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Jenis-Jenis Motor Listrik Tuesday, July 3rd 2012.

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Komponen, Teori Elektronika Mesothelioma Law Firm, Sell Annuity Payment Tipe atau
jenis motor listrik yang ada saat ini beraneka ragam jenis dan tipenya. Semua jenis motor listrik
yang ada memiliki 2 bagian utama yaitu stator dan rotor, stator adalah bagian motor listrik yang
diam dan rotor adalah bagian motor listrik yang bergerak (berputar).
Pada dasarnya motor listrik dibedakan dari jenis sumber tegangan kerja yang digunakan.
Berdasarkan sumber tegangan kerjanya motor listrik dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 jenis yaitu :
Motor listrik arus bolak-balik AC (Alternating Current) Motor listrik arus searah DC
(Direct Current) Dari 2 jenis motor listrik diatas terdapat varian atau jenis-jenis motor listrik
berdasarkan prinsip kerja, konstruksi, operasinya dan karakternya.
Dari berbagai jenis motor listrik yang ada dapat dibuat suatu gambar klasifikasi motor
listrik sebagai berikut.

Klasifikasi Jenis Motor Listrik Dari gambar klasifikasi motor listrik diatas dapat
dijelaskan secara singkat pengertian dari setiap jenis motor listrik pada gambar klasifikasi diatas
sebagai berikut. Motor Listrik Arus Bolak-Balik AC Motor listrik arus bolak-balik adalah jenis
motor listrik yang beroperasi dengan sumber tegangan arus listrik bolak balik (AC, Alternating
Current). Motor listrik arus bolak-balik AC ini dapat dibedakan lagi berdasarkan sumber
dayanya sebagai berikut. Motor sinkron, adalah motor AC bekerja pada kecepatan tetap pada
sistim frekwensi tertentu. Motor ini memerlukan arus searah (DC) untuk pembangkitan daya dan

memiliki torque awal yang rendah, dan oleh karena itu motor sinkron cocok untuk penggunaan
awal dengan beban rendah, seperti kompresor udara, perubahan frekwensi dan generator motor.
Motor sinkron mampu untuk memperbaiki faktor daya sistim, sehingga sering digunakan pada
sistim yang menggunakan banyak listrik.
Motor induksi, merupakan motor listrik AC yang bekerja berdasarkan induksi meda
magnet antara rotor dan stator. Motor induksi dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kelompok
utama sebagai berikut : Motor induksi satu fase. Motor ini hanya memiliki satu gulungan stator,
beroperasi dengan pasokan daya satu fase, memiliki sebuah rotor kandang tupai, dan
memerlukan sebuah alat untuk menghidupkan motornya. Sejauh ini motor ini merupakan jenis
motor yang paling umum digunakan dalam peralatan rumah tangga, seperti fan angin, mesin cuci
dan pengering pakaian, dan untuk penggunaan hingga 3 sampai 4 Hp.
Motor induksi tiga fase. Medan magnet yang berputar dihasilkan oleh pasokan tiga fase
yang seimbang. Motor tersebut memiliki kemampuan daya yang tinggi, dapat memiliki kandang
tupai atau gulungan rotor (walaupun 90% memiliki rotor kandang tupai); dan penyalaan sendiri.
Diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 70% motor di industri menggunakan jenis ini, sebagai contoh,
pompa, kompresor, belt conveyor, jaringan listrik , dan grinder. Tersedia dalam ukuran 1/3
hingga ratusan Hp. Motor Listrik Arus Searah DC Motor listrik arus searah adalah jenis motor
listrik yang beroperasi dengan sumber tegangan arus listrik searah (DC, Direct Current). Motor
listrik arus searah DC ini dapat dibedakan lagi berdasarkan sumber dayanya sebagai berikut.
Motor DC sumber daya terpisah/ Separately Excited. Adalah jenis motor DC yang sumber arus
medan disupply dari sumber terpisah, sehingga motor listrik DC ini disebut motor DC sumber
daya terpisah (separately excited). Motor DC sumber daya sendiri/ Self Excited. Adalah jenis
motor DC yang sumber arus medan disupply dari sumberyang sama dengan kumparan motor
listrik, sehingga motor listrik DC ini disebut motor DC sumber dayasendiri (self excited). Motor
DC sumber daya sendiri / self exited ini dibedakan lagi menjadi 3 jenis berdasarkan konfigurasi
supply medan dengan kumparan motornya sebagai berikut. Motor DC shunt, Pada motor DC
shunt gulungan medan (medan shunt) disambungkan secara paralel dengan gulungan motor
listrik. Oleh karena itu total arus dalam jalur merupakan penjumlahan arus medan dan arus
dinamo. Motor DC Seri, Pada motor DC seri, gulungan medan (medan shunt) dihubungkan
secara seri dengan gulungan kumparan motor (A). Oleh karena itu, arus medan sama dengan

arus dinamo. Motor DC Kompon/Gabungan, Motor Kompon DC merupakan gabungan motor


seri dan shunt. Pada motor kompon, gulungan medan (medan shunt) dihubungkan secara paralel
dan seri dengan gulungan motor listrik. Sehingga, motor kompon memiliki torque penyalaan
awal yang bagus dan kecepatan yang stabil. Adalah jenis motor DC yang sumber arus medan
disupply dari sumber terpisah, sehingga motor listrik DC ini disebut motor DC sumber daya
terpisah

(separately

excited).

Single Phase Induction Motor


Single phase induction motor is an AC motor were electrical energy is converted to mechanical
energy to perform some physical task. This induction motor requires only one power phase for their
proper operation. They are commonly used in low power applications, in domestic and industrial use.
Simple construction, cheap cost, better reliability, eases to repair and better maintenance are some
of its markable advantages.

Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor


The main components of the Single Phase induction motor are stator and rotor. Stator is known to
be the stationary part. Usually, the single phase alternating supply is given to the stator winding.

Rotor is the rotating part of the motor. Rotor is connected to the mechanical load with the help of a
shaft. A squirrel cage rotor is used here. It has a laminated iron core with many slots. Rotor slots
are closed or semi-closed type. The rotor windings are symmetrical and at the same type it is short
circuited. An air gap is there between the rotor and the stator. The most practical applications of this
motor are in refrigerators, clocks, drills, pumps, washing machines etc. The stator winding in the
1 induction motor has two parts: Main Winding and Auxiliary Winding. Usually, the Auxiliary
winding is perpendicular to the main winding. In 1 induction motor the winding with more turns is
known as main winding. While the other wire is called as auxiliary winding.

Principle of Operation
Single phase AC supply is given to the stator winding. Due to this a magnetic field is produced
which pulsates in sinusoidal manner. After sometime the field polarity reverses and the alternating
flux cannot provide the required rotation to the motor. But if the motor is moved by external means,
the motor will rotate with finite speed. Using the double field revolving theory, the behavior of this
motor can be explained as given below.
Double Field Revolving Theory: Why the Single Phase induction motor is not self-starting?
Let m be the pulsating field in the motor which has two components with a magnitude of m/2. Both
rotate at the speed rad/sec and in opposite direction. This is shown in the figure below. Alternating

flux produced by the stator is represented by 1 and 2. Each of the fluxes is equal to half the
maximum value of alternating flux and they rotate at synchronous speed in opposite directions. The
flux 1 will result in the torque T1 in the anticlockwise direction and flux 2 will produce a torque T2 in
the clockwise direction. When the rotor is in rest condition, torques T 1 and T2 are equal and opposite
and the net torque developed will be zero. Therefore, the single phase induction motor is not self
starting. This fact is illustrated in the figure below.

Types of Single Phase Induction Motor


Many methods are there to start the single phase induction motor. Based upon it, there are 5
different types.
Split Phase Induction Motor
Also known as resistance start motor. The main winding and the auxiliary winding are displaced by
90 degree. Centrifugal switch is used here. Some of its characteristics include: Power rating from
60W 250W, constant speed and high starting current. Due to the low cost of the motor it is very
popular in the market. Domestic applications make use of this motor effectively. Due its low starting
torque, it cannot drive more than 1kW.

Capacitor Start Motor


Here the auxiliary winding has more turns. An electrolytic capacitor is placed in serially with the
auxiliary winding. A centrifugal switch is also connected and the two windings are placed 90 degree.
Some of its characteristics are cost is high, power rating from 120 W 7 kW etc. Capacitor start
motor are commonly used in those applications were high starting torque is required.

Capacitor-start and capacitorrun motor


Cage rotor and the stator windings are the two main parts of the motor. The stator windings are
placed 90 degree. This uses twocapacitors in parallel. Here also a centrifugal switch is
used. Starting large loads, simple operation, better efficiency are some of its characteristics.
Domestic and industrial applications make use of this motor effectively.

Permanent split capacitor (PSC) type motor


Cage rotor and stator winding are the two parts of the motor. This has only one capacitor in series
with the auxiliary winding. Here the capacitor works in running and starting conditions. No centrifugal
switch is used here. Some characteristics of this motor are good efficiency, low start current, no
centrifugal switch, large torque, use of simple capacitors etc. Fans, blowers etc. makes use of this
motor widely.

Shaded pole motor


Cage rotor and stator are the main parts of this motor. Here the stator consists of salient poles with
an exciting coil. Each pole is wrapped by a shading coil. The poles are called as shaded pole.
Simple construction, no centrifugal switch, power rating of about 30W are some of its characteristics.
Low power applications make use of this motor widely.

ely.

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