AStudyonCableStayedFootbridge

Dr. S.V.Itti, Professor, Department of Civil Engg, K.L.E.S's College of Engg & Technology Belgaum, Ravishankar M.
Madagouda,M.TechStudent.Inthelastdecade,severalinvestigationshavebeendirectedtoconditionassessmentofcable
stayed bridges and contributed extensively to advances in construction, design, and health monitoring of this type of
structures. Results of these investigations have helped toward formation of a unified approach for inservice evaluation and
problemsolvingoftheseaestheticstructures.
TheholyplaceGangambikaTempleissubmergedunderbackwaterofMalaprabhadamforaperiodmorethaneightmonthsin
ayear.Therefore,GovernmentofKarnatakahastakenaforwardsteptorestorethissitekeepingdevoteesproblemsinmind.
Bylookingintositeandclientrequirementsarchitecturalplansandelevationareprepared.Componentsinvolveinthisproject
aredrywellof17mdiameterwhichisgoingtoconstructaroundthetemplekeepingtempleatthecenter.Thecablestayed
bridgehavingdimensionsof4mwidthand90moverallspan,hasbeenproposedforaccessibility.Thestudyonthefootbridge
hasbeentakenforpresentwork.
In this present work, the analysis and design of cable stayed footbridge has been done by using the programme written in
excelsheets.Thevariouscomponentsofbridgearedesignedusingtheprogramswritteninexcelspreadsheets.Thestudyhas
beencarriedoutforvariationinspans(distancebetweencablespacing)forcablestayedbridge,havingsingletoweranddouble
towersatsinglesideandalsoatdoubleside.Thestudyshowsthatthedesigniseconomicalfordoublesidetowers.
Introduction
To provide safe and sustainable crossings, those providing technical assistance to local government and communities need
simple,easilyappliedguidelinesontheselectionandconstructionofeffectivewatercrossings.Thispapercontainsinformation
on water crossings and an introductory chapter on footbridges but within the context of the paper it provide the
comprehensiveguidelinesneededforselectingandconstructingfootbridgedesignsforspecificapplications.
Beforebeginningtheselectionprocess,itisnecessarytoconfirmthatafootbridgeisthebestoptionforthewatercrossing.
Otheroptionsare:
Forshallowcrossings,simplesteppingstonesmaybeaquequate.
Fornarrowcrossings,aculvertmaybeabetteroption
Forwidecrossings,aferrymaybethemostpracticaloption
Forlowpedestriantraffic,acablewaymaybethecheapestoption
Ifitisdecidedthatafootbridgeisthebestoptionthefirststepistocarryoutasite
surveytodecideonthealignmentofthefootbridgeanddetermineitsspecifications
intermsofspan(lengthbetweensupports)andthetraffictobecarried.Thepaper
starts from this planning process and works through the process of selecting the
mostappropriatedesignoffootbridgetomeetthespecifications.
HistoricalDevelopment
The concept and practical application of the cablestayed bridge date back to the
1600s, when a Venetian engineer named Verantius built a bridge with several
diagonal chainstays (Kavanagh, 1973). The modern cablestayed bridge consists of a superstructure of steel or reinforced

concretememberssupportedatoneormorepointsbycablesextendingfromoneormoretowers.Theconceptattractedto
engineers and builders for many centuries and experimentation and development continued until its modernday version
evolved in 1950 in Germany. During the past three decades, cablestayed bridges have found wide applications all over the
world, especially in Western Europe and United States. In particular, the cablestayed girder type of design is fast gaining
popularityamongthebridgedesigners,particularlyformediumandlongspans.
Cablestayed bridge stands out as the most recent technological development in bridge construction as demonstrated by
several bridges existing all over the world, built of different materials and techniques. The Stromsund Bridge, which was
constructedinSwedenin1955withacentralspanof183m,istheworldsfirstcablestayedhighwaybridge.Subsequently,a
numberofcablestayedbridgeswereconstructedallovertheworldinmanycountries.TheSecondHooghlyBridgeoverthe
riverGangaatHowrahisoneofforthelongestbridgesintheworldwithaspanof457.2m,theTataraBridgeinJapanbeing
thelongestwithaspanof890m.Effortsareontoincreasethespanfurtherbeyond1000m.Formediumspansof100300
m,cablestayedbridgesareconsideredtobethemostsuitablesystem.
Due to their aesthetic appearance, efficient utilization of structural materials and other notable advantages, cablestayed
bridgeshavegainedpopularityinrecentdecades.Thisfactisdue,ononehand,totherelativelysmallsizeofthesubstructures
requiredandontheotherhand,totheadventofefficientconstructiontechniquesapartfromtherapidprogressintheanalysis
anddesignofthistypeofbridges.Wideandsuccessfulapplicationofcablestayedsystemswasrealizedonlyrecently,withthe
introduction of highstrength steel, orthotropic type decks, development of welding techniques and progress in structural
analysis.
Therecentdevelopmentsindesigntechnology,materialquality,andefficientconstructiontechniquesinbridgeengineeringwill
enableconstructionofnotonlylongerbutalsolighterandslenderbridges.Thus,verylongspanslendercablestayedbridges
are being built, and the aim is to further increase the span length and use shallower and more slender girders for future
bridges.Toachievethis,accurateproceduresneedtobedevelopedthatcanleadtoathoroughunderstandingandarealistic
predictionofthestructuralresponsetonotonlywindandearthquakeloadsbutalsotrafficloads.
GeneralFeaturesofCableStayedBridge
Componentsofacablestayfootbridge:
a.TowerorPylons
b.Decksystem
c.Cablesystemsupportingthedeck.
(a)TowersorPylons
The towers are the compression members transmitting the load to the foundations. Towers are of different types to
accommodate different cable arrangements, bridge site conditions design features aesthetic and economical considerations.
Thevariouspossibletypesoftowerconstructionare:
i.Trapezoidalportalframes
ii.Twintowers
iii.Aframes
iv.Singletowers
(b)DeckSystem
Most cablestayed bridges have orthotropic decks, which differ from one another only as far as the cross sections of the
longitudinalribsandthespacingofthecrossgirdersdependinguponphysicalconstraints.
Thedeckmaybemadeofdifferentmaterialssuchassteel,concreteorprestressedconcrete.
(c)TypesofCableStays
Thecablestaysaremadeupofhightensilesteelofdifferenttypeswithanultimatetensilestrengthintherangeof1500to
2000N/mm2.
Thecablestaysthatareusuallyareofthefollowingtypes:
i.ParallelbarcablesFig.3a
ii.ParallelwirecablesFig.3b
iii.StrandedcablesFig.3c
iv.LockedcoilcablesFig.3d
The choice of any of these types depends on the mechanical properties required (modulus of elasticity, ultimate tensile

strength, durability etc.) as well as on structural and economic criteria (erection

anddesignoftheanchorages).
(d)LongitudinalCableArrangement
Dependingonthearrangementoflongitudinalstaycables,thecablestayedbridges
canbedividedintofourbasicsystemsasshowninFigure4.
i.Harpsystem
ii.Fansystem
iii.SemiHarpsystem
iv.Asymmetricsystem
ObjectivesofthePresentWork
To analyze and design a cable
stayedfootbridge.
The various components of bridge
are designed using the programs
writteninexcelspreadsheets.
The comparison is made between
by providing different types of
towers.
Also the comparison is made by providing the different spacing for the cables or the stays for different tower types of
bridge.
Acomparativestudyofdesignswithrespecttospacingofcablesandtowertypevariationisdoneinthispaper.
AnalysisandDesign
Thistypeofbridgecomprisesbasicallyadeckslab,cablesystemandthetower.Sinceconcretehasaverylowtensilestrength,
the tensile load is transefered by the cables to the towers in the form of compression force, which it transfers to the
foundation.Theconcreteisassumedtocarryallthecompressivebendingstresses.
DepartmentofCivilEngg,K.L.E.SsCollegeofEnggandTechnologycarriedoutthecontoursurveyworkplanandelevation
arefixedaspertheclientrequirement.Thedistancebetweenthetempleandtheleftsidebankoftheriverisabout90mand
ontherightsideitisabout75mtotheapproach.TheRLofthetempleisabout624.00mandduringflood,fullreservoirlevel
is634.00m.Accordingtosoilinvestigationcarriedoutthehardstrataisabout18mfromthebedleveloftheriveranditsRL
is 606.800 m. So we decided to go for dry well construction around the temple to protect it and to provide access for the
devoteesduringfloodtimes.Accordingtothatwehavedecidedthediameterofthedrywellas17m(55),girderbottomlevel
as 636.00 m and formation road level as 637.500 m according to the approach road. The height of the piers are fixed
accordingtothesoilinvestigationreport,itisabout18mandduringfestivalperiodthereislotofcrowdgatheringherethats
whythecrossroadwidthiskept4mwhichismorethananyotherwalkways.Sincethebridgeisonlytoprovidetheaccessto
darshanaofDeviGangambikaitsdecidedtogoforprovisionoffootbridgeforthepedestriansorwalkway.
ResultsandDiscussions
ThefootbridgetakenforpresentstudyisCableStayedtypeanditisrestingononesideabutmentandothersiderestingon
drywellwall.Ithas90mx4moveralldimensionsinplan.
The footbridge was taken according to the architectural plan and section. Various dead, live loads were assigned to the
structureandthemodelwasanalysedanddesignedusingexcelspreadsheet.
FromthegeneralLsectionandplanthetypicaldeck,girder,cablestayssupportingtowersistakenupforstudy.Thebridge
deckisanalysedanddesignedfortwosupportconditionsoneissimplysupportedandotheriscantilever.
Theselectedsectionoffootbridgeisvariedwithcablespacingcalculationofeffectiveareaofcablesandsteel,andareabulated,
&thegraphsareplottedforthesame.
Spanlengthstakenforcomparison:
1.90m/22equalspans=4.5m
2.90m/16equalspans=5.6m
3.90m/15equalspans=6m

4.90m/12equalspans=7.5m
5.90m/10equalspans=9m
6.90m/9equalspans=10m
7.90m/8equalspans=11.25m
8.90m/6equalspans=15m
9.90m/4equalspans=22.5m
DeckSlab
Byvariationinthespan(distancebetweenpiers),thereischangeinlongspanofdeckslabbutshortspanremainsameasour
footbridgewidthisfixed.Inthecaseofsimplysupporteddeck,slabisdesignedastwowayslabandinthecaseofcantilever
deckthespanvariationdoesnotmakeanydifferenceasbendingisinshorterspanonly.
Simply supported deck is designed as two way slab, reinforcement changes as span changes. In cantilever deck the steel is
calculatedas0.2%ofgrosscrosssectionalareasoitremainconstantforallspans.
CrossGirder
Cross girder provided in simply supported deck, any variation in the span does not affect on the cross girder reinforcement.
Becauselengthofcrossgirderisfixed,itisequaltowidthofgirder.Alsotheloadcomingoncrossgirderremainssameforall
spans.
MainGirder
Byvariationinthespan(distancebetweenpiers)thereischangeinlongspanofdeckslabduetothischangedeadweight
comingongirderincreases.Inthecaseofsimplysupporteddeck,therearetwolongitudinalgirdersprovidedandinthecaseof
cantileverdeckthereisonelongitudinalgirderprovided.
VolumeofTowerConcrete
Bythevariationinthecablespacingtheconcreteinthetowerforsingletowerandfordoubletoweratthesinglesidedesigned
anditistabulatedhereandthevariationisshownintheformofgraph.
HereSSSCisSingleSideSingleColumn
SSDCisSingleSideDoubleColumn.
By the variation in the cable spacing the concrete in the tower for single tower and for double tower at the double side
designedinthepreviouschapteristabulatedhereandthevariationisshownintheformofgraph.
HereDSSCisDoubleSideSingleColumn
DSDCisDoubleSideDoubleColumn
AreaofMainSteelofTower

Byprovidingthedifferentcablespacingforthebridge,theareaofmainsteelinthe
towerforsingletowerandfordoubletoweratthesinglesidedesigned.Thedetailed
designprocedureisdiscussedandthesameistabulatedhereandthevariationis
shownintheformofgraph.
HereSSSCisSingleSideSingleColumn
SSDCisSingleSideDoubleColumn
Byprovidingthedifferentcablespacingforthebridge,theareaofmainsteelinthe
towerforsingletowerandfordoubletoweratthesinglesidedesigned.
Thedetaileddesignprocedureisdiscussedandthesameistabulatedhereandthe
variationisshownintheformofgraph.
HereDSSCisDoubleSideSingleColumn
DSDCisDoubleSideDoubleColumn
AreaofSupportingCables
Astheprovisionofincreaseincablespacingismadeinthesingletoweranddouble
toweratthesinglesidedesignthecalculatedareaofcablesistabulatedherebelow
andrepresentedintheformofgraphforbothtypeoftowers.
HereSSSCisSingleSideSingleColumn
SSDCisSingleSideDoubleColumn
Theincreaseincablespacingismadeinthesingletoweranddoubletoweratthedoublesidedesignthecalculatedareaof
cablesistabulatedherebelowandrepresentedintheformofgraphforbothtypeoftowers.Fordrawingofdifferenttypeof
cablearrangementsreferdrawingno.4ofappendixA.
HereDSSCisDoubleSideSingleColumn
DSDCisDoubleSideDoubleColumn
Discussion
Theresultsplottedinfigure5showsthattheshortspanreinforcement(main)
remain constant for all bridge span for both simply supported and cantilever
deck,becausetheshortspanlengthsremainsameasourbridgecrosswidthis
fixto4m.
The results given in figure 6 shows that, the long span reinforcement
(distribution)increasesasincreaseinbridgespanforsimplysupporteddueto
changeincrossgirderposition,forcantileverdeckitisconstantforallspan.
FromtheFigure7,itisclearthatthereisnochangeinreinforcementascross
girderlengthisfixedas4m,itisconsideredonlyinsimplysupportedcase.
TheresultsplottedinFigure8showsthatupto22.5mspanthereinforcement
areaisalmostsameinbothcases,afterthatspanreinforcementisincreasesin
cantileversupportascomparetosimplysupportdeck.
AccordingtoFigure9,thecablespacingisincreasingtheconcreteinthetower
ofsinglesidedtowerremainsthesame.
FromFigure,10,theconcretequnatityinthesingletowerisalmostsamefor
allspacing,butinthedoubletowersystemtheconcretequantityissamefrom
4.5to7.5m,butthereisincreaseintheconcreteupto15mofcablespacing.
According to the Figure 11, the main steel in the tower is same for all cable
spacing, since the cross section and the height of the tower is same for all
spacinginthedoublesidetowers.
As per Figure 12, it is seen that there is no much change in the main steel in the single tower but there is a gradual

increaseinthereinforcementofdoubletoweratdoubleside.
FromFigure13,itcanbeseenthattheareaofcableismoreforlesscablespacing.Itisforthereasonthattherearemore
numberofcableandwiresareequiredforthecableinthesingletower.Andasthespacingincreasestheareaofcableis
decreasingasthelessnumberofwiresarerequired.Inthedoubletower,thecableareaisincreasingasthecablespacing
isincreasingatsinglesidetowerdesign.
From Figure 14, it can be seen that as the cable spacing is increasing the area of cable is decreasing gradually for the
singletowerbutitisincreasinggraduallyforthedoubletoweratdoubleside.
Conclusion
Withrespecttotheabovediscussions,thefollowingconclusionsaremade.
There is a larger variation in cable area in single side tower compare to the double side
towers.
Thereisnotmuchchangeinthereinforcementforsinglesidetowersw.r.t.spacingofthe
cables.
Notmuchchangeinthemainreinforcementsofmaingirderw.r.t.spacingofthecables.
Thereislargervariationinthecrosssectionoftowerinsinglesidetowerscomparetothedoublesidetowers.
Thereisnochangeinthereinforcementofthecrossgirderinsimplysupportedcase.
Thevolumeofconcreteismoreinthecaseofsinglesidesingletowercomparedtoothertowers.
Doublesidesingletoweriseconomicalthanothertypeoftowers.
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