EXAM QUESTIONS

1. Philosophy as a historical type of world outlook

The origin and meanings of the words philosophy and philosopher
The problem of the definition of the term Philosophy
The different views of thinkers on the subject matter of philosophy
Immanuel Kant about the task and the aim of philosophy
The structure of philosophical knowledge
2. Mythology as a pre-philosophical thought
The origin and meaning of the term myth
The meanings of the term mythology
The subject matter of Comparative mythology
Classification of myths
The views of James Frazer, E.B. Tylor, Sigmund Freud, Lucien Lvy-Bruhl, Bronislaw Malinowski on
myth.
3. Religion as a historical type of world outlook
Religion, Faith: definitions of the terms
Classification of religions
The different views of thinkers concerning the existence, attributes, and knowledge of God
Theism. Deism. Pantheism
Earlier forms of religion
4. Ancient Greek philosophy: Presocratics
The main periods in the history of Greek philosophy
The questions discussed by Ionian philosophers
The common features of philosophy and mythology
Milesian School (Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander)
Philosophical doctrine of Heraclitus
5. Ancient Greek philosophy: Eleatic school and the atomic theory of the universe
Eleatic school: idea of monism
Philosophical teachings of Xenophanes, Parmenides and Zeno
Empedocles. Anaxagoras
Philosophical teaching of Pythagoras
The atomic theory of the universe
6. Philosophical teachings of Sophists and Socrates
Rhetoric: definition of the term
Philosophical teachings of Sophists: the problem of true knowledge
Philosophical teaching of Socrates: Ideas and things
Dialectic method of inquiry or the Socratic method
Teleology. Knowledge as virtue in philosophy of Socrates
7. Plato
Philosophical teaching of Plato: the main problems
Academy
Platos Theory of Forms
Platonic Epistemology: Four states of mind
The Platonic doctrine of recollection or anamnesis
8. Aristotle
Philosophical teaching of Aristotle: recurrent themes
The divisions of Aristotelian philosophy
The problem of the nature of universals and their relation to particulars
Metaphysics
Two tasks for philosophers
9. Medieval philosophy
Religion and Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Patristic literature and Patristic writers
Scholasticism

St. Anselm of Canterbury: The ontological argument for the existence of God
St. Thomas Aquinas
10. Ontology
The set of questions of ontology
The central concepts of ontology
The central state question in philosophy
Materialism and idealism as the rival philosophical doctrines
Metaphysical dualism
11. Organizing levels of existence or Forms of being
Organizing levels of existence: definition of the term
The main criteria for classification
Systems and sub-systems of matter
The origin and meaning of the term Noosphere
Big Bang Model: The theory of the evolution of the Universe
12. The problem of the origin of life: the main approaches
The general levels of organization of living things: the main criteria for classification
Hypotheses of origins of life on the Earth
Creationism and its Modern forms
Abiogenesis and the theory on extraterrestrial origin of life
The theory of organic evolution
13. Space and time. Dialectic. Causality
Space and time: the meanings of the terms
The properties of space and time
Substantial and relativistic theories
Dialectic as a doctrine, the three laws of dialectic
Determinism and indeterminism as the theories of causality
14. Epistemology
Definition and the scope of concern of Epistemology
Knowledge: the meaning of the term
The object and subject of cognition
Cognitive process, cognitive act
The problem of the worlds cognizability in philosophy
15. The problem of the origin of knowledge in Empiricism and Rationalism
The problems debated by Empiricism and Rationalism
Empiricism as a philosophical doctrine: the main ideas
John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume on the problem of knowledge
Rationalism as a direction in philosophy and a method of inquiry
Rene Descartes on the problem of knowledge
16. Knowledge and truth
The problem of the definition of the term truth
The Correspondence theory
The Coherence theory of truth
The Pragmatic theory of truth
Constructivist and Consensus theories of truth
17. Intuition
The meaning of the term intuition. The characteristic features of intuition
The stages of the formation of an intuitive decision. Advantages and disadvantages of intuition
The nature of intuition: philosophical perspective
Karl Jung: an introverted intuitive type and an extraverted intuitive type
A Medical Intuitive
18. Philosophy of Mind
The scope of Philosophy of Mind.
The Nature and status of mind: historical perspectives
Materialistic solution of the mind/body problem. The modern versions of materialism
Idealistic solution of the mind/body problem

Dualistic solution of the mind/body problem

19. The elements of the mind.
The elements of the mind
Criteria of the Mental.
The Specific Features of the Mental.
Self-Consciousness. Introspection
Unconscious
20. Anthropology
The meaning and the origin of the term anthropology
The basic concerns of Anthropology
Ethnography and Early anthropology
The division in anthropology: Cultural Anthropology, Social Anthropology
Socio-cultural anthropology
21. Philosophical Anthropology
Philosophical anthropology as a discipline
The scope of concern of Philosophical anthropology
Religious and biological approaches to the problem of human nature
Philosophical approach to the problem of human nature
The philosophical concept man in historical perspective
22. Idea of Evolution in the history of science and philosophy
The birth of idea of evolution in Ancient Greek philosophy
The development of idea of evolution in the Western scientific theories (Linnaeus, Lamarck, Buffon)
The contribution made by Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus in the formation of the theory of evolution
The theory of Charles Robert Darwin and its philosophical meaning
The modern synthesis
23. Culture, its forms and functions
The origin and meaning of the term culture
Various definitions of culture
Functions of culture
The characteristics of culture
Evolutionism and Diffusionism on the origin of culture
24. The forms and types of culture
The origin and meaning of the term culture
Acculturation
Assimilation
Subculture. High culture. Popular culture. Mass culture.
Ethnocentrism. Cultural relativism.
25. Ethics or Moral Philosophy
The terms Ethics and Morality. Forms of ethics
Metaethics and its questions
Plato and Sextus Empiricus on Metaethics
The forms of Moral Relativism
The psychological basis of moral judgments and conduct: philosophical doctrines
26. Normative ethics
The meaning of the term. The central question of Normative ethics. The Golden Rule
The three major approaches to Normative ethics
Consequentialism. Three subdivisions of Consequentialism
Utilitarianism (social Hedonism)
Moral Nihilism (or ethical nihilism)
27. Practical Ethics as the form of ethics
The terms Ethics and Morality. Forms of ethics
The main questions discussed by Metaethics
The major approaches to Normative ethics: Virtue ethics, Deontological ethics, Consequentialism
The subject matter of Applied, or Practical Ethics
The Basic Principles of Medical Ethics

28. Society
The origin and meaning of the term society
Social group and social category
Classification of societies
Pre-industrial type of society
Industrial type of society
29. Post-industrial society
1.1. The major characteristics of a postindustrial economy.
1.2. Daniel Bell about Post-industrial society
1.3. The doctrine of Alvin Toffler.
1.4. The advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
1.5. Multiculturalism. Westernization.
30. Science and its methodology
The origin and meanings of the term science
Scientific knowledge
Scientific method
The empirical procedures of science: observation and experimentation.
The basic forms of the theoretical knowledge
31. Philosophy and medicine: historical relations
The nature of historical links between philosophy and medicine
Folk medicine.
Greek philosophy and naturalistic basis of medicine
Medieval medicine
The birth and development of modern medicine. Philosophy and medicine today
Terms
Metaphysics
Mythology
Religion
Theology
Epistemology
Ontology
Axiology
Philosophical anthropology
Anthropology
Philosophy of mind
Aesthetics
Logic
Teleology
World-outlook
Acculturation
Assimilation
Nonmaterial culture
Material culture
Mass culture
Counterculture
Knowledge
The subject of cognition
The object of cognition
Empiricism
Rationalism

Skepticism
Agnosticism
a priory knowledge
a posteriori knowledge
Micro-subject of cognition
Macro-subject of cognition
Mega- subject of cognition
Intuition
The Coherence Theory of Truth
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
Constructivist theory of Truth
Consensus theory of Truth
Faith
Theism
Deism
Pantheism
Monotheism
Polytheism
Atheism
Animism
Totemism
Sign
Rhetoric
Name Sophists
Teleology
Name the school founded by Aristotle
Name the school founded by Plato
Name Ionian philosophers
Eschatology
Scholasticism
Name the founder of Western theology
Name two periods of medieval philosophy
Being
Matter (according to physics)
Matter (according to philosophy)
Universe
Idea
Spirit
Noosphere
Substance
The Central State Question in philosophy
Solipsism
Name materialists in philosophy
Name the main representatives of Objective idealism
Name the main representatives of Subjective idealism

Name the founder of Metaphysical dualism

Creationism
Gap creationism or Restitution creationism
Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation
Ethnography
Cultural Anthropology
Social Anthropology
Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism

Metaphysics
Mythology
Religion
Theology
Epistemology
Ontology
Axiology
Philosophical anthropology
Anthropology
Philosophy of mind
Aesthetics
Logic
Teleology
World-outlook
Acculturation
Assimilation
Nonmaterial culture
Material culture
Mass culture
Counterculture
Knowledge
The subject of cognition
The object of cognition
Empiricism
Rationalism
Skepticism
Agnosticism
a priory knowledge

a posteriori knowledge
Micro-subject of cognition
Macro-subject of cognition
Mega- subject of cognition
Intuition
The Coherence Theory of Truth
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
Constructivist theory of Truth
Consensus theory of Truth
Faith
Theism
Deism
Pantheism
Monotheism
Polytheism
Atheism
Animism
Totemism
Language
Sign
Rhetoric
Name Sophists
Teleology
Name the school founded by Aristotle
Name the school founded by Plato
Name Ionian philosophers
Eschatology
Scholasticism
Name the founder of Western theology
Name two periods of medieval philosophy
Being
Matter (according to physics)
Matter (according to philosophy)
Universe
Idea
Spirit
Noosphere
Substance

The Central State Question in philosophy

Solipsism
Name materialists in philosophy
Name the main representatives of Objective idealism
Name the main representatives of Subjective idealism
Name the founder of Metaphysical dualism
Creationism
Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation
Ethnography
Cultural Anthropology
Social Anthropology
Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism