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HIGH-CHROMIUM
RESISTS AQUEOUS
ALLOY CORROSION
Improvements in alloy metallurgy,
melting technology, and thermomechanical processing led to
development of Alloy 31,
a relatively low-cost alloy with
high corrosion resistance.
D.C. Agarwal*
ThyssenKrupp VDM USA Inc.
Houston, Texas
Continued
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ASTM coverage.
NACE MRO-175 coverage to level 6.
Excellent fabricability with good thermal
stability.
Corrosion properties
Alloy 31 has excellent resistance to localized
corrosion in halide media, both pitting and crevice
corrosion. It also provides:
Outstanding resistance to sulfuric acid.
Excellent resistance to phosphoric acid.
Good resistance to nitric and nitric/hydrofluoric acid mixtures.
Excellent resistance to chlorine dioxide media
in the pulp and paper industry.
Excellent resistance to both oxidizing and reducing media.
Good resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
ASME SCVIII Div 1 coverage to 430C
(800F).
Resistance to acids
Sulfuric acid: Table 2 gives the uniform corrosion data at various concentrations and temperatures. As is evident , Alloy 31 exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in dilute and medium
concentration up to 100C (212F). At concentrations greater than 80% and at 100C (212F) and
over, the alloy becomes active. However, in the
presence of oxidizing species such as ferric ions,
the range of Alloy 31 passivity can be expanded.
Ni
Cr
Mo
Fe
Others
PRE*
316L
904L
1925hMo
20
825
28
31
G-3
G30
625
C-276
59
12
25
25
38
40
31
31
48
45
62
57
59
17
21
21
20
22
27
27
23
29
23
16
23
2.3
4.8
6.5
2.4
3.2
3.5
6.5
7
5
9
16
16
66
48
46
34
31
36
32
20
15
3
5
<1
Cu
Cu, N
Cu, Cb
Cu
Cu
Cu, N
Cu, Cb
Cu,W,Cb, Ta
Cb
W
24
37
48
29
32
38
54
45
45.5
52
69
76
60C (140F)
Percent, %
80C (175F)
100C (210F)
Alloy
20
Alloy
C276
Alloy
31
Alloy
20
Alloy
C276
Alloy
31
Alloy
20
Alloy
C276
Alloy
31
<5
<5
>5
5
<1
<2
<2
<1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
10
10
11
18
4
3
4
15
<0.1
<0.2
0.4
0.8
>25
>25
>50
>50
>1
10
11
240
0.3
0.6
1
240
20
40
60
80
Very pure
+ Impurities
+ Impurities
+ Impurities
Temp., C
Alloy 31
Alloy 926
Alloy 28
Alloy G-3
Alloy 30
80
120
116
80
116
116
0.02
0.78
0.08 (1)
0.015
0.05 (1)
0.06
0.03
0.08
1.2
1.4
0.28
0.55
0.40
0.10
0.18
0.20
Critical pitting
corrosion temp., C (F)
15 (60)
45 (113)
15 (59)
30 (86)
70 (158)
70 (158)
77.5 (171.5)
85 (1850
75 (167)
85* (185)
Critical crevice
corrosion temp., C (F)
<0 (32)
25 (77)
<10 (50)
<5 (41)
40 (104)
40 (104)
57.5 (135.5)
40 (104)
50 (122)
65 (149)
Pitting resistance
equivalent (PRE)**
24
37
29
32
45
48
52
50
46
54
Per ASTM G-48 (10% FeCl3 ) * Above 85 C, the 10% FeCl3 solution chemically breaks down ** PRE = 5%Cr + 3.3(%Mo) + 30N
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In the
Baltic Sea
test,
Alloy 31
was
resistant at
temperatures
up to 40C
(100F)
and chlorine
levels up
to 2 ppm.
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