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I.
INTRODUCTION
(4)
min f ( X ) ln ( Z m )
X
II. POWER SYSTEM MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION
m =1
(5)
H (X )+Z = 0
A. IEEE 30bus Power System Model and VSC-HVDC
Line Model [12]-[24]
(6)
Z >0
The constrained optimization problem is converted to an
Fig. 1 is the VSC-HVDC line model and equivalent
unconstrained optimization problem by constructing a
dummy generator to connect power systems.
Lagrangian function corresponding to (4). The Lagrangian for
the equality constrained problem is given as:
L ( X , Z , , ) = f ( X ) + T G ( X ) + T ( H ( X ) + Z ) (7)
( X , Z , , ) = f X + GX + H X
L ( X , Z , , ) = G T ( X )
1
LZ ( X , Z , , ) = T eT [ Z ]
L ( X , Z , , ) = H T ( X ) + Z T
LXX ( X , Z , , ) = f XX + GXX ( ) + H XX ( )
LX
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
[ ] Z e = [ ] Z e
(16)
F ( X , Z , , ) =
G(X )
G(X )
H (X )+Z
H ( X ) + Z
FX
FZ
F [ X
] = F ( X , Z , , )
T
(17)
LXX
0
G
X
H X
[ ]
LX T
H X X
[ Z ] Z = [ ] Z e
G(X )
0
0
H ( X ) + Z
T
(18)
[ ] Z + [ Z ] = [ ] Z + e
[ Z ] = [ Z ] + e [ ] Z
1
= + [ Z ] ( e [ ] Z )
H X X + Z = H ( X ) Z
Z = H ( X ) Z H X X
Fig. 2. IEEE 30 bus power system model including HVDC lines [12]-[24].
GX
0
0
LXX X + GX + H X = LX
T
LXX X + GX + H X
T
( + [ Z ]
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
T
( e [ ] ) Z ) = L
T
X
(24)
(25)
LXX X + GX + H X
T
( + [ Z ] ( e [ ] ( H ( X ) Z H
1
))
X ) = LX
[Z ] e
1
1
T
T
+H X [Z ] [ ] H ( X ) + H X [Z ] [Z ]
T
1
T
+ H X [ Z ] [ ] H X X = LX
( LXX + H X T [ Z ]1 + H X ) X + GX T
LXX X + GX H X + H X
T
+H X
(26)
[ Z ] ( e + [ ] H ( X ) ) = LX
1
(27)
(35)
(28)
where
[Z ] [ ] H X
1
T
T
N LX + H X [ Z ] ( e + [ ] H ( X ) )
1
T
T
f X + T GX + T H X + H X [ Z ] ( e + [ ] H ( X ) )
(31)
M X + GX = N
(32)
M LXX + H X
Zm
,1
Z m
T
G X X N
=
0 G ( X )
(29)
(30)
p = min min
(33)
GX
(34)
Z m < 0
m
,1
m
d = min min
X X + p X
(36)
Z Z + p Z
(37)
+ d
+ d
(38)
(39)
Z
(40)
ni
where is a scalar constant between 0 and 1.
Refer to the reference [12] for detailed nomenclatures in
(1)-(40). MATPOWER is an open-source MATLAB power
system simulation package. MATPOWER consists of a set of
MATLAB M-files designed to give the best performance
possible, while keeping the code simple to understand and
customize [12]-[15].
Fig. 3 represents the power system operation optimization
algorithm using PD-IP Newton-type OPF including VSCHVDC lines.
Bus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OPF
0.98237
0.97872
0.97692
0.97644
0.97127
0.97233
0.9623
0.96112
0.99032
0.99984
0.99032
1.01744
1.06447
1.00665
1.00921
1.00284
0.99549
0.99326
0.98735
0.98957
1.00927
1.01598
1.02559
1.01672
1.0438
1.02674
1.06895
0.98202
1.05
1.03911
TABLE II
ANGLE PROFILE
Bus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
OPF
0
-0.76301
-2.3897
-2.83859
-2.48635
-3.22866
-3.49098
-3.68188
-4.13711
-4.59985
-4.13711
-4.49791
-3.29796
-5.03967
-4.81401
-4.83925
-4.88727
-5.48431
-5.68819
-5.47185
-4.62082
-4.50305
-3.75571
-3.88522
-2.0724
-2.47604
-0.71471
-3.21525
-1.84939
-2.64289
III. CONCLUSION
An examination of the power system operation
optimization algorithm including VSC-HVDC lines was
connected using PD-IP (primal-dual interior point) Newtontype OPF to solve present problems by the following:
z The power system operation optimization algorithm
including VSC-HVDC lines using PD-IP Newton-type
OPF was presented.
z
z
z
z
[HVDC, VSC-HVDC]
[1] D. Jovcic, N. Pahalawaththa, and M. Zavahir, Analytical modeling of
HVDC-HVAC systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 2, pp.
506-511, Apr. 1999.
[2] C. Osauskas and A. Wood, Small-signal dynamic modeling of
HVDC systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 220-225,
Jan. 2003.
[3] C. Angeles-Camacho, O. L. Tortelli, E. Acha, and C. R. FuerteEsquivel, Inclusion of a high voltage DC-voltage source converter
model in a Newton-Raphson power flow algorithm, IEE Proc.-Gener.
Transm. Distrib, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 691-696, Nov. 2003.
[4] S. S. Lee, et al., Power System Optimization Operation Algorithm
under HVDC Operational Environment, Ministry of Knowledge and
Economy, First Year Report, June, 2012.
[5] S. S. Lee, Y. S. Jang, S. H. Ahn, G. P. Park, J. K. Park, and Y. T.
Yoon, Northeast Asia Interconnection-Based Integration of DG, DR,
HVDC, and Nuclear Load-following under Smart Grid in the South
Korean Power System, IEEE Power & Energy Society 2012 General
Meeting, San Diego, CA, U.S.A, July 22-26, 2012.
[6] X. P. Zhang, Multiterminal voltage-sourced converter-based HVDC
models for power flow analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no.
4, pp. 1877-1884, Nov. 2004.
[7] A. Pizano-Martinez, C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. Ambriz-Prez, and E.
Acha, Modeling of VSC-Based HVDC Systems for a NewtonRaphson OPF Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp.
1794-1803, Nov. 2007.
[8] C. Du, E. Agneholm, and G. Olsson, Comparison of different
frequency controllers for a VSC-HVDC supplied system, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2224-2232, Oct. 2008.
[9] C. Karawita and U. D. Annakkage, Multi-infeed HVDC interaction
studies using small-signal stability assessment, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 910-918, Apr. 2009.
[10] L. Zhang, L. Harnefors, and H. P. Nee, Modeling and Control of
VSC-HVDC Links Connected to Island Systems, IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 809-820, May 2010.
[11] J. Beerten, S. Cole, and R. Belmans, Generalized Steady-State VSC
MTDC Model for Sequential AC/DC Power Flow Algorithms, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 821-829, May. 2012.
[MATPOWER, OPF]
[12] R. D. Zimmerman and C. E. Murillo-Snchez, MATPOWER User's
Manual. [Online]. Available: http://www.pserc.cornell. edu/matpower/.
[13] H. Wang, C. E. Murillo-Snchez, R. D. Zimmerman, and R. J. Thomas,
On computational issues of market-based optimal power flow, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1185-1193, Aug. 2007.
[14] R. D. Zimmerman, C. E. Murillo-Snchez, and R. J. Thomas,
MATPOWER's extensible optimal power flow architecture, in Proc.
IEEE Power and Energy Soc. General Meeting, pp. 1-7, Jul. 26-30,
2009.
V. BIOGRAPHIES
Sang-Seung Lee was born in Goseong, Gyeongnam, Korea on April 2, 1960.
He received M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering at the
Seoul National University. Currently, he is with Power System Research
Division (PSRD) of KESRI, Bldg. 130, Seoul National University, 1
Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea. His interest areas are
power system interconnection algorithm, power distribution operation
algorithm, nonlinear/adaptive/sliding mode algorithm, power system
stabilization algorithm, and reliability algorithm.
Yong Tae Yoon was born in Korea on April 20, 1971. He received his B.S.
degree, M. Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from M.I.T., USA in 1995, 1997, and
2001, respectively. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Seoul National University, Korea.
His special field of interest includes electric power network economics,
power system reliability, and the incentive regulation of independent
transmission companies.
Seung-Il Moon was born in Korea, on February 1, 1961. He received his B.S.
degree from Seoul National University, Korea in 1985 and his M.S.E.E. and
Ph.D. degrees from Ohio State University in 1989 and 1993, respectively.
Currently, he is a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Seoul National University. His special fields of interest include
power quality, flexible ac transmission systems, renewable energy, and
distributed generation.
Jong-Keun Park was born in Youseong, Chungcheongnam-Do, Republic of
Korea, on October 21, 1952. He received his B.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea in 1973 and his
M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of
Tokyo, Japan in 1979 and 1982, respectively. He is currently a Professor at
the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National
University. He is a Fellow of the IEE and a Senior Member of the IEEE.