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Present Perfect Forms of Modals. iy Probability and Degrees of Certainty inthe Past Past Unreal Conditionals Seuss Uncertain He might have stayed up all night. ‘She may not have seen him leave. Highly probablefimprobable: He must have been up late. ‘She can't have forgotten his tip. Cortain (simple past) He stayed up all night. He would have gone to bed early, but he had to prepare for 3 business trip. ‘Yvonne could've helped him prepare, but she fell asieep. @ ¢ CENGAGE «© Learning (See ur wo Use perfect modals to talk about probability or uncertainty about past events don't know / uncertain | almost certain / highly probable or improbable 100% certain ‘might (not) have ‘may (not) have ‘could have ‘must (not) have (use the can't have simple past) ‘couldn't have ‘should (not) have would (not) have Use would have or could have to express a past unreal ‘conditional event (something that is contrary to realty). Regrets He shouldn't have stayed up so late. His boss should have told him sooner. Use should have or shouldn't have to express regret or when ‘what actually happened was the opposite of what was desirable, Grammar Café Copyright © Cengage Learning Not reproducible without written permission of publisher

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