A17 - Factoring Polynomials, Inverses VJ

Zeros of Polynomials
Inverse Functions
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 17
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Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions
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Outline
Rational Zero Test
Inverse Functions
One-to-One Functions
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Rational Zero Test
Theorem
Given a polynomial
p(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0
with only integer coefficients and an 6= 0,
if pq , a fraction in lowest terms, is a zero of P (x), then p is a factor of a0
and q is a factor of an .
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Remarks:
1
The Rational Zero Test gives a finite set of candidate rational zeros.
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Remarks:
1
The Rational Zero Test does not give all the zeros of the polynomial,
as polynomials may have irrational zeros,
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Remarks:
1
The Rational Zero Test does not give all the zeros of the polynomial,
as polynomials may have irrational zeros, and imaginary zeros.
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Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Solution:
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Solution:
First, we list all possible rational zeros of the polynomial given by the
Rational Zero Test.
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
Use synthetic division to determine which are indeed zeros of the
polynomial. Try 1:
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
2 1
13
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
2 1
13
1
2
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
2 1
1
13
2
2
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
2 1
1
13
2
2 3
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
2 1
13
2 3
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
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2 1
13
2 3
10
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
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2 1
13
10
2 3
10
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
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2 1
13
10
2 3
10
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try 1:
2 1
13
10
2 3
10
1 is not a zero of the polynomial.

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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
13
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
13
1
2
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
13
2
2
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
13
2
2
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1
1
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
2
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13
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
2
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13
12
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
2
2
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1
1
13
1 12
12
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
2
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13
1 12
12 18
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Solution:
Rational Zero Test.
p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q : 1, 2
p
1 3
: 1, 2, 3, 6, ,
q
2 2
polynomial. Try -1:
2
1
2
13
1 12
12 18

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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
2
2
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
2
13
4
2
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
2
13
4
2 5
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
10
2 5
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
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2 1
13
10
2 5
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
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2 1
13
10
2 5
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
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2 1
13
10
2 5
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
10
2 5
The remainder is 0; hence, 2 is a zero of the polynomial.
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
10
2 5

Thus, 2x3 + x2 13x + 6 = (x 2)(2x2 + 5x 3).
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
10
2 5

Thus, 2x3 + x2 13x + 6 = (x 2)(2x2 + 5x 3).
The other factor is already quadratic, which we can factor. We get
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Solution (cont.):
Try 2.
2 1
13
10
2 5

Thus, 2x3 + x2 13x + 6 = (x 2)(2x2 + 5x 3).
The other factor is already quadratic, which we can factor. We get
2x3 + x2 13x + 6 = (x 2)(x + 3)(2x 1).
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Example: Find the solution set of 3x4 + 17x3 + 20x2 15x 9 = 0.

Solution:
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Solution:
Let p(x) = 3x4 + 17x3 + 20x2 15x 9. Possible Rational Zeros:
p : 1, 3, 9
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Solution:
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
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Solution:
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
p
1
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
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Solution:
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
p
1
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 1.
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Solution:
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
p
1
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 1.
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3 17 20
15
3 20
40
25
3 20 40
25
16
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Solution:
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
p
1
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 1.
3 17 20
15
3 20
40
25
3 20 40
25
16

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Solution (cont.):
Possible rational zeros:
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
17
20
15
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
17
20
15
3
3
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
17
20
15
9
3
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
20
15
9
3
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17
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
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17
20
24
15
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
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17
20
24
15
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
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17
20
15
24
12
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
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17
20
15
24
12
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
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17
20
15
24
12
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
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17
20
15
24
12
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Solution (cont.):
p : 1, 3, 9
q : 1, 3
1
p
: 1, 3, 9,
q
3
Try 3.
3
3
3
17
20
15
24
12
So, 3x4 + 17x3 + 20x2 15x 9 = (x + 3)(3x3 + 8x2 4x 3).

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Solution (cont.):
Find the zeros of the other factor 3x3 + 8x2 4x 3.
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Solution (cont.):
Zeros may have multiplicity greater than 1.
Try 3 again.
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Solution (cont.):
Try 3 again.
3
3
3
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Solution (cont.):
Try 3 again.
3
3
3
The remainder is again 0; hence,
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Solution (cont.):
Try 3 again.
3
3
3
The remainder is again 0; hence,

3x4 + 17x3 + 20x2 15x 9 = (x + 3)(x + 3)(3x2 x 1).
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Solution (cont.):
We have
(x + 3)(x + 3)(3x2 x 1) = 0.
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Solution (cont.):
We have
(x + 3)(x + 3)(3x2 x 1) = 0.
x = 3 or 3x2 x 1 = 0
.
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Solution (cont.):
We have
(x + 3)(x + 3)(3x2 x 1) = 0.
x = 3 or 3x2 x 1 = 0
.Using the quadratic formula,
p
(1) (1)2 4(3)(1)
x=
2(3)
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Solution (cont.):
We have
(x + 3)(x + 3)(3x2 x 1) = 0.
x = 3 or 3x2 x 1 = 0
p
(1) (1)2 4(3)(1)

1 13
=
x=
6
2(3)
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Solution (cont.):
We have
(x + 3)(x + 3)(3x2 x 1) = 0.
x = 3 or 3x2 x 1 = 0
p
(1) (1)2 4(3)(1)

1 13
=
x=
6
2(3)
Therefore, the solution set is
(
3,
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13
)
.
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Inverse Functions
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) =
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) =
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) =
2
2
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2
(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) =
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f
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1
1
x
2
2

=
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1
1
x
2
2

=2
1
1
x
2
2

+1
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f
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1
1
x
2
2

=2
1
1
x
2
2

+ 1 = x.
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f
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1
1
x
2
2

=2
1
1
x
2
2

+ 1 = x.
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f
1
1
x
2
2

=2
1
1
x
2
2

+ 1 = x.
g undoes what f does,
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Let
1
1
f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x .
2
2
Observe that
1
1
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1) = x,
2
2

(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f
1
1
x
2
2

=2
1
1
x
2
2

+ 1 = x.
g undoes what f does, and f undoes what g does
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Inverse Functions
Definition
Two functions f and g are inverse functions of each other if:
(f g)(x) = x for all x dom g, AND
(g f )(x) = x for all x dom f .
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Inverse Functions
Definition
Remarks
1
We write g = f 1 and f = g 1 .
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Inverse Functions
Definition
Remarks
1
2
We write g = f 1 and f = g 1 .
(f 1 f )(x) = x for all x dom f
(f f 1 )(x) = x for all x dom f 1
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Example: f (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 12 x

other.
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1
2
are inverse functions of each
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Example: f (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 12 x

other.
Thus, f 1 (x) = 12 x
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1
2
1
2
are inverse functions of each
and g 1 (x) = 2x + 1.
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Question: Does every function have an inverse function?
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Definition
A function f is said to be one-to-one if for all a, b dom f with a 6= b,
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Definition
f (a) 6= f (b).
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Definition
f (a) 6= f (b).
Examples:
f
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
a4
b4
one-to-one
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Definition
f (a) 6= f (b).
Examples:
g
f
a1
b1
a1
b1
a2
b2
a2
b2
a3
b3
a3
b3
a4
b4
a4
b4
one-to-one
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not one-to-one
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f
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
a4
b4
one-to-one
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inverse mapping
f
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
one-to-one
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function
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g
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
a4
b4
not one-to-one
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inverse mapping
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
not one-to-one
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
not a function
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Theorem
A function f has an inverse function if and only if f is a one-to-one
function.
f 1
f
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b, then f 1 (b) = a.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b, then f 1 (b) = a.

That is (a, b) f precisely when
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b, then f 1 (b) = a.

That is (a, b) f precisely when (b, a) f 1 .
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b, then f 1 (b) = a.

dom f 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b, then f 1 (b) = a.

dom f 1 = ran f
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
function.
f 1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a2
b2
b2
a2
a3
b3
b3
a3
a4
b4
b4
a4
If f (a) = b, then f 1 (b) = a.

dom f 1 = ran f
ran f 1 = dom f
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Finding f 1
Let f be a one-to-one function. To find f 1 :

Example
y = f (x) = 2x + 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Finding f 1

Example
1. Interchange x and y to get x = f (y).
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
y = f (x) = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
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Finding f 1

Example
y = f (x) = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
2. Solve for y in terms of x to get y = f 1 (x).
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Finding f 1

Example
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
y = f (x) = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
y=
x1
2
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Finding f 1

Example
y = f (x) = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
y=
x1
2
f 1 (x) = 12 x
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
1
2
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Example: Find g 1 if g(x) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x + 1.
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x + 1.
Solution:
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x + 1.
Solution:
y =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
Lec. 17
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x + 1.
Solution:
y = 3x+1
x = 3y+1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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x + 1.
Solution:
y = 3x+1
x = 3y+1
3 y
= x1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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x + 1.
Solution:
y
x
3 y
y
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= 3x+1
= 3y+1
= x1
= (x 1)3
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x + 1.
Solution:
y
x
3 y
y
= 3x+1
= 3y+1
= x1
= (x 1)3
g 1 (x) = (x 1)3
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: Find the range of f (x) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
.
x2
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x+1
.
x2
Solution:
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x+1
.
x2
Solution: Recall: ran f = dom f 1 .
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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x+1
.
x2

y =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
x2
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
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x+1
.
x2

x+1
x2
y+1
x =
y2
x(y 2) = y + 1
y =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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x+1
.
x2

x+1
x2
y+1
x =
y2
x(y 2) = y + 1
xy 2x = y + 1
y =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
x(y 2) =
xy 2x =
xy y =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
y+1
y+1
2x + 1
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
x(y 2)
xy 2x
xy y
y(x 1)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
=
=
=
=
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
y+1
y+1
2x + 1
2x + 1
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
x(y 2)
xy 2x
xy y
y(x 1)
=
=
=
=
y =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
y+1
y+1
2x + 1
2x + 1
2x + 1
x1
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
x(y 2)
xy 2x
xy y
y(x 1)
=
=
=
=
y =
f 1 (x) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
y+1
y+1
2x + 1
2x + 1
2x + 1
x1
2x + 1
x1
Lec. 17
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
x(y 2)
xy 2x
xy y
y(x 1)
=
=
=
=
y =
f 1 (x) =
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
y+1
y+1
2x + 1
2x + 1
2x + 1
x1
2x + 1
x1
Therefore, ran f = dom f 1 =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x+1
.
x2

y =
x =
x(y 2)
xy 2x
xy y
y(x 1)
=
=
=
=
y =
f 1 (x) =
x+1
x2
y+1
y2
y+1
y+1
2x + 1
2x + 1
2x + 1
x1
2x + 1
x1
Therefore, ran f = dom f 1 =

Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R \ {1}.
Lec. 17
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Horizontal Line Test

Theorem
A function f is one-to-one if and only if any horizontal line intersects the
graph of f in at most one point.
Examples:
f (x) = x + 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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Theorem
Examples:
f (x) = x + 1
one-to-one
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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Theorem
Examples:
f (x) = x + 1
f (x) = |x|
one-to-one
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
Examples:
f (x) = x + 1
f (x) = |x|
one-to-one
not one-to-one
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Theorem
Examples:
f (x) = x + 1
f (x) = |x|
one-to-one
not one-to-one
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
f (x) =
Lec. 17
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Theorem
Examples:
f (x) = x + 1
f (x) = |x|
one-to-one
not one-to-one
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
f (x) =
one-to-one
Lec. 17
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Recall: If f 1 exists, then (a, b) f precisely when (b, a) f 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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(a, b)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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(a, b)
(b, a)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
slope
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
ba
ab
Lec. 17
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(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
slope 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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` : slope 1
(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
2
= 1(x
a+b
)
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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y=x
(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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y=x
(a, b)
,
( a+b
2
b+a
)
2
(b, a)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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y = f (x)
y=x
y = f 1 (x)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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The graph of f 1 is the reflection of the graph of f about the line with
equation y = x.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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equation y = x.
f (x) = 2x + 1
f 1 (x) = 21 x 12
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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equation y = x.
f (x) = 2x + 1
f 1 (x) = 21 x 12
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
g(x) = 3 x + 1
g 1 (x) = (x 1)3
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equation y = x.
f (x) = 2x + 1
f 1 (x) = 21 x 12
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
g(x) = 3 x + 1
g 1 (x) = (x 1)3
Lec. 17
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Consider: f (x) = x2 + 1. Does f have an inverse function?
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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y = x2 + 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
56 / 61

y = x2 + 1
x = y2 + 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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y = x2 + 1
x = y2 + 1
y2 = x 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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y = x2 + 1
x = y2 + 1
y2 = x 1
y = x1
The last equation does not represent a function.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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y = x2 + 1
x = y2 + 1
y2 = x 1
y = x1
For example, when x = 5,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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y = x2 + 1
x = y2 + 1
y2 = x 1
y = x1
For example, when x = 5, y = 5 1
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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y = x2 + 1
x = y2 + 1
y2 = x 1
y = x1
For example, when x = 5, y = 5 1 = 2.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Restriction of Domain
If f is not one-to-one, we may restrict its domain such that f is
one-to-one on the restriction. The resulting function has an inverse.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: f (x) = x2 + 1.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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f is not one-to one on
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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one-to-one on that restriction before we can find its inverse.
Restrict dom f to [0, ).
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x = y 2 + 1,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x = y 2 + 1, y 0
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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x = y 2 + 1, y 0
y 2 = x 1, y 0
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x = y 2 + 1, y 0
y2 =
x 1, y 0
y = x 1, y 0
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x = y 2 + 1, y 0
y2 =
x 1, y 0
y= x 1, y 0
y = x 1 since y [0, )
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 17
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x = y 2 + 1, y 0
y2 =
x 1, y 0
y= x 1, y 0
y = x 1 since y [0, )
f 1 (x) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x1
Lec. 17
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x = y 2 + 1, y 0
y2 =
x 1, y 0
y= x 1, y 0
y = x 1 since y [0, )
f 1 (x) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
x1
Lec. 17
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Exercises:
1
Solve for x in the equation (find any irrational and complex roots if
possible):
f (x) = 27x4 + 27x3 6x2 2x + 4.
Determine if each function is one-to-one. If not, explain why.

1. {(2, 3), (3, 5), (5, 7)}
Determine whether the given pair are inverses of each other.

1. f (x) = 20 5x,
g(x) = 0.2x + 4
2. {(x, y) | y = |x + 2|}
1
2. f (x) = x3
,
g(x) = 3 + x1
Give the domain and range of the following functions and their
inverses.
1. f (x) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
2x 3
2. x 7
x1
5x
Lec. 17
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A17 - Factoring Polynomials, Inverses VJ

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Zeros of Polynomials

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Rational Zero Test

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Rational Zero Test

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

1 is not a zero of the polynomial.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

1 is not a zero of the polynomial.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.

Polynomial Zeros, Inverse Functions

Example: Factor completely: 2x3 + x2 13x + 6.