ASSIGNMENT

KETERAMPILAN BERKEHIDUPAN/LIFE SKILL

BIOGAS FROM AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE

BY :
AVIRA DURROTUL RASYIDA | D500134008

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
The size of the population and the diversity of activity in metropolitan cities in
Indonesia such as Jakarta, resulting in the emergence of problems in urban
infrastructure services, such as garbage problem. It is estimated that only about 60%
of the waste in big cities in Indonesia that can be transported to a processing place
(TPA), which operates mainly is landfilling. The amount of waste that is not
transported likely not recorded systematically, as it is usually calculated based ritasi
truck to the landfill. Was rarely considered garbage handled by non-government
community, or trash runoff and discharge into water bodies.
Until now the paradigm of waste management are: Gather - Transport and
Exhaust, and the mainstay of a city in resolving problems with the landfilling of
waste is annihilation in a landfill. The city manager is less likely to give serious
attention to the landfill, so comes the failure cases landfill. The city manager seems to
assume that landfill dipunyainya can solve all the problems of garbage, without
having to give proportionate attention to these facilities. TPA can be a time bomb for
the city manager.
One of garbage is from residue of farming. Indonesia is an agricultural
country. As an agricultural country, Indonesia has fertile land expanse that is suitable
for agriculture. Agricultural activities become the foundation for most Indonesian
people. Still high agricultural activities in Indonesia, especially in staple foods such
as rice, maize and palm oil, this gives a pretty good chance and exciting to produce
biogas or bioenergy from agricultural residues. In the other cases, the production of
biogas from waste or agricultural waste also add economic value. producing biogas
and reduce waste or agricultural waste.

Does biogas production fit in with the idea of agriculture and the principle of
a natural recycling economy? Can agriculture and biogas production be combined for
more sustainability and more success?

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
In principle, many types of biomass can be used for biogas production. In
agricultural biogas plants, the input material or substrate used includes: Fresh or
ensiled plant material (e.g. maize, grass, cereal, beet or clover), Animal excrements
(e.g. slurry or manure), Residues from agricultural or food production (e.g. feed
remains, chaff, whey, glycerine, straw2), Waste materials (e.g. organic household
waste). The technological and microbiological capacities of the plant, the availability
of substrate, legal conditions, and the operators strategy influence the choice of
substrate.
2.1 Biogas
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by methanogenic bacteria that occur
the materials can be biodegradable under anaerobic conditions. On biogas is
generally composed of methane (CH4) 50 to 70 %, carbon dioxide gas (CO2) 30
to 40 %, Hydrogen (H2) 5 to 10 per cent and other gases in the a small amount.
Biogas weighs roughly 20 percent lighter than air and has a combustion
temperature between 650 to 750 C. Biogas is odorless and colorless which when
burned will produce a blue flame as bright as LPG gas. The heating value of
methane gas is 20 MJ / m3 with a combustion efficiency of 60 % in conventional
biogas stoves.
Methane (CH4) including a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect
causing the phenomenon of global warming, because methane has impact 21
times higher than carbon dioxide (CO2). Reduction of methane gas locally could
play a positive role in tackling global problems (the greenhouse effect) that results
in global climate change.

2.2 Agriculture Residue

Agriculture and renewable energy production from agricultural biomass
are on the rise, both politically supported for reasons of sustainability. Biogas
production as the combination of both concepts based on agricultural land can
have additional positive synergy effects.

Agricultural biomass can be an important energy resource. Crop residues,

in particular, are one of the largest biomass resources in the United States. The
best options for using agricultural biomass and manure to produce bioenergy
depend on local factors, including the type and scale of resources in each location.
With the potential to tap resources around the country), the use of agricultural
residues and manure to produce bioenergy offers a significant opportunity for
local and regional economies.
Crops such as corn, wheat, and rice consist not just of the grains we eat or
feed to livestock but also of stalks, husks, cobs, and other biomass unsuitable as
direct human food. Historically, these materials have been used for animal
bedding, burned, or left on fields. However, recent scientific advances now allow
producers to turn agricultural residues into biomass-based fuels such as ethanol,
or to use them to generate electricity.
Residues play an important role in farming, protecting soil from erosion
and loss of soil carbon, so they should be used for bioenergy only under specific
circumstances, and even then, only at certain scales. How much of their crop
residues farmers can sustainably remove varies from field to field, or even within
a field, depending on soil conditions, the slope of the land, management practices,
and the regional climate (Muth et al. 2012).
Under some circumstances removing residues will cause problems (such
as increased soil erosion) and under other circumstances leaving too much
residues behind can prevent soils from drying in spring, and impede timely
planting and other field operations. While removing residues for use in producing
bioenergy absent any other changes in agricultural practices could worsen
existing environmental challenges, farmers can adapt their practices to minimize
the potential harm. For example, they can use no-till farming and plant cover
crops to reduce soil erosion and water pollution. In so doing, they can boost
agricultural productivity while expanding the amount of residues available for
bioenergy even beyond our estimates (Wiggins et al. 2012).

Power plant owners can use agricultural residues to generate electricity

but agricultural residues are usually not suitable for direct burning: they are
processed into pellets or other forms before being used to produce power. In corngrowing regions, large quantities of corn stover leaves and stalks left over after
corn is harvested are available to produce ethanol (ORNL 2011). Corn residues
are abundant near existing facilities fitted to produce and distribute ethanol made
from corn grain. Indeed, companies are building the first three commercial-scale
efforts to produce ethanol from agricultural residues near such existing facilities
in Iowa and Kansas. Producing ethanol from corn grain and corn stover at the
same location can reduce the use of natural gas and electricity by the combined
facility, curbing the environmental footprint of the fuel.
2.3 Agriculture Biogas
Biomass used for biogas generation mainly originates from agriculture,
organic food production and nature conservation material. Material from
conventional agriculture is limited. Types of substrate include mainly catch crops,
residues from animal husbandry or crop production, material from conservation
areas and/or uncontaminated biological residues (that means free of GMO and
problematic levels of heavy metals) from food processing or household waste.
The use of energy crops as substrates is limited since biogas aims to have
a positive impact on food production, avoiding competition for land use. The
digestate is used as an fertiliser in the farms own nutrient cycle. Biogas
production aims to improve soil fertility in farming systems. A safe and efficient
process with low emissions, particularly of methane, is essential for the
sustainability. Positive impacts are expected on water quality, conservation, and
biodiversity.

2.4 Economics Value

The inclusion of biogas in the farm cycle is interesting to farmers, because
it results in good fertilisation values and higher economic returns. On a broader
view, it can also allow the whole farming sector to become more self-sufficient in
plant nutrients and further improve its greenhouse gas balance. Organic biogas
can clearly improve the economics of an farm, if the conditions are right and the
plant can perform according to plan. Major factors influencing profitability are
the costs for biomass and the revenue from the energy produced.
For the economics of agricultural biogas production in general, process
efficiency, input costs, and product prices are highly relevant parameters.
However, systems biogas production can influence the economics of crop
production, particularly in systems with low stocking rates or in stockless
systems. Issues of crop rotation and fertiliser management are major reasons for
this.
A Sustaingas survey among 696 organic farmers in six EU countries and a
workshop with experts has shown influences of biogas production on farm
economics. 68 % of farmers interviewed expected increased profit from the
harvest or considered it possible. Additionally, they expected reduced costs for
fertiliser and soil improvements. Also economical risk spreading by
diversification and increased self-sufficiency were mentioned as economic
reasons for organic biogas production. Some feared bad economics of the plant,
dependency on state subsidies and other economic risks.
The other case Biogas also increase the economic with decreasing the
agriculture waste with increasing the produce of gas or biogas. That can use for
electricity, farming, power etc.

REFERENCE
Florian Gerlach, Beatrice Grieb, Uli Zerger. 2013. Sustainable Biogas Production.
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Muth, D.J., D.S. McCorkle, J.B. Koch, and K.M. Bryden. 2012. Modeling sustainable
agricultural residue removal at the subfield scale. Agronomy Journal 104:970
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 2011. U.S. billion-ton update: Biomass
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Wiggins, D.R., J.W. Singer, K.J. Moore, and K.R. Lamkey. 2012. Response of
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