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A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), or
full blood exam (FBE), is a blood panel requested
by a doctor or other medical professional that gives
information about the cells in a patients blood, such as the
cell count for each cell type and the concentrations of various proteins and minerals. A scientist or lab technician
performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC.
Blood counts of various types have been used for clinical
purposes since the 19th century. Automated equipment CBC being performed in a hospital using an Abbott Cell-Dyn
to carry out complete blood counts was developed in the 1700 automatic analyzer.
1950s and 1960s.[1]
The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells
(leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets
(thrombocytes). Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence
blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed
blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview
of a patients general health status. A CBC is routinely
performed during annual physical examinations in some
jurisdictions.
Medical uses
2.1 Automated blood count
Complete blood count performed by an automated analyser. Differentials not seen here.
Procedure
A phlebotomist collects the sample through venipuncture, Most blood counts today include a CBC count and leukodrawing the blood into a test tube containing an cyte dierential count (LDC) (that is, not just the toanticoagulant (EDTA, sometimes citrate) to stop it from tal WBC count but also the count of each WBC type,
1
PROCEDURE
2.2
Hemocytometers (counting chambers that hold a specied volume of diluted blood and divide it with grid lines)
are used to calculate the number of red and white cells
per litre of blood. (The dilution and grid lines are needed
because there are far too many cells without those aids.)
To identify the numbers of dierent white cells, a blood
lm is made, and a large number of white blood cells (at
least 100) are counted. This gives the percentage of cells
that are of each type. By multiplying the percentage with
the total number of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained.
Manual counting is useful in cases where automated analyzers cannot reliably count abnormal cells, such as those
cells that are not present in normal patients and are only
seen in peripheral blood with certain haematological conditions. Manual counting is subject to sampling error because so few cells are counted compared with automated
analysis. A manual count will also give information about
other cells that are not normally present in peripheral
blood, but may be released in certain disease processes.
Medical technologists examine blood lm via a microscope for some CBCs, not only to nd abnormal white
cells, but also because variation in the shape of red cells
is an important diagnostic tool. Although automated
analysers give fast, reliable results regarding the number, average size, and variation in size of red blood cells,
they do not detect cells shapes. Also, some normal patients platelets will clump in EDTA anticoagulated blood,
which causes automatic analyses to give a falsely low
platelet count. The person viewing the slide in these cases
3.2
Red cells
Included tests
3
decreased by HIV infection. In adults, lymphocytes are the second most common WBC
type after neutrophils. In young children under age 8, lymphocytes are more common than
neutrophils.[6]
Monocytes: May be raised in bacterial infection, tuberculosis, malaria, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, monocytic leukemia, chronic
ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis[6]
Eosinophils: Increased in parasitic infections,
asthma, or allergic reaction.
Basophils: May be increased in bone marrow related conditions such as leukemia or
lymphoma.[6]
3.3 Hemoglobin
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby
white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.
3.1
White cells
Total white blood cells are reported, and a dierential reports all the white cell types as a percentage
and as an absolute number per litre.[5] A high WBC
may indicate an infection.
3.4 Hematocrit
Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV): This is the
fraction of whole blood volume that consists of red
blood cells.[5]
3.6
MCH
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell, in
picograms.[5]
EXTERNAL LINKS
6 References
3.7
MCHC
3.8
RDW
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW): the variation in cellular volume of the RBC population.
3.9
Platelets
Results
Interpretation
[1] Verso, ML (May 1962). The Evolution of Blood Counting Techniques (PDF). Read at a meeting of the Section of the History of Medicine, First Australian Medical
Congress 8: 14958. doi:10.1017/s0025727300029392.
PMC 1033366. PMID 14139094. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
[2] Mayo Clinic (14 February 2014). Complete blood count
(CBC) Why its done - Tests and Procedures. mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
[3] American Association of Blood Banks (24 April 2014),
Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question,
Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation
(American Association of Blood Banks), retrieved 25 July
2014, which cites
Napolitano, LM; Kurek, S; Luchette, FA; Corwin, HL; Barie, PS; Tisherman, SA; Hebert,
PC; Anderson, GL; Bard, MR; Bromberg, W;
Chiu, WC; Cipolle, MD; Clancy, KD; Diebel,
L; Ho, WS; Hughes, KM; Munshi, I; Nayduch,
D; Sandhu, R; Yelon, JA; American College of
Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care, Medicine; Eastern Association for the
Surgery of Trauma Practice Management, Workgroup (Dec 2009). Clinical practice guideline:
red blood cell transfusion in adult trauma and
critical care.. Critical Care Medicine 37 (12):
312457. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b39f1b.
PMID 19773646.
[4] Buttarello, M; Plebani, M (Jul 2008). Automated
blood cell counts: state of the art..
American journal of clinical pathology 130 (1): 104
16.
doi:10.1309/EK3C7CTDKNVPXVTN. PMID
18550479.
[5] David C., Dugdale (19 March 2012). CBC: MedlinePlus
Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
[6] Complete Blood count with Dierential. RbCeus.com.
2013. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
[7] RBC indices. MedlinePlus: U.S. National Library of
Medicine. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
[8] References at Reference ranges for blood tests#White
blood cells 2
7 External links
Blood Groups and Red Cell AntigensFree online
book at NCBI Bookshelf ID: NBK2261
Complete Blood CountLab Tests Online
8.1
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