of the bar

Equilibrium
Consider
C
id vertical
ti l equilibrium
ilib i
of the element

Fz = 0

(A) (A) = 0
=
Above analysis applies to
members subjected to
tension or compression.

10

Maximum average normal stress

For problems where internal force P and xxsectional A were constant along the longitudinal
axis of the bar, normal stress = P/A is also
constant
If the bar is subjected to several external loads
along its axis, change in x-sectional area may
occur
Thus, it is important to find the maximum average
normal stress
To determine that, we need to find the location
where ratio P/A is a maximum
11

Maximum average normal stress

Draw an axial or normal force diagram (plot of P vs.
vs its
position x along bars length)
Sign convention:
P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the member
P is negative () if it causes compression

Identify the maximum average normal stress from the

plot

12

Procedure for Analysis

Average normall stress
`
Use equation of = P/A for x-sectional
area of a member when section subjected
to internal resultant force P

13

Procedure for Analysis

Axially loaded members
`
Internal Loading:
`
Section member perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis at pt where normal
stress is to be determined
`
Draw free-body
y diagram
g
`
Use equation of force equilibrium to
obtain internal axial force P at the section
14

Procedure for Analysis

Axially loaded members
`
Average Normal Stress:
`
Determine members x-sectional area at
the section
`
Compute average normal stress = P/A

15

Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm

Determine max. average normal stress in bar when
subjected
bj t d to
t loading
l di shown.
h

16

Internal loading

Normal force diagram

By inspection
inspection, largest
loading area is BC,
where PBC = 30 kN
17

Average normal stress

PBC
30(103) N
= 85.7 MPa
BC =
=
(0.035 m)(0.010 m)
A

18

`
`
`

Shear stress is the stress component that

act in the plane of the sectioned area.
Consider a force F acting to the bar
For rigid supports, and F is large enough,
bar will deform and fail along the planes
identified by AB and CD
Free-body diagram indicates that shear
force V = F/2 be applied at both sections to
force,
ensure equilibrium

19

Average shear stress over each section

is:

avg =

V
A

avg =average shear stress at

section, assumed to be same

at each pt on the section
V = internal resultant shear force at
section determined from
equations of equilibrium
A = area of section
20

10

`
`
`

Case discussed above is example of

simple or direct shear
Caused by the direct action of applied
load F
Occurs in various types of simple
connections, e.g., bolts, pins, welded
material

21

Single shear
`
Steel and wood joints shown below are
examples of single-shear
single shear connections, also
known as lap joints.
`
Since we assume members are thin, there
are no moments caused by F

22

11

Single shear
`
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between the two members
are subjected to single shear force, V = F
`
The average shear stress equation can be
applied to determine average shear stress
acting on colored section in (d).

23

Double shear
`
The joints shown below are examples of
double-shear connections, often called double
lap joints.
joints
`
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between two members
subjected to double shear force, V = F/2
`
Apply average shear stress equation to
determine average shear stress acting on
colored section in (d).

24

12

Procedure for analysis

Internal shear
1.
1
2.
3.

Section member at the pt where the avg is

to be determined
Draw free-body diagram
Calculate the internal shear force V

Average shear stress

1.
2.

Determine sectioned area A

Compute average shear stress avg = V/A
25

Depth and thickness = 40 mm

Determine average normal stress and average
shear
stress
acting
along
(a)
planes
ah
t
ti
l
( ) section
ti
l
a, and (b) section plane b-b.

26

13

Part (a)
Internal loading
Based on free-body
free body diagram,
diagram Resultant
loading of axial force, P = 800 N

27

Part (a)
Average stress
Average normal stress,
stress
=

P
800 N
= 500 kPa
=
A
(0.04 m)(0.04 m)

28

14

Part (a)
Internal loading
No shear stress on section,
section since shear force at
section is zero.
avg = 0

29

Part (b)
Internal loading
+

Fx = 0; 800 N + N sin 60 + V cos 60 = 0

Fy = 0;

V sin 60 N cos 60 = 0

30

15

Part (b)
Internal loading
Or
O directly
di tl using
i x ,
y axes,
+

Fx = 0;

N 800 N cos 30 = 0

Fy = 0;

V 800 N sin 30 = 0

31

Part (b)
Average normal stress

N
692.8
692 8 N
=
A (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60) = 375 kPa

32

16

Part (b)
Average shear stress

avg =

V
400 N
= 217 kPa
=
A (0.04 m)(0.04 m/sin 60)

Stress distribution shown below

33

17

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19

`
`

When designing a structural member or

mechanical element, the stress in it must
be restricted to safe level
Choose an allowable load that is less than
the load the member can fully support
One method used is the factor of safety
(F.S.)

Ffail
F.S. =
Fallow
40

20

If load applied is linearly related to stress

developed within member, then F.S. can also
p
as:
be expressed

fail
F.S. =
allow

fail
F.S. =
allow

In all the equations, F.S. is chosen to be

greater than 1
1, to avoid potential for failure.
failure
Specific values will depend on types of
material used and its intended purpose.
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