Name: Francis V.

Lopez Yr and Section: SBGE-201

Corruption
Definition
Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority,
often to acquire personal benefit.[1] Corruption may include many activities including bribery and
embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries.[2] Government, or
'political', corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official
capacity for personal gain.
dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.
the process by which something, typically a word or expression, is changed from its original use or
meaning to one that is regarded as erroneous or debased.
Types
Systemic corruption
As opposed to exploiting occasional opportunities, endemic or systemic corruption is when corruption is
an integrated and essential aspect of the economic, social and political system, when it is embedded in
a wider situation that helps sustain it. Systemic corruption is not a special category of corrupt practice,
but rather a situation in which the major institutions and processes of the state are routinely dominated
and used by corrupt individuals and groups, and in which most people have no alternatives to dealing
with corrupt officials. Examples might include contemporary Bangladesh, Nigeria, Kenya, Cameroon
and many others. (Michael Johnston: Fighting Systemic Corruption: Social Foundations for Institutional
Reform.)
Sporadic (individual) corruption

Sporadic corruption is the opposite of systemtic corruption. Sporadic corruption occurs irregularly and
therefore it does not threaten the mechanisms of control nor the economy as such. It is not crippling, but
it can seriously undermine morale and sap the economy of resources.
Political (Grand) corruption
Political corruption is any transaction between private and public sector actors through which collective
goods are illegitimately converted into private-regarding payoffs. Political corruption is often used
synonymously with grand or high level corruption, distinguished from bureaucratic or petty corruption
because it involves political decision-makers. Political or grand corruption takes place at the high levels
of the political system, when politicians and state agents entitled to make and enforce the laws in the
name of the people, are using this authority to sustain their power, status and wealth. Political corruption
not only leads to the misallocation of resources, but it also perverts the manner in which decisions are
made. Political corruption is when the laws and regulations are abused by the rulers, side-stepped,
ignored, or even tailored to fit their interests. It is when the legal bases, against which corrupt practices
are usually evaluated and judged, are weak and furthermore subject to downright encroachment by the
rulers.
Grand corruption
High level or grand corruption takes place at the policy formulation end of politics. It refers not so much
to the amount of money involved as to the level in which it takes place: grand corruption is at the top
levels of the public sphere, where policies and rules are formulated in the first place. Usually (but not
always) synonymous to political corruption.
Petty corruption
Small scale, bureaucratic or petty corruption is the everyday corruption that takes place at the
implementation end of politics, where the public officials meet the public. Petty corruption is bribery in
connection with the implementation of existing laws, rules and regulations, and thus different from
grand or political corruption. Petty corruption refers to the modest sums of money usually involved,

and has also been called low level and street level to name the kind of corruption that people can
experience more or less daily, in their encounter with public administration and services like hospitals,
schools, local licensing authorities, police, taxing authorities and so on.
Legal and Moral Corruption
Corruption is derived from the Latin verb rumpere, to break. According to this approach, corruption is
where the law is clearly broken. This requires that all laws must be precisely stated, leaving no doubts
about their meaning and no discretion to the public officials. A legal interpretation of corruption provides
a clearly demarcated boundary between what is a corrupt activity and what is not. If an officials act is
prohibited by laws established by the government, it is corrupt; if it is not prohibited, it is not corrupt
even if it is abusive or unethical. (John A. Gardiner, 1993. Defining Corruption. In: Corruption and
Reform 7)
Causes
Greed, the desire for power and the wish to advance oneself in society are primary reasons for
corruption. Corruption typically flourishes in societies in which there is a high value placed on money,
power and station in life. Its effects might include instability, distrust and unjustness. C
Corruption also flourishes in areas in which resources are scarce, and the competition for them may
lead some to become corrupt in either obtaining more of them or policing the distribution of them.
Controlling corruption requires a balance between opportunity to obtain those things one desires with
discretion in allocating them and accountability in how they are allocated. Many developing nations
simply aren't stabilized enough to be able to form a central core that is organized enough to fend off
corruption.
Corruption occurs in developed nations as well, particularly in ones where there is a strong correlation
between financial worth, status and power. In some instances, corruption can have some short-term
positive effects, particularly in those nations where too much government control is placed over
resources. Here, corruption with the community still provides a system in which private citizens can gain

those resources at a price and temporarily stabilizes the economy. Ultimately, though, corruption usually
has negative effects on an economy through the funding of money into bribes and overpricing of goods
and services, which puts a financial strain on too many people for too long. It also leads to tremendous
distrust of public officials by citizens. It may also lead to an overall increase in crime.
Personal greed that leads to an unfettered desire for money or power, with no regard whatsoever to
moral boundaries. The underlying anthropological cause is the innate human impulse to own external
goods, when it is not subject to personal integrity. Is personal integrity less valued than it used to be? Is
there a need for religious or other types of motivation that were once stronger?
Decline of personal ethical sensitivity, either due to lack of education or negative learning experiences,
developed by downplaying perverse conduct in the past. Should ethical education be put under review?
Is it time for a personal reassessment with sincerity and repentance, to learn more about its influence in
promoting positive learning?
No sense of service when working in public or private institutions. This is seen, for instance, in those
who use politics for their selfish interests, instead of serving the common good through politics. How can
we promote politicians and leaders with a true service-oriented spirit?
Low awareness or lack of courage to denounce corrupt behavior and situations conducive to corruption.
That is the case of someone who is aware of corruption and stays quiet. They simply cover for the
corrupt individuals, perhaps thinking that it is not their problem, or perhaps out of cowardice, so as not
to make their lives more complicated. Would it help to promote a culture of denouncing corruption?
Cultural environments that condone corruption. Such as defending or even admiring crooks (you have
to be pretty smart to evade taxes). Or rationalizing false arguments with no moral basis (everyone
does it; take advantage while you can; life is short). Who ought to promote that culture? Social
leaders? Everyone?
Lack of transparency, especially at the institutional level, but also in less formal organizations. Knowing
that what you do is seen by everyone, wouldnt that deter acts of corruption?

Regulations and inefficient controls. Increased regulations and control mechanisms are probably not the
answer. They are costly and tend to stifle initiatives and administrative dynamics. But why not have
better regulation and more effective control in areas prone to corruption. Is that so difficult?
Slow judicial processes. In some other countries, we would have to add and unreliable to that
statement. Swift processes can have a greater exemplifying effect than those that, by the time the
sentence comes, the crime already is nearly forgotten. Justice requires appealing processes and
warranties, but not if it means slowing down the administration of justice. Do we need more judges, but
also better processes?
Lack of moral criteria in promotions. Corruption is prevalent when there are no criteria for proven
integrity and responsibility in the promotion. Such criteria are ignored when someone is promoted
simply because of their loyalty to whoever is in charge or those in control of the party. Or if it is only their
strategic or organizational skills that are evaluated. Obviously, someone can be wrong when making a
promoting someone, but there should be no problem distinguishing between a simple mistake and
culpable ignorance due to negligence or a lack of ethical assessment. Is it an issue of ethical
shortsightedness?
Downplaying or reacting mildly to corruption charges. Little power of decision within organizations to
penalize acts of corruption to set examples creates an environment conducive to perpetuating
corruption.
Effects
Lack of quality in services:
In a system with corruption there is no quality of service. To demand quality one might need to pay for it.
This is seen in many areas like municipality, electricity, distribution of relief funds etc. If a person has to
purchase a like medicine, due to corruption in education then the candidate after completion of his
course will not like to provide quality health service if there is not enough remuneration for his service.

Further candidates who do not have the ability can also get into the same seat by purchasing it. So
though he becomes a medical practitioner, he may not be competent enough.
Lack of proper justice: Corruption in judiciary system, leads to improper justice. And the victims of
offense might suffer. A crime may be proved as benefit of doubt due to lack of evidence or even the
evidence erased. Due to corruption in the police system, the investigation process goes on for decades.
This lets the culprits roam free and even perform more crimes. There are even chances that criminals
due to old age due to delayed investigation. So it lead to Justice delayed is justice denied.
Chances of Unemployment: This we can see with an example. The private education and training
institutes are given permits to start providing education. This permit is given based on the infrastructure
and sufficient recruitment of eligible staff. Here there are good chances of corruption. The institute or
college managements try to bribe the quality inspectors so as to get permits. Though there are no
sufficient eligible staff these institutes get permission by the inspectors leading to unemployment.
Instead of 10 faculty a college is run by 5. So, even if well qualified persons wish to get job there, they
will not be offered. If there was no corruption by inspectors, then there would be chance for more
employment.
Poor Health and hygiene: In countries with more corruption one can notice more health problems
among people. There will be no fresh drinking water, proper roads, quality food grains supply, milk
adulteration, etc.
These low quality services are all done to save money by the contractors and the officials who are
involved. Even the medicine provided in hospitals for the hospitals are of sub-standard quality. So all
these can contribute to ill health of common man.
Pollution: Pollution is mostly emitted in the form of water pollution, air pollution and land pollution. This
pollution is from vehicles and factories. The governments have a monitor on this pollution by regular
check of vehicle emissions and also industrial exhausts.

Corruption in the government department lets the industry people opt to release of untreated and
harmful waste into rivers and air. If there is no corruption, there can be fair probes. Then the industry
personnel will treat the waste such that it is less toxic and harmless to environment and people in it. So
we can mean that corruption is also the main cause of pollution.
Accidents: Sanction of driving license without proper check of driving skills in the driver leads to
accidents and death. Due to corruption, there are countries where one can driving license without any
tests.
Failure of genuine research: Research by individuals needs government funding. Some of the funding
agencies have corrupt officers. These people sanction the funds for research to those investigators who
are ready to bribe them. In doing so, they do not sanction the funds to genuine and hardworking
investigators. Thus the research and development will be lagging. This seems to be not a problem to the
common public. But if we notice the resistance of microbes to drugs, we can know that there were no
new compounds discovered in the past few decades for efficient treatment of resistant microbes.
Disregard for officials: People start disregarding the official involved in corruption by talking negatively
about him. But when they have work with him or her, they again approach them by a thought that the
work is done if some monetary benefits are provided. Disregard towards officials will also build distrust.
Even lower grade officer will be disrespectful to higher grade officer. So even he may not obey his
orders. There were even incidents where a lower grade police officer kidnapped higher grade officer for
not offering him leave when asked.
Lack of respect for rulers: Rulers of the nation like president or prime ministers lose respect among the
public. Respect is main criteria in social life. People go for voting during election not only with the desire
to improve their living standards by the election winner but also with respect for the leader. If the
politicians involve in corruption, people knowing this will lose respect for them and will not like to cast
their vote for such politicians.

Lack of faith and trust on the governments: People vote to a ruler based on their faith in him/ her. But if
found to be involved in corruption people lose faith in them and may not vote next time.
Aversion for joining the posts linked to corruption: Sincere, honest and hard working people develop
aversion to apply for the post though they like to as they believe that they also need to be involved in
corruption if they get into post.
Decrease in foreign investment: There are many incident where in foreign investments which were
willing to come to India have gone back owing to heavy corruption in the government bodies.
Delay in growth: Due to desire to mint money and other unlawful benefits, the official who need to pass
the clearances for projects or industries delay the process. A work which can be done in few day may be
done in months time. This leads to delay in investments, starting of industries and also growth. Even if
started, company growth hinders as every work linked to officials get delayed due to need to provide
bribes or other benefits
Lack of development: Many new industries wiling to get started in particular region change their plans if
the region is unsuitable. If there are no proper roads, water and electricity, the companies do not wish to
start up there. This hinders the economic progress of that region.
Differences in trade ratios: Some countries have inefficient standard control institutes. Or in other word
these standard control institutes are corrupt that they can approve low quality products for sale in their
country. Hence you can see countries manufacturing cheap products dump them in big markets. These
countries can manufacture cheap quality products but cannot dump in countries with strict standard
control institutes. They can do so only in countries with chances of corrupt officials in standard control.
One best example is China products which cant be just dumped into Europe and US markets. But can
be done in Indian and African markets. So there arises trade deficit that these countries cannot
manufacture their own products at cheaper price than those exporting to them. So if corruption is
minimized than these countries will have less trade deficits in-terms of exports and imports with other
countries and their economies can prosper.

3 Types of Corruption in the Philippines and Why Every Filipino can be Corrupt
1. Malversation of public resources
Our public resources include not only money but also time. Senators, congressmen and other public
officials could misappropriate millions or even billions of public money for their own interest.
Furthermore, they can also misuse the hours or years they are supposed to be utilizing on meaningful
actions. Unfortunately, some or most of them are just wasting the time given by the people to them to do
their job well.
The nations money is robbed; our countrys precious time is also corrupted. People are asking what our
congressmen are doing all those years of their term? Have they enacted several meaningful laws that
can make the Philippines a better nation or have they only wasted their time in the house of congress?
But this corruption of time resource is not only committed by the government officials in the higher
position. Its also committed by many employees of the government. Have you seen government
employees going home and leaving their office earlier than 5pm? Have you seen any of them doing
meaningless tasks in their desks rather than dedicatedly doing their jobs to serve the public? Well, tell
me if they are rarely seen in the government offices of the Philippines.
2. Abuse of power and authority
Not only they steal the money and misuse the golden time of our country, but they also abuse the power
and authority vested to them by the people and by the constitution. The abuse of power and authority is
actually unlawful or illegal. In other words, they are punishable by the law. Its unlawful for public officials
to use their authority for making or favoring government contracts that are only for their self-interest
rather than for the interest of the public. The law also prohibits public officials and employees to accept
material gifts from any person or organization in exchange of a grant of government permit or license.
But dont you know that the common citizens can also be guilty of abuse of power?
The power to vote is granted to us by the constitution. Its our duty and authority. Alas, many of us are
abusing this power. Both vote buying and vote selling are illegal in the Philippines. However, many

Filipinos are still selling their votes instead of making the right vote that can change the future of our
nation. In other words, many voters can also be considered as abusive to their power the power to
vote.
3. Tax evasion
Corrupt politicians steal or misappropriate our public fund. But tax evaders are stealing the public
money before they can even reach and enter into the public fund. Taxes are for the public, and not only
for any private individual to keep. Filipinos have the duty to pay their income and business taxes due.
Although their taxes might only go to the dirty hands of the corrupt public officials, its unlawful to evade
paying taxes.
Because taxes are for the public, tax evasion is tantamount to stealing the public fund. If the public
officials are stealing money from the public treasury and if the taxpayers are also keeping for
themselves the tax money before they even enter into the public treasury, then what will happen to our
country? With everybody following their self-centeredness, our nation can never progress.
I feel compassion for the Filipinos who are paying taxes more than they can afford. Indeed our tax
system is old, and its already giving nightmares to small taxpayers who are experiencing the high cost
of living in the Philippines. Imagine if youre an employee whos earning a basic salary of P25,000 a
month and your basic monthly expenses is P30,000. Since your salary is not exempted from income
tax, youll always suffer from a monthly deficit.
For the government to fight tax evasion, our tax laws should be amended to increase the minimum
income that is exempted to income tax. It should be adjusted to our current cost of living so that taxes
can become affordable and Filipinos can become cheerful taxpayers.

Ways to stop corruption

1. Give better salary in govt jobs: Many employees in government positions receive low salary like
clerks, office staff etc. Hence they expect to make money by bribery. For this they try to delay the work
for so long that the client is fed up and opts for bribery for progress in the work. So low salary is one of
the reasons for corruption. To curb this their salaries should be raised periodically.
2. Increase the number of workers: In many offices of the government sector, the work load has gone up
drastically but the recruitment of vacancies has declined This gives an option for delaying the work by
officials and expect monetary or other benefits for faster completion.
3. Law to dismiss from service if found to be involved in corruption. This seems a better option. For
instance if you see cases where anti-corruption bureau rides an officers home and finds
disproportionate assets, the officer is suspended from employment and taken for judicial trials. But after
couple of years you will find them in employment at same or even better positions. So this creates no
fear among the officials against corruption.
4. Keep transactions online and provide bill for every purchase: Many of them do not pay taxes and
escape This involves corruption. Making payments online through bank accounts and provision of bills
for every transaction involving money. This is a better corruption watch.

In other words, public should opt for cashless transactions where possible. This will limits the corruption
related to money.
5. Camera in most govt offices: In every ATM there are camera to keep a watch on the public taking
their money. Then why not government offices have cameras to have a watch on the employ
performance. Even there are many employs who openly take bribe in presence of common men. This
public bribery is due to confidence that public wants their work more than the amount they are paying to
them as bribes.
6. Speed up the work process in govt institutes: Most corporate offices are in full fledged running by 8-9
am. But the government offices start by 10 to 11 am and wind up by 3.30 to 4 pm with a lunch break of
one & half hour in between. This indicates how much of commitment lies in the work and how fast the
work goes on. If there are mistakes in the work or delay in the work, civilians have to run behind those
workers to rectify or complete the work. In doing so they pay bribes to get the work done. This makes
the chances of corruption more or else work is not done. So there should be accountability of daily work
done in government works and targets to complete the work on time basis. Or else instead of being
public servants, they tend to act as public bosses.
7. Make Media responsible and fix laws to be so: There are many major scams and corruption events
involving media. Though the media is well aware of the corruption happening they stay silent due to
their support for some political parties or else their owners get some monetary benefits from the rulers.
Even there are many reporters who though come across some scam or corruption, they stay silent
without revealing it for press for having received monetary benefits to do so. If media personnel are
found to be guilty for not having exposed the scam or corruption intentionally, they have to be
prosecuted and their license be withdrawn.
8. Verify the selection procedures: Many people compete for government jobs and in the process there
are corruption happening in the selection of candidates for the posts. So let the selection criteria and
procedure used be transparent and any misconduct from this should be punishable.

Also while allotment of natural resources for business companies, the selection of bids should be
transparent. There should be online details with regards to the benefit to the government, the purchase
price and even benefit to the company out of the deals. This will limit the corruption related to quid pro
quo.
9. Keep inflation low: This is another factor for keeping corruption high and also persistent. Due to rise in
prices, any amount of income seems to be insufficient. This inflation is a corruption involving politicians
and businessmen. Businessmen try to rise the prices to sell their inventory or stock of goods at higher
price. For this the politicians support them and are paid monetary or other benefits. This is a cheap
business tactic but even the so called richest business magnets play this corruption game.
10. Speed up the judgment and increase the courts: Many cases of corruption take years to be given
verdict. This delay in cases creates lack of fear for being corrupt and also huge time span for court trials
gives sufficient time to make alterations in the witness. Establishing fast track courts and giving severe
punishment for corruption practice will keep a control on corruption.
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/corruption-rank
http://faq.ph/3-types-of-corruption-in-the-philippines-and-why-every-filipino-can-be-corrupt/
http://elaine.ie/2009/07/31/definitions-and-types-of-corruption/
http://www.mindcontroversy.com/impact-effects-corruption-public-life-india/
http://blog.iese.edu/ethics/2014/11/06/corruption-10-possible-causes/
https://www.reference.com/government-politics/causes-effects-corruption-6f7fe6d888454508
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption
http://www.mindcontroversy.com/how-to-stop-corruption-eradication/