KA20903 - Lecture 3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Lecture 3
Shear Force and Bending Moment

Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman
Room 66, Level 2
Civil Engineering Programme
Faculty of Engineering
Module Code: KA20903 (BK2015)

2016-2017 Semester 1
Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman
Lecture Content
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Type of Beams
3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment
3.4 Relationship between Load, Shear Force, and Bending Moment
3.5 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram
3.1 Introduction
1. Analysis on beam and frames are important and needed by designer
because most structural and machinery members consist of beams and
frames. An accurate analysis is required to ensure a beam that is
constructed is not overloaded. All the analysis to the problems stated in
this lecture is based on principal of statically equilibrium.
2. The main problem to analysis and design a member such as beam is to
determine the relationship between stresses with the deformation caused
by the applied force. However, the impact load acting on a beam is
different from one section to another section. The loading effect may cause
a member to undergo shear, bending, elongation, and torsion.
3. In the previous lecture, it has been explained that the force that cause
shear is called as shear force; the force that cause bending produced
bending moment; force that cause elongation is called axial force; and
force that cause torsion is called torque.
3.1 Introduction
4.
In this lecture, we will focus on the discussion on the change in shear force and bending
moment in beams acting on various types of loads or combination from a number of loads
with different support conditions. Then, we will determine the positive and negative value
for maximum shear force and bending moment, and he position in which these maximum
values occurs. The position of contra points of shear and bending will also be determined
for necessary cases.
5.
Shear force and bending moment produced in a beam will cause stresses in beam acting
along the cross-section of the beam. This stress is shear stress which is directly
proportional to the shear force and bending stress which is directly proportional to the
bending moment.
6.
These stresses will be discussed in Lecture 4. Beam will undergo change in shape when
loaded and the change in shape of beam in respect to slope and deflection will be
discussed in Lecture 5.
7.
Stress and change in shape due to axial force has been discussed in Chapter 2, while
stresses due to torsion will discussed in Lecture 9. Both effects should be considered if it is
important in design.
3.2 Types of Beams

1.
Beam generally is members that has cross-sectional size that is smaller than its length for
the purpose of carrying load from the floor. Some beams are subjected to both vertical
and horizontal forces. Beams can be categorized to two types of beam based on its
analysis method, which is:
a) Statically determinate beam, and
b) Statically indeterminate beam
2.
If the beam force (usually reaction force or moment at the support) can be solved with
static equilibrium equation ( = 0, = 0, and = 0, for two-dimensional case),
therefore this beam is called as Statically Determinate Beam. Usually statically
determinate beam has limited number of support reactions, which is three, for twodimensional case.
3.
If the total unknown forces at a beam is more than the number of static equilibrium
equation (which is three), then surely the beam cannot be solved by using static
equilibrium equations only. Such beam is called Statically Indeterminate Beam. In this
chapter, only Statically Determinate Beam is discussed.
3.2 Types of Beams

4.
Now, we will consider a number of simple beams to be analyzed and discussed especially
beams that undergo plane bending only. A beam is said to have plane bending if it satisfies
two condition. First is when the load subjected to it is coplanar as shown in Figure 3.1(a),
and all the change in shape occurs at the same plane. All vectors for the moment or couple
should acting perpendicular with the plane. The coplanar load is as shown in Figure 3.1(b).
Figure 3.1 Plane bending

3.2 Types of Beams

5.
Second, the cross-section of beam must be symmetry to the vertical axis as shown in Figure 3.2(a). The cross-section that
is not symmetry as in Figure 3.2(b) will produce other effects on the beam behavior such as warping.
Figure 3.2 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Section
6.
Figure 3.3(a) shows a beam supported by pinned or hinged at end A and support rollers at B. Such beam usually is called
simply supported beam or simply beam. The pinned support prevents the beam from translating in horizontal and
vertical but cannot prevent from bending. Therefore, the pinned support is capable to produce component reaction
force in horizontal and vertical direction, and no moment reaction.
7.
At support B, the movement in vertical direction does not occur but free to move in horizontal direction. Therefore, such
support is capable to withstand vertical force but the horizontal reaction force is zero. Rotation at B can occur as in
support A. The vertical reaction force at both supports ca acts on the top or the bottom depending on the loading
condition. However, the support condition is a merely overview because in practice, the end of the beam located at the
wall or bolted can be assumed as pinned connection.
3.2 Types of Beams
Figure 3.3 Simply supported beam
8.
To find reaction at the supports, we refer to back to Figure 3.3(a). The free body diagram should be
drawn first by showing all the applied forces and reaction forces occurs at the beam as shown in
Figure 3.3(b). It should be noted that, although beam AB has pinned support at A, but the reaction
forces that exists is the vertical reaction force only ( that is ). This is because all applied forces,
which is the force at point and uniformly distributed load (UDL) , acting in the vertical direction
only. By taking moment at point B (positive if anticlockwise moment), the reaction A can be
calculated, and vice versa.
3.2 Types of Beams

= 0
+ +
=
= 0
=0
= 0
= 0
9.
()
2
2
2
2
=0
Reaction at can also be obtained by taking static equilibrium equation in the vertical direction
with condition has been determined first.
= 0
= +
+ = 0
2
+ 2
3.2 Types of Beams

10. The beam shown in Figure 3.4(a) with one end attached or built-in and the other end is
free is called as cantilever beam. This beam is loaded with linearly varying distributed load
from 1 to 2 and one point load, . On the fixed end, this beam is not able to move or
spin, while at the free end, this beam can move or spin.
Figure 3.4 Cantilever beam
3.2 Types of Beams

Therefore, by referring to Figure 3.4(b), the vertical reactions at A is
= 0
2 0.5 1 2 = 0
= + 2 + 0.5 1 2
To determine the reaction moment at A, take moment at A.

= 0
+3 =0
= + 2 + 2 + 0.5 1 2
+3 =0
= 0
2 + 2 0.5 1 2
= 0
Because the load applied is in the vertical direction only, no horizontal reaction forces at
support A.
3.2 Types of Beams

11. The third beam type is as shown in Figure 3.5(a) and 3.5(b), which is the beam supported
by one pinned support or hinged, and one bolster support with one or both end of the
beam is lengthen over the position of the support. Therefore, part of the beam end exists
in the suspended state, hence the beam is more known as overhang beam.
Figure 3.5 Overhang beam
12. Reaction at A and B (refer to Figure 3.5(b)) each can be calculated as:
= 0, =
= 0, =
()
Example 3.1
Determine the reaction forces at support A and B if the beam is the simply supported beam shown in
Figure 3.6(a) is subjected to point load 10 kN and 30 kN.
Solutions
By referring to free body diagram in Figure 3.6(b), and
taking moment at point B, we obtain reaction at A , which is
.
= 0 10 7 + 30 4 10 = 0
= 19
= 0 + 19 10 30 = 0
= 21
Although point A is pinned connection, the horizontal
reaction at A is zero because no external force acting in the
horizontal direction.
Figure 3.6 Simple supported beam

Example 3.2
Determine the reaction forces at support A and B for overhang beam subjected to uniformly distributed
load, 10 kN/m and one point load 20 kN as shown in Figure 3.7(a).
Solutions
By taking moment at point A, refer to Figure 3.7(b)
= 0 10 20 12 10 5 2.5 = 0
= 36.5
= 0 + 36.5 20 10 5 = 0
= 106.5

Example 3.3
A cantilever beam is subjected to force and moment as shown in Figure 3.8(a). Determine all the reactions
at the fixed support A.
Solutions
Reactions at support A is shown in Figure 3.8(b), with
direction for , , and are assumption. By using static
equilibrium equation at x direction,
= 0
+ 0.8 10 = 0
= 8
The negative sign shows the direction is actually is on the

left. The vertical reaction force and moment is determined
as follows:
= 0
= 6
0.6 10 = 0
= 0 20 0.6 10 2 = 0
= 32


1.
When a beam is subjected to force or moment, internal stress and

strain will occur. To determine this stress and strain, we should
determine the internal force and bending produce at the beam
section. If a cantilever beam as shown in Figure 3.9(a) is cut at
, both cut section should be in equilibrium as before cutting. If
not, this cut section will move.
2.
The free body diagram at each cut section is as shown in Figure

3.9(b) and 3.9(c). The beam is drawn as in its actual condition and
one thick line to represent a typical beam is not used. The
purpose is to ensure the force acting at the sectional plane can be
seen.
3.
By considering the left part of the cut beam, for balance in the
vertical direction, there should be a force V to balance force ,
and one moment in the anticlockwise direction to balance the
moment produce due to force at the cut plane.
4.
Likewise, for the right part of the cut beam, there should be force
V with the above direction acting parallel to the sectional plane
and moment in the clockwise direction (each opposite to force
and moment for left part of cut beam). It should be noted
that at the cut plane, the acting forces should be balance. In this
case, the equilibrium equation in the horizontal direction no need
to be used because the load acting only in the vertical direction
and clearly equation = 0 is agreed.
Figure 3.9 Shear force and bending moment

5.
Force is also known as resisting shear force, usually known as shear force. Therefore, shear force
can be defined as force that causes a member tends to split into two parts by slipping in the
direction of the force. Moment is also known as resisting bending moment or bending moment
which can be defined as reaction moment at a point for all forces and moment acting on the left and
right point.
6.
In this lecture, we will use letter as shear force and letter for bending moment. A subscript will
be put after letter and to show the position of the point where it is acting if needed.
7.
Unit SI for shear force is Newton (N), or kiloNewton (kN), and for bending moment is Newton-meter
(NM), or kiloNewton-meter (kNm).
8.
Value and can be determined from static equilibrium equation because the beam is
determinate static. From the free body diagram for the left cut part in Figure 3.9(b), we obtain,
9.
= 0 =
(3.1(a))
= 0 =
(3.1(b))
Reaction force and should be determined first using static equilibrium equation as described
in section 3.2. In this case, the weight of the beam is neglected to simplify the calculation. The
weight of beam should be taken if it gives a large influence on the shear force and bending moment
in the beam.

10. For most beams, there are some loads
that act to the top. Therefore, if the force
acting between A and section a-a like
shown in Figure 3.10, thus shear force at
the section is a combination of all vertical
forces and also the calculation of bending
moment.
11. Note that both value and in equation

(3.1(a)) and (b) give positive value.
Therefore, shear force and bending
moment is assumed positive if it is acting
on the left cut with the direction as
shown in Figure 3.11(a) and vice versa.
The sign convention will be used in this
lecture for shear force and bending
moment.
Figure 3.11 Sign convention for shear force and bending moment

12.
Shear force and bending moment will cause change

in shape on the element as shown in Figure 3.12.
Positive shear causes the left side of element to
move to the top, while the right side next to the left
move to the bottom and vice versa, for negative
shear as shown in Figure 3.12(a).
13.
Bending moment is assumed to have positive value

if it causes if it causes the bottom part of the beam
to be under tension and the top part to be under
compression, and vice versa for negative bending
moment as shown in Figure 3.12(b).
14.
Resisting shear force usually have the same value

but in the opposite direction with the resulting shear
force. When using the sign convention, the force
acting on the top should be positive if the left part of
the section is considered, and negative if the right
part of the section is considered.
15.
Therefore, if the right part of the left section region

is considered, the anticlockwise moment is assumed
to be positive, while the left part of the right section
region, the clockwise moment is assumed to be
positive.
Figure 3.12(a) Change in shape due to shear force
Figure 3.12(b) Change in shape due to bending moment


16.
Shear force and bending moment value is imperative in beam

design. Shear force and bending moment value usually change at
each section along the beam. For design purpose, the value used
is the maximum value. The value of shear force and bending
moment at each section of the beam can be determined by
drawing shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD). In this section, the technique to obtain SFD and BMD will
be explained in detail. However, the technique explained here is
quite complicated and slow. The fasted way to draw SFD and BMD
will be explained in Section 3.5.
17.
Assume a beam as shown in Figure 3.1(a). The reactions at the

beam should be known first by using static equilibrium equation.
In this lecture, clockwise moment is assumed to be negative for
reaction calculation only. It is hoped that the students are not
confused with the sign convention for bending moment.
= 0
= 0
5 + 10 2 = 0
+ 10 = 0
= 4
= 6
Let say the beam is cut at any left section of force 10 kN with distance
from A with 0 < < 3 (see Figure 3.13(d)). Therefore, shear force and
bending moment at the section is:
= 0
=0
=4
= 4
Figure 3.13 Shear force and bending moment diagram

This equation shows that shear force is continuous from point A and C,
while bending moment is varies linearly towards .
At = 0;
At = 3;
= 4
= 4
and
and
=0
= 4 3 = 12
Then, the beam is cut at position 3 << 5 (refer to Figure 3.13(e). We

will obtain:
= 0
=0
= 4 10 = 6
= 4 10 3 = 30 6
Shear force is also continuous for 3 < < 5, and bending moment
varies linearly with .
At = 3;
At = 5;
= 6
= 6
and
and
= 30 6 3 = 12
= 30 6 5 = 0
Based on the values shear force and bending moment that were
calculated, SFD and BMD can be drawn in Figure 3.13(b) and (c). To avoid
confusion, it has been determined that:
Positive SFD is drawn on top of the beam

Positive BMD is drawn on the bottom of the beam
For simply beam subjected to point load, maximum shear force occurs at
the support near to the load, and maximum bending moment occurs at
load where it is subjected to.


18.
Consider a beam subjected to uniform distributed load as shown

in Figure 3.14(a). Reactions at A and B, which is = = /2
(because the load is symmetry). On a cut with distance from
A,
= 0
=0
At
19.
= 0,
= /2,
= ,
=
( )
2
2
= /2, = 0
= 0,
= 2 /8
= /2, = 0
SFD and BMD are shown in Figure 3.14(b) and 3.14(c),

respectively. See that there is a point where shear force is equal
to zero. This point is called as contra-flexure point. Generally,
this point is where the bending moment is maximum. For
maximum bending moment,
=0
= 0
= /2
The contra-flexure point or value can also be determined by making

= 0. With this, the maximum moment can be determined.
2 2
2 2
2
=
8

20.
For beam that is subjected to a few point loads as shown in

Figure 3.15(a), shear force and bending moment equation
should be calculated for each region.
= 0
= 0
5 + 30 2 + 10 3 + 20 4 = 0 = 34
5 + 20 10 30 = 0 = 26
By making cuttings as before, therefore

For 0 < < 1
= 34
= 34
1(a)
1(b)
For 1 < < 2

= 34 20 = 14
= 34 20 1 = (14 + 20)
2(a)
2(b)
For 2 < < 3

= 34 20 10 = 4
= 34 20 1 10( 2) = (4 + 40)
For 3 < < 5

= 34 20 10 30 = 26
= 34 20 1 10 2 30( 3)
= (26 + 130)
3(a)
3(b)
4(a)
4(b)
Figure 3.15 SFD and BMD

21.
It is sufficient to determine shear force, and bending

moment, at important points only, which is generally
at the supports, at the point located below the load (for
point load), and at both end of distributed load in order
to draw shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment
diagram (BMD). Therefore, by putting
= 0 in Equation 1(a) and 1(b)

= 34 and = 0
= 34 and = 34 1 = 34
= 14 and = 14 1 + 20 = 34 (checked)
= 14 and = 14 2 + 20 = 48
= 4 and = 4 2 + 40 = 48 (checked)


= 4 and = 4 3 + 40 = 52
= 26 and = 26 3 + 130 = 52 (checked)

= 26 and = 26 5 + 130 = 0
By using these values, SFD and BMD can be drawn as shown in
Figure 3.15(b) and 3.15. See that the point below the load,
the value of shear force changes drastically by the value of the
load.

Example 3.4
Specify the shear force and bending moment equation at each cut for the beam loaded as shown in
Figure 3.16(a). Then, draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for this beam.
Solutions
The first step is to determine all reactions at the
support. The horizontal reaction for pinned support A is
clearly equal to zero because all forces acting in vertical
direction. Therefore, free body diagram is as shown in
Figure 3.16(b). By taking moment equilibrium equation
at point C, we obtain
= 0 8 20 + 10 4 6 = 0
= 25
All distributed load 10 kN/m has equivalent value with
10 4 = 40 that is acting at the centroid load,
which is 2 m from point B. Therefore, the moment arm
for the distributed load is 2 + 4 = 6 m from point C. By
taking equilibrium for vertical forces,
= 0 + 10 4 20 = 0
= 25
Figure 3.16(a) and (b) SFD and BMD

Solutions 3.4 (Continued)

Now, the beam is divided into three parts based on the loading,
which are part AB, BC, and CD. To determine shear force and
bending moment along the beam, we should make three cuts only
to determine shear force and bending moment for the whole
beam by finding the general equation for and for all three
cuts.
The three cuts are section , , and with each cut at
any point at region AB, BC, and CD. Consider left region of section
as shown in the free body diagram in Figure 3.16(c), with
is the distance measured from the left end of the beam to the cut
section. By using the definition of shear force and bending
moment, therefore, for AB part, 0 < < 4 ,
=0
=0
= 25 10
1(a)
M = 25 5 2
1(b)
Both equation 1(a) and 1(b) each are general equation shear force
and bending moment for any cut between A and B only.
Now, to find shear force and bending moment for BC part, consider
the left region of section as shown in free body diagram in
Figure 3.16(d). See that the position of section is determined
by position measured from left end of the beam but the average
of for this part is between 4 m until 8 m. Therefore, for BC
region, 4 < < 8
=0
=0
= 25 10 4 = 15
2(a)
M = 25 10 4 2 = 15 + 80
Figure 3.16(c) and (d) SFD and BMD

2(b)

Equation 2(a) and 2(b) is general equation for shear force and
bending moment for any cut between B and C. This is the same
for section as shown in Figure 3.16(e). For region CD, 8 <
< 10 ,
=0
=0
= 25 + 35 10 4 = 20
3(a)
M = 25 + 35 8 10 4 2 = 20 200
3(b)
Equation 3(a) and 3(b) is general equation for shear force and
bending moment for any cut between C and D.
For section , it is more easy if the right part of the cut is
considered because there is only one force, which is force 20 kN
only that need to be considered (refer Figure 3.16(f)). Therefore,
distance must be measured from right end of the beam. Thus,
for region CD, 0 < < 2 ,
=0
=0
= 20
M = 20
Figure 3.16(e) and (f) SFD and BMD

See that, if we considered at the right region of the
cut, therefore the sign convention for shear force is
positive for forces going up and bending moment is
negative if it is in clockwise direction, and vice versa as
explained earlier. Therefore, it is important to consider
the right region of the cut, To avoid confusion, it is
advised to consider left region of the cut only. SFD and
BMD for this example each is drawn as shown in Figure
3.16(g) and (h). This diagram is used as reference for
explanation in Section 3.5 later on.
From SFD, the value of maximum shear force and
contra-shear point can be determined. From BMD on
the other hand, the maximum of bending moment
usually occurs when shear force is zero. The location of
contra bending point can also be determined from BMD.
Contra-shear and contra-bending point each is the point
where the direction of shear force and bending moment
changes from positive to negative or from negative to
positive. The location of maximum bending moment can
be located by differentiating to and equate with
zero for general equation of bending moment for the
related part of the cut, which is
=0
Figure 3.16(g) and (h) SFD and BMD
Example 3.5
Draw SFD and BMD for simply beam that subjected to uniform
distributed load at the part of the beam in Figure 3.17(a).
Solutions
Determine reactions,
= 0 7 + 5 3 1.5 + 2 = 0
= 7.5
= 7.5
Determine shear force and bending moment equation,
For AB region, 0 < < 2
= 7.5
= 7.5
For BC region, 2 < < 5
= 7.5 5 2
= 7.5
5 2 2
2
To simplify the calculation for CD region, consider the right

part of the cut with measured from point D. Therefore,
For CD region, 0 < < 2
= 7.5
= 7.5
By putting a suitable value into all equation and , SFD
and BMD can be drawn as shown in Figure 3.17(b) and 3.17(c).

Example 3.6
Draw SFD and BMD for cantilever beam as shown in Figure 3.18(a)
Solutions
No need to determine reactions at support C if the left region of the cut
is considered.
AB part, 0 < < 3
Before finding the triangle load, the intensity of the load at section for
distance from A, which is , as shown in Figure 3.18(d).
= 9/3
= 3
Therefore, the point load that is equal to the triangle load is the area of
the load, which is 0.5 3 = 1.5 2 , and this load is acting at the
centroid of the triangle load, which is 2/3 from A.
= 0 V = 6 1.5 2
=0
At = 0;
At = 3;
M = 6x 1.5 2
= 6 0.5 3
3
= 6 and = 0
= 7.5 and = 4.5
BC part, 3 < < 5

Refer to Figure 3.18(e),
= 0 V = 6 0.5 3 9 = 7.5 kN
=0
M = 6x 0.5 3 9 2 = 7.5 + 27
At = 3; = 7.5 and = 4.5 (checked)
At = 5; = 7.5 and = 10.5

Solutions 3.6 (continued)

The contra-shear point is determined by making the shear equation for
AB part equals to zero, which is
= 6 1.5 2 = 0
= 2.0
2
M = 6(2) 1.5(2 )(2/3) = 8
Therefore, SFD and BMD can be drawn as shown in Figure 3.18(b) and
3.18(c).

Example 3.7
Draw SFD and BMD for overhang beam as shown in Figure
3.19(a). This beam is subjected to UDL of 2 kN/m at the
overhang part, one anticlockwise moment of 16 kNm at C
and point load of 5 kN at D.
Solutions
Calculate the reactions,
= 0 8 + 2 2 9 + 16 = 0 = 6.5
= 0 + 2 2 5 = 0
= 2.5
AB part, 0 < < 2 (see Figure 3.19(d))
= 0 = 2
=0
At = 0;
At = 2;
2 2
=
= 2
2
= 0 and = 0
= 4 and = 4
BC part, 2 < < 6 (see Figure 3.19(e))

= 0 = 6.5 2 2 = 2.5
=0
= 6.5 2 2 2 1 = 2.5
9
At = 2; = 2.5 and = 4
At = 6; = 2.5 and = 6
CD part, 6 < < 10 (see Figure 3.19(f))
= 0 = 6.5 2 2 = 2.5
=0
= 6.5 2 2 2 1 16 =
2.5 25
At = 6; = 2.5 and = 9
At = 10; = 2.5 and = 0

SFD and BMD are shown in Figure 3.19(b) and 3.19(c).

3.4 Relationship between Load, Shear Force and Bending Moment

1.
In the previous section, we have learnt to draw SFD and

BMD based on general equation for and . In this
section, We will learn the relationship between load, shear
force and bending moment. Hereby, the process to obtain
SFD and BMD are more easier.
2.
It should noted that the load acting on a beam may be

distributed load, point load, or moment. Consider a simple
beam that is subjected to any distributed load with variable
intensity with distance (as stated in unit force per unit
length) as in Figure 3.20(a).
3.
Consider an element beam that is cut between two section

with length . This element is limited to section and
section each at distance 1 and 2 from point A. The
free body diagram for each left part of each section are
shown in Figure 3.20(b) and 3.20(c). Shear force and
bending moment that are shown acting in positive
direction. Shear force and bending moment at surface
element has direction as shown in Figure 3.20(d).
Therefore, positive shear force and bending moment acting
on element , therefore the left side of element acting
above, while the right side of element moving below and
element will undergo tension at the bottom part of the
beam. Thus, and is a function to the load, and the
value of shear force and bending moment at the left and
right part of element is not the same, each are vary by
and , with
2 1 = and 2 1 =


4.
Although the load intensity is vary, it can be assumed as

uniform with value if the length of element, , is
small. By using the static equilibrium equation on this
element,
= 0 1 2 = 0
But 2 1 = , therefore
= or = /
(3.2)
5.
Equation (3.2) shows that the beam section that is

subjected to the distributed load (no sudden changes in
the load), the rate of changes of shear force with respect
to distance is the same with the negative distributed
load. The negative sign shows that the shear force
reduces with respect to when the distributed load is
acting to the bottom.
6.
By summing the moment about section for

element in Figure 3.20(d) and equate to zero,
= 0
7.
2 1 1 +
2
2
=0
That is why ()2 is small if compared to the other

expressions, hence can be neglected. Therefore,
2 1 1 = 0
But 2 1 =
Therefore, = 1


8.
Because the position of the section is arbitrary, therefore

subscript at can be ignored and the general expression
can be obtained, which is
=
9.
or
(3.3)
By integrating equation (3.2), obtain

2
=
1
10. With limits of integration for shear force and bending

moment is 1 at position 1 and 2 at position 2 .
Integration for expression on the left side is simply, which
is 2 1 that shows the changes in shear force at
section with . The change in shear force is
marked as . The expression of the right side is actually
the area of the load diagram between section with
above the beam that is shown in the shaded area
in Figure 3.20(d). Therefore, the integration can be
written as:
2 1 = = area of the load diagram
(3.4)
11. With the same method, if we integrated equation (3.3),

2


12. The expression on the right side give the area of
shear force diagram between section with
.
13. This means the change in bending moment
between two sections is the same as the area SFD
between the two sections. See Equation (3.2)
again. Expression / is actually the slope for
SFD. In Equation (3.3) on the other hand is
expression / is the slope for BMD.
= / = slope SFD
(3.6)
= / = slope BMD
(3.7)
14. Therefore, for uniformly distributed load, the line

for SFD is the first degree straight line and the line
direction can be summarized from Figure 3.21(a) if
it moves from left to right.
15. BMD is a beam subjected to uniformly distributed

load is second degree curve. Therefore, the slope at
BMD is the slope at the tangent line to a point of
BMD curve. The curve line at BMD can be
summarized in Figure 3.21(b) and 3.21(c).

16. For beam subjected to triangle or trapezoid load, the SFD is a second degree curve and BMD is a third degree
curve. Therefore, the shape of the curve line for this loading condition can be referred to Figure 3.22. The slope
of tangent line at SFD is negative if the force is acting towards to the bottom and positive if the force is acting
towards to the top. The slope for the tangent line at BMD is positive if the shear force is negative and vice versa.
The shape of SFD and BMD curve, on the other hand, is based on the direction of the load where it is acting,
which is either if it is below or above as shown in the figure.


17. Area that is restricted to a curve can be determined from general formula given by
referring to Figure 3.23. The shaded area, =

with is a degree for a curve.
+1
Therefore,
For second degree curve, = /3
For third degree curve, = /4
Figure 3.23 Area bounded by the curve


18. For beam that is subjected to point load, the line
that should be drawn for SFD is at the point
where the load is subjected to as follows: If the
point load is going downwards, a line going
downwards should be drawn at SFD which is
equivalent to the value of the force, and vice
versa, with the drawing process of SFD is from
the left to the right. This is described in Figure
3.24.
19. For beam that is subjected to moment, BMD will
undergo sudden change at the point where the
moment exists. However, SFD does not change
at that point. For reference, if the moment is
anticlockwise, a vertical line going up by the
value of moment should be drawn at the point
with the drawing process is made from the left
to the right and one vertical line going down if
the moment is clockwise. (Refer to Figure 3.25).
Figure 3.24 Drawing guide for SFD for point load
Figure 3.25 Drawing guide for BMD


20.
Now consider a cantilever beam as shown in Figure 3.26(a).

The intensity of the load at distance from A is
= /
21.
Shear force at distance from A is (Figure 3.26(b))

= 0.5 = 2 /2

=
=
(3.2)
Integrate between A and B with = 0 and = , obtain

2
=
2 2

=
2
2
2
=- area of diagram for load between A and B (see Figure

3.26(a)).
Therefore, shear force at A equals to zero, therefore

=
SFD is as shown in Figure 3.26(c).
Figure 3.26 SFD and BMD for triangle load


22.
Equation (3.4) can be used for beam subjected to

distributed load (or without load) but it cannot be used if
there is a point load. By using Figure 3.26(b) once more,
obtaining
3
=
6
2
=
=
In which we can obtain shear force by finding differentiate

towards .
Integrate between A and B with = 0 and = , obtaining
2
3
=
2
2 3
3 3
2
=
2 3
3
6
= area of SFD between A and B (see Figure 3.26(c)).

Therefore, bending moment at A equals to zero, therefore
2
6
BMD is as shown in Figure 3.26(d). Equation (3.5) can be used

although there is point load acting between A and B but the
equation can not be used if the moment is between A and B.
Figure 3.26 SFD and BMD for triangle load


1.
It was seen that at each section of the beam, there is a general equation for shear force and bending
moment with function subjected to the distance from the left end of the beam to the section that is
considered, which is distance , as explained in Section 3.3. The relationship between shear force
and bending moment with distance, , and relationship between bending moment and distance,
, each can be pictured graphically by drawing on the axis and .
2.
Because there are some shear force and bending moment equations at a beam, (generally, number
of equations depend on the load and reactions), therefore there are a number of straight line and
curve lines at the drawing because each equation is a either a straight line or curve line. This will be
discussed further in the example later on. The vertical lain at graph , it follows direction of
point load that shows the sudden change in shear force at the section. The vertical line at graph
, follows the direction of moment acting on the section, which is if the moment is clockwise,
therefore one vertical line going downward should be drawn, and vice versa. This vertical line show
the sudden change in bending moment at the section. The drawing is made at section and
each called shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).
3.
Each shear force and bending moment diagram is a diagram showing the shear force and bending
moment at each cut along the beam. This is useful to determine the maximum shear force and
maximum bending moment and its position at the beam used in design.

4.
To simplify the discussion, consider a simply beam

subjected as shown in Figure 3.27(a). The following
explain steps that should be carry out in order to draw
shear force diagram:
a)
Determine the reaction at the support (Figure 3.27(b), which

obtain,
= 6
and
= 4
a)
Draw free body diagram of all the forces on the beam in the
right direction (sometimes the reaction forces obtain are
negative; this means the direction of the forces are wrong.
Therefore, it should be marked correctly.)
Draw one horizontal line to represent the beam, which is line
Ac as shown in Figure 3.27(c).
Start the drawing from left end of the beam and moving
towards to the right. Sketch the ordinate of the applied force
and reaction forces; if the direction of the force going upward,
therefore the ordinate line should also going upward and vice
versa. Therefore, from point A, a vertical lien is drawn until
point 1. Line 1 is ordinate that represent reaction forces at
point A, which 6 N.
Draw a horizontal line from 1 to 1 because there is no load
between these two points, therefore shear force is uniform. See
that at point B, there is a force 10 N going downward.
From point 1 , draw a vertical line going downward by 10 N
which reaches to point 2 . See that point 2 exists at the
bottom of the beam and the ordinate value at 2 is -4 N.
From 2 , draw a horizontal line until point 1 because there is
no load between these two points.
From 1 , draw a vertical line going upward by 4 N to represent
reaction forces at C. See that, the line ends at point C.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Figure 3.27(a), (b), and (c) SFD and BMD for triangle load

5.
Keep in mind that the drawing should be a

closed polygon. If not, the calculation should be
recheck especially on the reaction calculation.
This is a benefit because the calculation of the
reaction supports can be checked whether it is
correct or wrong.
6.
Now, the SFD is drawn, the shear force value can

be determined from the diagram at any section
of the beam by finding the ordinate at the
section with taking the horizontal line that
represent the beam as a reference.
7.
From the SFD, it is clear that the beam section at

AB part will undergo positive shear force by 6 N,
while the section at BC part will undergo
negative shear force by 4 N. The shear
phenomena occurs due to the loading can be
seen in Figure 3.27(d), 3.27(e), and 3.27(f), each
at section AB, section at B, and section BC.
There is no need to draw shear force diagram in
scale but by sketching only.
Figure 3.27(d), (e), and (f) SFD and BMD for triangle load

8.
The bending moment diagram can be drawn easily

based on the shear force diagram. Actually, bending
moment at any section can be determined easily, which
is by calculating the area of the shear force diagram at
the left part or right section that is considered. For
example by referring to Figure 3.27(c), the area of shear
force diagram between = 0 m and = 2 m is 6
2 = 12 . The area value is an addition of bending
moment between the range. Same goes with the area
of shear force diagram between = 0 m and = 5 m
is 4 3 = 12 , which is the reduction in
bending moment between the range. Therefore,
At = 0 m; = 0 kNm
At = 2 m; = 12 kNm
At = 5 m; = 12 2 = 0 kNm
9.
Based on these values at point A,B, and C, the bending

moment diagram can be drawn as shown in Figure
3.27(g). The BMD line for AB and BC parts are the line
straight line because no load is acting at the part. The
positive bending moment value is drawn at the bottom
of the reference line, AC. The slope for line at BMD at
AB part is negative and for BC part is positive.
10.
The shape of bending occurs at the beam due to loading

can be seen at Figure 3.27(h). Because the bending
moment along the beam is positive, therefore the
bottom part of the beam undergo tension while the top
part undergo compression.
Figure 3.27(c), (g), and (h) SFD and BMD for triangle load

11.
By referring to Example 3.4, the BMD can be drawn

based on the aforementioned steps, which will look
like in Figure 3.16(g). Shear force at support C has two
values, which is -15 kN at the left section C and 20 kN
at the right section C, and not 35 kN. 35 kN value is
reactions at support C. Shear force at section C is
actually zero and this is a counter-shear point.
Therefore, maximum shear point occurs at support A,
which is 25 kN. Generally, maximum shear force occurs
at support of a beam. One more counter shear point
occurs at AB region. The position of counter shear
point can be calculated in the form of triangular
diagram, which is:
13.
10 2.52
= 25 2.5
= 31.25
2
14.
1 4 1
=
401 = 100 1 = 2.5
25
15
12. Counter-shear point occurs at distance 2.5 m from point
A. However, we can determine distance 1 from shear
force equation. Therefore, this counter occurs at AB
region, thus by referring to Figure 3.16(c), and making
= 1 .
= 0 (shear force at counter point is zero)
Based on this position, the maximum bending moment

can be calculated (refer to Figure 3.16(c)), which is
This value is maximum positive bending moment. This

value can also be obtained from the area of shear
force diagram. See Figure 3.16(h), one more value of
maximum bending moment of 40 kNm is obtained at
support C. This is maximum negative bending moment.
The position of contra bending point occurs at BC
region. This point is the change of positive bending
moment to the negative bending moment or vice
versa, and can be determined, which is:
2 4 2
=
2 = 1.33
20
40
15.
Therefore, contra bending point occurs at distance 4 +

1.33 = 5.33 m from point A. Distance 2 can be
determined from bending moment equation at the
section. From Figure 3.16(d), and making = 4 + 2 ,
therefore
= 0 25 4 + 2 10 4 2 + 2 = 0 2 = 1.33

16. Usually, shear force and bending moment
equation are used to determine the point of
counter shear and counter bending if SFD and
BMD at the relevant section are not in
triangular form but a parabolic curve as shown
in Figure 3.28.
17. For a loaded beam, there might be more than

one counter shear and counter bending point.
Generally, bending moment is maximum at
counter shear point. Counter bending point is
useful in design to determine the length of
reinforced that is to be installed.
18. The value of positive and negative maximum
bending moment will be used in design. The
positive value shows that the tension occurs at
the bottom part of the beam and negative
value shows compression at the top part of the
beam. Next, this determines the position of the
steel reinforcement for the case of reinforced
concrete beam.
Figure 3.28 Counter point

19. Another thing that should be known is, when
beam is loaded as shown in Figure 3.29, it will
undergo deformation as shown by the doted lines.
The assumption made is the beam is elastic.
Hence, the line is called as elastic curve.
20. At support A and C, this beam will not undergo
displacement at the bottom if there is no
settlement support. The change in the
displacement that occurs at a point at the top of
the beam is called as deflection which will be
discussed in Lecture 5.
21. See that this beam is curved downward at the AP
region and curved upward at PD region.
Therefore, this is clear that the bottom part beam
AP and top part of beam PD undergo tension.
Generally, the value of bending moment at AP
part is positive, while the PD part is negative. The
section at P, the beam will not undergo tension or
compression.
22. To sum up, the following are the steps to draw
SFD and BMD.
a) Calculate reactions at the supports.

b) Calculate shear force at the point where the change
in load occurs based on principal =
( )
c) Sketch SFD by obeying the sign convention that was
discussed. Slope SFD is equal to the negative for
load.
d) Determine the point of counter shear, which is the
point when = 0.
e) Calculate the bending moment at the point where
the change in load occurs based on principal =
( ).
f) Sketch BMD by obeying sign convention that was
discussed. Slope BMD at a point is equal to the
shear force at that point.
Figure 3.29 Deformation of beam due to bending

23. For frames with straight members, the calculation of shear force and bending moment along the
member is made as calculated on the beam. The sign convention for shear force and bending moment
that was explained previously should be obeyed. Another thing that should be known in frames
problem is the direction of view for frame members. See the portal frame as shown in Figure 3.30(a).
Because the sign convention is determined based on the movement from left to right, therefore, is the
member AB for the portal frame is seen from the inside, therefore point A will be at the left of AB
member, but if the member is seen from the outside, point A will be at the right of the member. Same
goes to the other member. Therefore, the view direction for the structure should be determined. In this
lecture, to draw SFD and BMD, all parts of the members should be viewed from the inside of the frame.
Figure 3.30(a) Frame and Arch


24. By looking at rigid frame in Figure 3.30(b), the definition of view direction can be misleading. For
member BD, it seems to be viewed from two directions as shown in the figure. For this case, it should
be determined that: for vertical or inclined members that separated by two panels (in this case left
and right panels) the view from the left panel should be taken as view from the inside.
25. For three pinned arch as shown in Figure 3.30(c), the view direction is like in the portal frame case.
Figure 3.30(b) Frame and Arch
Figure 3.30(c) Frame and Arch

Example 3.8
Draw SFD and BMD for beam as shown in Figure 3.31(a)
by showing important values at the diagram. Then,
determine:
a) Maximum shear force.
b) Positive and negative maximum bending moment,
and position of all maximum bending moment.
c) Position of all counter shear points.
d) Position of all counter bending points from the left
end of the beam
Solutions
The free body diagram is shown in Figure 3.31(b). The
couple forces of 100 kN can be converted to concentrated
moment of 100 x 0.3 = 30 kNm acting at D.
= 0
9 + 3 5 2.5 + 6 + 30 + 0.5 4 3
1
3
+ 18 6 = 0
= 30.17
= 0
+ 3 5 + 0.5 4 3 18 = 0
= 3.17
The negative sign shows the direction of is downward.
The free body diagram can be re-drawn by showing all

forces acting at the beam as shown in Figure 3.31(c).


Based on this diagram, SFD can be drawn as shown in
Figure 3.31(d). See that:
= 0 (because there is no load at section A)

= + ( )
= 3 2 = 6
(shear force at left side of B)
= 6 + 30.17 = 24.17
(shear force at right side of B)
= +
= 24.17 + 3 3 = 15.17
(shear force at left side of C)
= 15.17 18 = 2.83
(shear force at right side of C)
= + ( ) = 2.83
= + ( ) = 2.83
(shear force at left side of E)
= 2.83 3.17 = 6
(shear force at right side of E)
= + ( )
= 6 + 0.5 4 3 = 0
The values of shear force at this point should be combined

to form SFD, and while doing this, the line shape or curve
should obeyed the summary described in Equation (3.6).
See that SFD for AB and BC part is a straight line first
degree with negative slope, while EF part is a curve line
second degree going upward with positive slope.


Now, BMD can be drawn based on SFD area.
= 0
= + ( )
= 0.5 6 2 = 6
= + ( )
= 6 + 0.5 24.17 + 15.17 3 = 53.01
= + ( )
= 53.01 + 2.83 3 = 44.52
(bending moment at left D)
= 44.52 30 = 14.52
(bending moment at right side of D)
= + ( )
= 14.52 + 28.3 3 = 6
= + ( )
=6+
1
3
6 3 = 0
Based on this values, BMD can be drawn as shown in

Figure 3.31(e). See that at section AB and BC, the line
is a curve second degree, while at section EF is a curve
third degree.


From SFD and BMD, the followings can be obtained:
a) Maximum shear force = 24.17 kN (which is slightly
to right of the point B).
b)
Positive maximum bending moment = 53.01 kNm (at C)

Negative maximum bending moment = - 6 kNm 9at B)
c) Counter shear point occurs at point B and C

d) Counter bending point occurs at section BC and
can be determined by determining bending
moment equation at section BC and equating with
zero.
30.17 2 + 1.5 2 = 0
= 1.5 2 + 30.17 60.34 = 0
30.17 30.17 4 1.5 (60.34)
=
= 2.25
2(1.5)
Therefore, the position of counter bending point is at
distance 2.25 m from A.

Example 3.9
A frame is pin-supported a t A and roller pinned at E is
carrying load as shown in Figure 3.32(a). Draw shear force and
bending moment diagram by showing important values at the
diagram. Then, determine maximum bending moment at
member CD.
Solutions
Determine reactions forces, refer to Figure 3.32(a)
= 0 + 2 = 0 = 2
= 0 5 2 3 4 5 2.5 = 0
= 11.2
= 0 + 11.2 4 5 = 0 = 8.8
This frame should be divided into three parts, that is part AC,
CD, and DE.
Part AC, refer to Figure 3.32(b)
= 0 = 8.8
= 0 + 2 3 2 6 = 0 = 6
Part CD, refer to Figure 3.32(c)
= 0 + 8.8 4 5 = 0 = 11.2
= 0 6 8.8 5 + 4 5 2.5 = 0
= 0
Part DE, refer to Figure 3.32(d)
= 0 + 11.2 = 0 = 11.2
(checking ok!)

Solution 3.9 (continued)

Based on these values and the loading condition, SFD and BMD can be drawn as shown in Figure 3.32(e) and 3.32(f). Maximum bending
moment for CD member is 15.7 kNm.

Example 3.10
Figure 3.3(a) shows a loaded beam as shown. At B, the
beam is connected is pin connected. Draw SFD and
BMD by showing important values at the diagram.
Solutions
Free body diagram for this beam is shown in Figure
3.33(b). See the beam is divided into two parts that is
separated at connection B. Because point B is pin
connection, there is two reaction forces. The value of
reaction forces for left and right side of connection B
should be the same by in the opposite direction. For the
left part, there are five reaction support, therefore for
right part, there are three reaction forces. Therefore, the
reaction forces for right side should be solved first
through static equilibrium equation.
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
2 2 3 3.5 = 0 = 10.5
2 3 = 0 = 4.5
Then, by considering at the left side, thus

= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
+ 2 8 1 = 0 = 1.0
+ 8 = 0 = 3.5
SFD and BMD are shown in Figure 3.33(c) and 3.33(d).

Example 3.10
Figure 3.3(a) shows a loaded beam as shown. At B, the
beam is connected is pin connected. Draw SFD and
BMD by showing important values at the diagram.
Solutions
Free body diagram for this beam is shown in Figure
3.33(b). See the beam is divided into two parts that is
separated at connection B. Because point B is pin
connection, there is two reaction forces. The value of
reaction forces for left and right side of connection B
should be the same by in the opposite direction. For the
left part, there are five reaction support, therefore for
right part, there are three reaction forces. Therefore, the
reaction forces for right side should be solved first
through static equilibrium equation.
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
2 2 3 3.5 = 0 = 10.5
2 3 = 0 = 4.5
Then, by considering at the left side, thus

= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
+ 2 8 1 = 0 = 1.0
+ 8 = 0 = 3.5
SFD and BMD are shown in Figure 3.33(c) and 3.33(d).


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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Module Code: KA20903 (BK2015)

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

3.2 Types of Beams

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

3.2 Types of Beams

Figure 3.1 Plane bending

3.2 Types of Beams

Figure 3.2 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Section

3.2 Types of Beams

Figure 3.3 Simply supported beam

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

3.2 Types of Beams

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

3.2 Types of Beams

Figure 3.4 Cantilever beam

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

3.2 Types of Beams

To determine the reaction moment at A, take moment at A.

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

3.2 Types of Beams

Figure 3.5 Overhang beam

Lecture slides prepared by Dr. Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman

Figure 3.6 Simple supported beam

Figure 3.7 Overhang beam

The negative sign shows the direction is actually is on the

Figure 3.8 Overhang beam

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

When a beam is subjected to force or moment, internal stress and

The free body diagram at each cut section is as shown in Figure

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Figure 3.10 Shear force and bending moment

11. Note that both value and in equation

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear force and bending moment will cause change

Bending moment is assumed to have positive value

Resisting shear force usually have the same value

Therefore, if the right part of the left section region

Figure 3.12(a) Change in shape due to shear force

Figure 3.12(b) Change in shape due to bending moment

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear force and bending moment value is imperative in beam

Assume a beam as shown in Figure 3.1(a). The reactions at the

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Then, the beam is cut at position 3 << 5 (refer to Figure 3.13(e). We

Positive SFD is drawn on top of the beam

Figure 3.13 Shear force and bending moment diagram

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

Consider a beam subjected to uniform distributed load as shown

SFD and BMD are shown in Figure 3.14(b) and 3.14(c),

The contra-flexure point or value can also be determined by making

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

For beam that is subjected to a few point loads as shown in

By making cuttings as before, therefore

For 1 < < 2

For 2 < < 3

For 3 < < 5

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment

It is sufficient to determine shear force, and bending

= 0 in Equation 1(a) and 1(b)

Figure 3.15 SFD and BMD

3.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment