NAMEGANGESH G PANDEY

CLASSTYBMM (JOURNALISM)
COLLEGE- GURUNANAK COLLEGE OF ARTS,
SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
ROLL NO- 43
SUBJECT
SUBJECT GUIDANECE-

Nuclear Suppliers Group

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier

countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling
the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be
used to manufacture nuclear weapons.

History
The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May
1974[1] and first met in November 1975. The test demonstrated that certain
non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to
weapons development. Nations already signatories of the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty (NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear
equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and
non-Zangger Committee nations, then specifically France, could be brought
in.
A series of meetings in London from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements
on the guidelines for export, these were published as INFCIRC/254
(essentially the Zangger "Trigger List") by the International Atomic Energy

Agency. Listed items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain

International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed to or if
exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.
The name of the "London Club" was due to the series of meetings in
London. It has also been referred to as the London Group, or the London
Suppliers Group.
The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained
unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was regularly updated.
The revelations about the Iraqiweapons program following the first Gulf
War led to a tightening of the export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the
first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six
participating governments agreed to the changes, which were published as
the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the extension of the original list to
more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list.

Participating governments
Initially the NSG had seven participating governments: Canada, West
Germany, France, Japan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the
United States. In 1976-77, participation was expanded to fifteen with the
admittance of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. Germany was reunited in
1990 while Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
in 1993. Twelve more nations joined up to 1990. Following the collapse of
the Soviet Union a number of former republics were given observer status
as a stage towards future membership. China became a participating
government in 2004. The European Commission and the Zangger
Committee Chair participate as observers. The NSG Chair for 2015-2016 is
Argentina.
As of 2016 the NSG has 48 members:

Candidate members

INDIA

During a state visit to India in November 2010, U.S. President Barack

Obama announced U.S. support for India's participation in the Nuclear
Suppliers Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Australia Group and
the Missile Technology Control Regime, "in a phased manner," and to
encourage the evolution of regime participation criteria to that end,
"consistent with maintaining the core principles of these regimes."
During a visit to India in December 2010, French President Sarkozy also
expressed his country's backing for India's inclusion in Nuclear Suppliers
Group The United Kingdom has for a long time been a supporter of India's
inclusion in the Nuclear Suppliers Group.] During Republic Day visit of India
in January 2015, Obama said that India was ready for NSG
membership. Russian president Vladimir Putin has also offered
unconditional support to India's entry into NSG.
Switzerland also announced its backing on India's Membership in 48
member group on 6 June 2016 during PM Modi's visit to Geneva, but
withdrew support later. President Obama reiterated U.S. support for India's
NSG membership on 8 June 2016 during PM Modi's visit to Washington
DC. Japan has expressed support for India's bid for membership of the
NSG. However China is opposing India's membership to NSG. [15] Other

countries opposing Indian membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group

(NSG) include New Zealand, Ireland, Turkey and Austria. [15]
In June 2016, India got crucial support from Mexico in its bid to become a
member of the NSG ahead of a plenary meeting of the 48-nation bloc
whose members are allowed to trade in and export nuclear technology. On
17 June, British Premier David Cameron had assured Prime Minister
Narendra Modi of the UK's "firm support" for India's NSG membership
bid. In an interview on 18 June, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that
he was 'positive' about India's entry into NSG. On 20 June, Canada stated
that NSG will be strengthened with India's presence. On 22 June France
reiterated its support to India, and urged all the other 48 members of the
NSG to allow entry for India into the atomic control body. China remains
opposed to Indian membership.
In July 2016, South Africa agreed to back India's entry into the NSG. In
August 2016, Turkey confirmed support for India's NSG membership bid. [
In 4 September 2016, Australia reiterated its commitment to India's bid for
membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group just ahead of the G20
summit in Hangzhou, China. In 5 September 2016, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi thanked Argentina for backing India's bid.
Pakistan

Pakistan applied for membership on 19 May 2016. Pakistan is supported

by Turkey and China. However, many NSG members opposed Pakistans
membership bid because of its track record, including the illicit procurement
network of Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan, which aided the nuclear programs
of Iran, Libya and North Korea. Pakistani officials reiterated the request in
August 2016.

In September 2016, Pakistan gained support for its NSG membership bid
from Kazakhstan and Belarus.
Namibia
Namibia applied for NSG membership in 2016.
Role in India-US nuclear agreement
In July 2006, the United States Congress amended U.S. law to
accommodate civilian nuclear trade with India. A meeting of NSG
participating governments on 2122 August 2008 on an India-specific
exemption to the Guidelines was inconclusive. Several participating
governments, including Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland, and New
Zealand, expressed reservations about the lack of conditions in the
proposed exemption. In another meeting on 6 September 2008, the NSG
participating governments agreed to grant India a "clean waiver" from its
existing rules, which forbid nuclear trade with a country which has not
signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The NSG's decision
came after three days of intense U.S. diplomacy The approval was based
on a formal pledge by India stating that it would not share sensitive nuclear
technology or material with others and would uphold its voluntary
moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. The pledge was contained in a
crucial statement issued during the NSG meeting by India outlining the
country's disarmament and nonproliferation policies.

Why is NSG Membership important for India?

The issue of Indias membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group

(NSG) has been the focus of significant public and media attention
over the past few weeks. It appears to have emerged as the
single most critical foreign policy priority for the Modi
government. The government is according so much importance to
the issue that Prime Minster Modi hurriedly decided at the last
minute to include visits to Switzerland and Mexico during his tour
to USA and some other countries to raise this issue and obtain
categorical support for Indias membership at the forthcoming
NSG plenary at Seoul on 23-24 June 2016. It is a reflection on
Modi that he was able to get unequivocal support from Mexico
and Switzerland although they had initially opposed the grant of a
unique waiver to India by the NSG in 2008. They had also
expressed concerns about India's NSG membership when the
issue came up in informal discussions in recent years.
Under normal circumstances, the issue would probably not have
assumed such a high profile. What appears to have brought it so
completely under the floodlights is the uncharacteristic and open
opposition by China to Indias membership in this body. Over the
last few weeks, China has issued several statements, officially as
well as through its mouthpiece media publications, maintaining
that no single country waiver should be granted to India as was
done in 2008. It stated that, in any case, India is not eligible to
become a member of the NSG as it is not a member of the
nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT), adherence to which latter is
necessary for membership in the former. China has also averred
that for non-NPT members some definite criteria should be
evolved rather than granting country specific waivers. At other
times, it has stated that Pakistan also has similar credentials to
join the NSG; and that if India is admitted, Pakistan should also be
admitted simultaneously. China has also maintained that there
are several countries which have reservations about Indias
membership of the NSG. Further, if only India were to be
admitted, it would disturb the nuclear-arms balance in South Asia
as India will engage in a massive nuclear weaponisation
programme. Finally, China has stated that India's membership will
''jeopardise'' China's national interests and touch a ''raw nerve'' in
Pakistan.

None of Chinas contentions appear to hold much water. However,

before considering them more critically, it will be useful to
understand what the purpose and mandate of the NSG is. It is
doubtless true that NSG was established in the wake of the
Pokhran I peaceful nuclear explosion conducted by India in 1974.
The intent and purpose of the NSG is, however, different from that
of the NPT. NSG is not an international treaty. It is a group of
nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to
nonproliferation of nuclear weapons through implementation of
two sets of Guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related
exports. After more than 25 years of its establishment, some
suggested guidelines were evolved in 2001 at Aspen for admitting
new members to the organisation. Amongst these, membership of
NPT is only a guideline, a consideration, and not a mandatory
requirement while deciding on a country's application.
India is keen to become a member of the NSG and other export
control regimes such as the Wassenaar Agreement and Australia
Group as it seeks to significantly expand its nuclear power
generation and also enter the export market in the coming years.
Although the 2008 NSG waiver does provide significant
possibilities for India to engage in civilian nuclear trade with other
countries (and indeed, India has entered into such agreements
with several countries like Russia, France, UK, USA, Kazakhstan,
Australia, and others), membership of the NSG will provide
greater certainty and a legal foundation for India's nuclear regime
and thus greater confidence for those countries investing billions
of dollars to set up ambitious nuclear power projects in India.
Moreover, as Indias international political, economic, military and
strategic profile and clout increases, India would like to move into
the category of international rule-creating nations rather than
stay in the ranks of rule-adhering nations. For this, it is essential
that India gets due recognition and a place on the NSG high table.
Indias track-record in observing the provisions of the NPT and
NSG, even though it has not been a member of either body, is
impeccable. If the NSG was able to grant a waiver to India in 2008
on the basis of its past performance, it should have no objection
to admitting the country as a member this time as well because
of its record in adhering to all its commitments over the last eight

years. It is, however, obvious that the decision on 23-24 June in

Seoul will be taken by some countries on political considerations
rather than on merit. Usually China has been seen to stay in the
background and put up smaller countries in the forefront to
articulate opposition to any issue that it does not concur with.
This time, in addition to instigating smaller countries to raise
objections, China has itself come out openly in opposition to
Indias membership. Since all decisions at NSG are taken by
consensus, any country, small or big, can stand in the way of a
consensus. India has therefore launched a blitzkrieg of hectic
diplomatic activity to explain its position, allay fears and
overcome the opposition of a few countries which might still have
concerns.
India has also reached out to China directly to explain that its
interest in NSG membership is not guided by any political or
strategic considerations but only to facilitate the expansion of its
clean and green nuclear energy programme. It took the unusual
step of dispatching its foreign secretary to Beijing on 16-17 June
to hold discussions on this and other important issues with his
counterpart. If the issue goes to the wire, Prime Minister Modi is
expected to take up the issue with President Xi Jinping in Tashkent
where both leaders are likely to be present for the SCO Summit on
23-24 June.
India became a Member of the Missile Technology Control Regime
(MTCR) on 7 June 2016. All 34 members of MTCR are members of
the NSG. India is hence assured of support of these 34 members
in its quest for NSG membership. It may be noted that China is
not a member of MTCR, although it put in its application in 2004,
because several members have concerns about Chinas dubious
proliferation record in supplying missile technology to countries
like Pakistan, Iran and North Korea.
Most questions raised by China against Indias membership have
little validity. For instance, membership of NPT is not a condition
for becoming a member of NSG. It is only a guiding principle to
which consideration needs to be given. Pakistans credentials for
NSG membership are highly flawed and inadequate. Over the last
eight years India, as per its commitment, has separated its

reactors which are under IAEA safeguards and those which are
not. Pakistan has a blemished and flawed proliferation record as it
has engaged in illicit supply of nuclear technology and materials
to Iran, Libya and North Korea. No comparison between the track
records of the two countries is hence justified. India maintains
that rather than evolving criteria, its performance should be the
basis on which the decision on its application should be taken.
Both substantively and commensurate with its expanding
international prestige and profile, India's membership of NSG is of
vital significance. A decision at the NSG plenary session in Seoul
will depend on China's stance. All other countries are expected to
fall in line. President Putin has also assured India that Russia will
intercede with China on Indias behalf. India can be reasonably
hopeful that China will see reason and logic in India's arguments
and will gracefully withdraw its strident opposition. Responsibility
devolves upon China, more than it does upon India, to bridge the
trust deficit between the two countries. This is a sterling
opportunity that China should welcome and grasp with both
hands.

As of 2016 the NSG has 48 members

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

China

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Kazakhstan

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States

Greece

WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?

Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny
particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in
the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity.
But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways:
nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when
atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun
produces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms,
releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND RADIATION

Nuclear reactions involve changes in an atoms nucleus and thus causes a change
in the atom itself. Unlike normal chemical reactions that form molecules, nuclear
reactions result in the transmutation of one element into a different isotope or a
different element altogether. There are two types of nuclear reactions. The first is
the radioactive decay of bonds within the nucleus that emit radiation as it decays or
transforms to a more stable state. The second is the billiard ball type of reactions,
where the nucleus or a nuclear particle (like a proton) is slammed into by another
nucleus or nuclear particle.

WHAT IS NUCLEAR DAMAGE?

Nuclear damage is explained as any injury to or the death, sickness or disease of a
person; or damage to the environment including loss of property which arises from
ionising radiation associated with a nuclear installation, nuclear vessel or handling
of radioactive materials.

How does Nuclear Energy works ?

A nuclear reactor produces electricity in much the same way other power plants
do. Some form of energy creates heat, which turns water into steam. The pressure
of the steam turns a generator, which produces electricity.
The difference is in how the heat is created. Power plants that run on fossil fuels
burn coal, oil or natural gas to generate heat. In a nuclear energy facility, heat is
produced from splitting atoms a process called nuclear fission.

1. nuclear reactor creates heat that is used to make steam

2. the steam turns a turbine connected to an electromagnet,
called a generator

3. the generator produces electricity

In a Pressurized Water Reactor the type of reactor being built in the UAE high
pressure prevents water in the reactor vessel from boiling. The super-heated water
is carried to a steam generator, which is made up of many small pipes. The heat in
these pipes is used to turn a second, isolated, supply of water to steam, which is in
turn used to drive the turbine. The water from the reactor is pumped back into the
reactor vessel and reheated. The steam from the turbine is cooled in a condenser
and the resulting water is sent back to the steam generator.

Uranium
Enriched uranium is the fuel for nuclear reactors. Uranium is an abundant,
naturally radioactive element found in most rocks. As uranium breaks down or
decays, it produces heat inside the Earths crust. A similar process generates heat
inside a nuclear reactor.

Nuclear Fission
Fission is the process of splitting a nucleus in two.
Inside each uranium fuel pellet, there are millions of uranium nuclei. When these
nuclei are split, a huge amount of energy is released. Some of this energy is from
radiation, but the biggest source is kinetic energy. This is the energy that produces

heat inside a reactor, which in turn is used to generate steam, and ultimately creates
electricity.

Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power

In this section we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear
power. Nevertheless, most organizations related to nuclear energy are
already positioned for or against the use of nuclear power. On this site
we try to make an objective analysis about this question, giving all
the relevant information and offering a space for different conclusions.

Advantages of nuclear power

The generation of electricity through nuclear energy reduces the amount of energy
generated from fossil fuels (coal and oil). Less use of fossil fuels means lowering
greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and others).
Currently, fossil fuels are consumed faster than they are produced, so in the next
future these resources may be reduced or the price may increase becoming
inaccessible for most of the population.
Another advantage is the required amount of fuel: less fuel offers more energy. It
represents a significant save on raw materials but also in transport, handling and
extraction of nuclear fuel. The cost of nuclear fuel (overall uranium) is 20% of the
cost of energy generated.

The production of electric energy is

continuous. A nuclear power plant is generating electricity for almost 90% of
annual time. It reduces the price volatility of other fuels such as petrol.
This continuity benefits the electrical planning. Nuclear power does not depends
on natural aspects. It's a solutions for the main disadvantage of renewable energy,
like solar energy or eolic energy, because the hours of sun or wind does not always
coincide with the hours with more energy demand.
It's an alternative to fossil fuels, so the consumption of fuels such as coal or oil is
reduced. This reduction of coal and oil consumption benefits the situation of global
warming and global climate change. By reducing the consumption of fossil fuels
we also improve the quality of the air affecting the disease and quality of life.

Disadvantages of nuclear power

We've previously discussed the advantage of using nuclear energy to reduce fossil
fuel consumption. Organizations often use this argument in favor of nuclear energy
but it's a partial truth. Much of the consumption of fossil fuels is due to road
transport, used in heat engines (cars, trucks, etc.). Savings in fossil fuel for power
generation is fairly low.

Despite the high level of sophistication of

the safety systems of nuclear power plants the human aspect has always an impact.
Facing an unexpected event or managing a nuclear accident we don't have any
guarantee that decisions we took are always the best. Two good examples are
Chernobyl and Fukushima.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident is, by far, the worst nuclear accident in the
history. Different wrong decisions during the management of the nuclear plant
caused a big nuclear explosion.
Referring to the Fukushima nuclear accident, the operations done by the staff were
highly questionable. Fukushima nuclear accident is the second worst accident in
the history.
One of the main disadvantages is the difficulty in the management of nuclear
waste. It takes many years to eliminate its radioactivity and risks.
The constructed nuclear reactors have an expiration date. Then, they've to be
dismantled, so that main countries producing nuclear energy could maintain a
regular number of operating reactors. They've to built about 80 new nuclear
reactors during the next ten years.
Nuclear plants have a limited life. The investment for the construction of a nuclear
plant is very high and must be recovered as soon as possible, so it raises the cost of
electricity generated. In other words, the energy generated is cheap compared to
the cost of fuel, but the recovery of its construction is much more expensive.
Nuclear power plants are objectives of terrorist organizations.

Nuclear power plants generate external dependence. Not many countries have
uranium mines and not all the countries have nuclear technology, so they have to
hire both things overseas.
Current nuclear reactors work by fission nuclear reactions. These chain reactions is
generated in case control systems fail, generating continous reactions causing a
radioactive explosion that would be virtually impossible to contain.
Probably the most alarming disadvantage is the use of the nuclear power in the
military industry. The first use of nuclear power was the creation of two nuclear
bombs dropped on Japan during World War II. This was the first and the last time
that nuclear power was used in a military attack. Later, several countries signed the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but the risk that nuclear weapons could be used
in the future will always exist.