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Style in Archaeology
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Timeplan
2
5-minute report
STYLE
Definitions
Theoretical models
Wiessner (1983)
Wobst (1977)
Sackett (1986, 1990)
Miller (1985)
Lechtman (1975)
examples free for discussion
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Style
The definitions
a distinctive appearance, typically determined by the principles according to which something is designed
Oxford Dictionary
a way of doing something, especially one which is typical of a person, group of people, place or period
Cambridge Dictionary
Style is the sensible manifestation of pattern
(Lechtmann 1975, 7)
"Stil kan beskrives som kombination af et vist antal subjektivt valgte, klart definerede, dekorative, typologiske elementer
(Godmann 1978)
A stylistic attribute is one for which a match or similar can be found elsewhere in the polythetic group and no artifact can be
style-less
(Davis 1990 , 21)
Style is the formal variation in material culture that transmits information about personal and social identity. Style will be seen
as a means of transmitting information.
(Wiessner 1983, 256)
We talk about style, when it is obvious that the artist of the object choose one (or a few) of the many isochrestic options he has
to perform his work.
(Sackett 1990, 33)
The variation of material culture is idiomatic or diagnostic of ethnicity and is known as style. (Sackett 1986, 267)
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Style
Theoretical models
isochrestic variation
emblematic and assertive style
Stylistic
Stylistic
behaviour
variation
Information exchange
active and passive style
iconological style
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arrrrgh.
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There are at least two very distinct aspects of style which each have a different referent, contain different
kinds of information, and generate a different variation pattern.
Emblematic style is formal variation in material culture that has a distinct referent and transmits a clear
message to a defined target population about conscious affiliation or identity. (Wiessner 1983, 257)
Referent: social group
and the norms, values, goals, property
associated with this group
Use: expression of objective social attributes of identity
not
about the degree of interaction across groups and boundaries.
In societies with limited social networks, most of the messages transported through
emblematic style are already known.
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Information exchange includes all those communication events in which a message is emitted or in which
a message I received
(Wobst 1977, 321)
Referent
message
receiver
Verbal or non/verbal
www.eventions.at
www.planet-wissen.de
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Stylistic behavior
is constituted by the emitter,
who puts the stylistic message in the
artefact,
the artefact that includes these
messages
and the group that receive this
messages.
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Assertive style is formal variation in material culture which is personally based and which carries information
supporting individual identity.
(Wiessner 1983, 258.)
... Assertive style supports, but does not directly symbolize individual identity.
It can be used to transmit the message
I am myself
It is commonly used in social groups with a close connection to each other to separate
each individual from the others with the desire to create a positive self-image.
but
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J. R. Sackett
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J. R. Sackett
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Social group A
Social group B
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J. R. Sackett
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technological style
Heather Lechtman
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...not just the artefact has style the activities themselves which produce the artefacts are stylistic.
(Lechtman 1975, 5)
And it is the human behaviour pattern in creating material culture that constitutes the
style of technology.
The combination and choices in the technological behaviour as a packet form style.
Example:
A culture technical capable of smelting and casting copper and forging copper elects one of these
manufacturing techniques to the exclusion of the other.
behind technological style are always the attitudes of artisans and of cultural communities
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emulation model
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Daniel Miller
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Stage 3:
third highest status group adopts
innovation
Stage 4:
lowest status group adopts innovation,
but the highest status group has
adopted another change and so
maintained the contrast
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Literature
15
ANSIGH, P. & RASMUSSEN, M. (1986) Regional variation i ldre bronzealder - belyst gennem gravfundne bronzer i Sydvestdanmark
og Sydslesvig. I: Det 4.nordiske bronsealder-symposium p Isegran 1984. Varia 12, Universitets oldsaksamling, pp. 42-66.
ANSIGH, P. & RASMUSSEN, M. (1989) Mange slags grnser. Et eksempel p lokal variation i sydvestdansk ldre bronzealder. I:
Regionale forhold i Nordisk Bronzealder, 5.Nordiske Symposium for Bronzealderforskning p Sandbjerg Slot 1987, Jens Poulsen ed. Jysk
Arkologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXIV pp. 79 - 88. Aarhus
CONKEY, M. & HASTORF, C. (Eds.) (1990) The Uses of Style in Archaeology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
DAVID, N. (Ed.) (2001) Style and the marking of bounderies: contrasting regional studies. , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
DUNNELL, R. C. (1978) Style and Function: A Fundamental Dichotomy. American Antiquity, 43, 192-202.
HAHN, H. P. (2005) Materielle Kultur. Eine Einfhrung, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 145-152.
HEGMON, M. (1992) Archaeological Research on Style. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 517-536.
MILLER, D. 1985. Artefacts as categories. A study of ceramic variability in Central India., Cambridge,
MULLER, J. (1971) Style and Culture Contact. IN RILEY, C. R. & KELLY, J. C. (Eds.) Man Across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts.
London, University of Texas Press. 66-78.
MULLER, J. (1977) Individual Variation in Art Styles. IN HILL, J. N. & GUNN, J. (Eds.) The Individual in Prehistory. Studies of Variability in
Style in PrehistoricTechnologies. New York, Academic Press.23-39.
PLOG, S. (1980) Stylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
PROWN, J. D. (1980) Style as Evidence. Winterthur Portfolio-a Journal of American Material Culture, 15, 197-210.
REDMAN, C. L. (1977) The "Analytical Individual" and Prehistoric Style Variability. IN HILL, J. N. & GUNN, J. (Eds.) The Individual in
Prehistory. Studies of Variability in Style in PrehistoricTechnologies. New Yorck, Academic Press. 41-53.
RNNE, P. (1987) Stilvariationer i ldre bronzealder. rbger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, 1986, 71-124.
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Literature:
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SACKETT, J. R. (1973) Style, Function and Artifact Variability in Paleolithic Assemblages. IN RENFREW, C. (Ed.) The Explanation of Culture
Change. London.
SACKETT, J. R. (1977) Meaning of Style in Archeology -General-Model. American Antiquity, 42, 369-380.
SACKETT, J. R. (1982) Approaches to Style in Lithic archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 1, 59-112.
SACKETT, J. R. (1985) Style and Ethnicity in the Kalahari -a Reply to Wiessner. American Antiquity, 50, 154-159.
SACKETT, J. R. (1986) Isochrestism and Style -A Clarification. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 5, 266-277.
VANDKILDE, H. & OLAUSSON, D. (2000) Form, Function and Context. Material Culture studies in Scandinavian archaeology, Lund.
WIESSNER, P. (1983) Style and social Information in Kalahari-San Projectile-Points. American Antiquity, 48, 253-276.
WIESSNER, P. (1985) Style or Isochretic Variation -a Reply to Sackett. American Antiquity, 50, 160-166.
WIESSNER, P. (1984) Reconsidering the Behavioral Basis for Style -a case-Study among the Kalahari San. Journal of Anthropological
Archaeology, 3, 190-234.
WOBST, H. M. (1977) Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. IN CLELAND, C. E. (Ed.) For the Director: Research Essays in honor of
James B. Griffin. Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
ZEEB-LANZ, A. (2003) Keramikverzierungsstil als Kommunikationsmittel: Ein Beispiel aus dem frhen Jungneolithikum Sdwestdeutschlands.
IN VEIT, U. & KIENLIN, T. L. (Eds.) Spuren und Botschaften: Interpretationen materieller Kultur. Berlin.
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some examples...
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and why?
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and here
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loose hair
Pony tail
Sweater in
trouser
Sweater
untucked
trainers
heeled sandals
(i.dailymail.co.uk)
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and this . . .
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adjunct form
active artisan
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and that . . .
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functional form
passive artisan
www.marions-kochbuch.de
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Kvrkeby,
Gravhj Sb.2
(Aner/ Kersten
1976, 1104)
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Thank you
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