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There are three components and interrelated aspects of waste water management.
1. Collection of wastewater
Collection of domestic wastewater is best achieved by a full sewerage water drainage system.
Unfortunately this method is most expensive and there is relatively few communities in hot climate
which afford it. A modern hygienic method of night soil collection is the only realistic alternative.
2. Treatment of wastewater
Treatment is required principally to destroy pathogenic agents in sewage or night soil and to encore
that it is suitable for whatever re-use process is secreted for it.
The responsible re-use of night soil and sewage effluent is aqua culture and crop irrigation can make
a significant contribution to a community food supply and hence its general social development. The
best example is china where over 90% of waste after treatment is applied to land
Health criteria
ii.
iii.
Ecological criteria
iv.
Nuisance criteria
v.
Cultural criteria
vi.
Operational criteria
vii.
Cost criteria
i.
Health Criteria:
Pathogenic organisms should not be spread either by direct contact with right soil or sewage or indirectly via soil,
water or food. The treatment chosen should achieve a high degree of pathogen destruction.
ii.
Re-use/Recycle Criteria:
The treatment process should yield a safe product for re-use, preferably in aquaculture and agriculture.
iii.
Ecological criteria:
In those cases land the should be considered exception when the waste cannot be re-use, the discharge of effluent
into a surface water should not exceed the self-purification capacity of the recipient water.
iv.
Nuisance Criteria:
The degree of odor release must be below the nuisance threshold. No part of the system should become aesthetically
offensive.
v.
Cultural Criteria.
The methods chosen for waste collection, treatment and re-use should be compatible with local habits and social
(religious) practice.
vi.
Operational Criteria:
The skills required for the routine operation and maintenance of the system components must be available locally or
are such that they can be acquired with only minimum training.
vii.
Cost criteria:
Capital and running costs must not exceed the communitys ability to pay. The financial return from re-use schemes is
an important factor is an important factor in this regard.
However, no one system completely satisfies all these demands. The problem becomes one of minimizing
disadvantages.
Preliminary treatment ( influent flow measurement, screening (Bar racks), Shredders, comminutors
(maceratours), pumping, grit removal)
Sludge treatment (anaerobic digestion of the sludge produced in primary and biological treatment)
1. Screening:
The first unit operation generally encountered in wastewater treatment plants is screening. A screen is a device with
openings, generally of uniform size, that is used to retain solids found in the influent wastewater to the treatment
plant. The principal role of screening is to remove coarse materials from the flow stream that could:
1. Damage subsequent process equipment.
2. Reduce overall treatment process reliability & effectiveness, or
3. Contaminate waste way
There are two types of screening processes
1. Manually Operated
2. Automatically
1. Course screens (Bar Racks)
2. Fine screens
3. Micro screens.
Coarse Screens
Micro Screening
Fine Screens
6 to 150mm
< 0.5 k
pumped into the approach channel from where it flows by gravity to the treatment plant. Its main function is to provide
a steady and uniform flow after pumping.
Head loss, hL = 0.0729 (V2 Vh2) ------ {Vh 0.75m/sec, hL 0.5 ft}
Screen chamber. Lc = inlet zone (2-3 ft) + Lh + outlet zone {outlet zone = width of p plate + (0.5-1.0 ft)}
As an alternative to coarse bar screens or fine screens, comminutors and macerators be use to intercept coarse
solids and grind or shred them in the screen channel. High speed grinders are used in conjunction with
mechanically cleaned screens to grin and shred screenings that are cit up into a smaller, more uniform size for return
to the flow stream for subsequent removal by downstream treatment operations and processes, comminutiors,
macerators and grinders can theoretically eliminate the messy and offensive task of screening handling and disposal.
Comminutors small WWT (0.2 m3/s or 5 MGD) 6 - 20 mm (0.25 N 0.77in)
1. Comminutors:
Comminutors are used commonly in small wastewater treatment plants, less than (0.2 m 3/s or 5M6D). They are
installed in a wastewater flow channel to screen and shred material to sizes from 6 to 20 mm (0.25 to 0.77 in) without
removing the shredded solids from the flow stream.
2. Macerators:
Macerators are slow speed grinders that typically consist of two sets of counter rotating assemblies with blades. The
assemblies are mounted vertically in the flow channel. The blades or teeth on the rotation assembles have a close
tolerance that effectively chop material as it passes through the unit.
3. Grinders:
High speed grinders typically referred to as fiammermills, receive screened materials from base screen. The materials
are pulverized by a high speed rotation assembly that wets the materials passing through the unit.
It achieves its objective by providing storage to hold water when it is arriving too rapidly, and to supply additional water
when it is arriving less rapidly than desired.
A smaller the screen opening, greater will be the amount of material screened.
In order to improve the performance of a reactor, particularly the biological processes, it is required to equalize the
strength of wastewater and to provide uniform flow, an equalization tank is design after screen and grit chamber. This
may be in the line-off or off-line, as shown in the figure;
It is a Unit operation (physical). Removal of grit form waste Swater may be accomplished in grit chambers or by
centrifugal separation of solids. Grit chambers are designed to remove grit, consisting of sand, gravel, sanders, or
other heavy solid materials that have specific gravities or setting velocities substantially greater than those of organic
particles in wastewater. Grit chambers are most commonly located after the bar screens and before the primary
sedimentation.
These are just like sedimentation tanks, design mainly to remove heavier particles or coarse inert and relatively dry
suspended solids from the wastewater. There are two main types of grit chambers like rectangular horizontal flow
types and aerated grit chambers. In the aerated grit chamber the organic solids are kept in suspension by rising
aerted system provided at the bottom of the tank.
Cross-sectional area, Ax = (Qdesign / Vh) for each unit (Vh 1 ft/sec), depth 3-5 ft
Assuming (tD = 1-2 minutes), determine the length L = Vh * tD (Add 10% additional)
Check the SLR (1200-1700 m3/m2-day) and Vs ( 0.01 m/sec). Grit produced is about 1.5 ft 3/ML of
wastewater flow. Add to depth {1ft FB + grit}
Assume a depth (D = 08-15 ft), determine the surface area of the basin. And check the SLR (12001700 m3/m2-day)
The amount of grit produced is about 1.5 ft3/ML of wastewater flow. Add suitable depth fro grit and
free board.
Calculate the amount of air required (0.2-0.5 m3/min/m length of the tank)
Depth
Length
Flight speed
Bottom Slope
1.12 ft
Depth
Surface geometry
The above criteria are physical and while they may be adequate for design of the tank they sues nothing about the
performance and operation of the sedimentation process.
Therefore, additional parameters called performance criteria were established to monitor and improve the day-to-day
performance and operation of the sedimentation process.
The maximum forward velocity to avoid the risk of scouring settled sludge is 10 to 15 mm/s (06 to 09m/min or
2 to 3 ft/ min), indicating that the ratio of length to width l/w should referrals be about.
The maximum weir loading rate, to limit the influence of draw-down currents, is preferably about 300 m 3/d-m,
this figure is sometime increased where the design flow is great then 3 ADWF.
Inlets should be baffled to dissipate the momentum of the incoming flow and to assist in establishing uniform
forward flow.
Sludge is removed by scraping it into collecting hoppers at the inlet end of the tank.
Sum removal is essential in primary sedimentation tanks because of the grease and other floating matter
which is present in wastewater. The sludge serapes can return along the length of the tank a the water
surface. As they move towards the outlet end of the bank, the flights then move the sum towards a skimmer
located just upstream of the effluent weirs.
Careful design of the inlet stilling well is needed to active a stable radial flow pattern without causing
excessive turbulence in the vicinity of the central sludge hopper.
The weir length aroid the perimeter of the tank is usually sufficient to give a sates factory weir loading rate at
maximum flow, but at low flows, very low flow depths may result.
To overcome the sensitivity of these tanks to slight errors in weir level and wind effects, it is common to
provide v-much wares.
Sludge removal is effected by means of a rotary sludge scrapper who moves the sludge into a central hopper,
form which it is with drown.
Scum removal is carried out by surface skimming board attached to the sludge scrapper mechanism and
positioned so that scum is moved towards a collecting hopper at the surface.
up flow tanks, usually square in plan and with deep hopper bottoms, are common in small treatment plants.
Their main advantage is that sludge removal is cared out entirely by activity and no mechanical parts are
required for cleaning them.
The steeply sloping sides usually to to horizontal concentrate the sludge at the bottom of the hopper.
Weir loading rate is a problem only at low flows. So that v-match weirs are desirable.
True up flow tanks have an disadvantage on that hydraulic over loading may have more serious effects than
in horizontal flow tanks.
Any practical with a velocity lower than VP = Q/A will not removed in an up flow tank, but will escape in the
effluent.
In a horizontal flow tank assuming that such particles were uniformly distributed to the flow, particle with Vp=Q/A still
be removed in proportion.
Second objective
The second objective of secondary treatment: The reduction of ammonia toxicity and nitrification oxygen demand in
the stream. This is achieved by oxidation of most of the ammonia to nitrate during treatment (nitrification).
2. Nitrification:
Means the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Nitrification is possible with aerobic biological processes. If they are
operated at low organic load rates-hence the units must be large than those which would be required for oxidation
of carbonaceous matter alone.
1. Conventional sedimentation the major process in primary wastewater treatment, normally removes 60 to 70 %
of suspended solids matter containing 30% to 40% of the BOD present in municipal wastewater, leaving 150
to 200 mg/l of BOD's and about 100mg/l SS in the primary effluent.
2. Discharge or effluent of this quality with exceeding the assimilative capacity of the receiving the assimilative
capacity of the receiving environment is only possible where very large volumes of water are available for
delectation or where the effluent may be irrigated over a large land area.
3. For discharge to inland streams or lakes, a considerably higher quality is necessary. Assimilative capacity of
O2 in H2O = 9mg/l not less then 2 mg/l.
Trickling Filter
Introduction to trickling filter system:
The trickling filter is like a circular well having depth up to 2 meter filled with granular media like stone, plastic sheets
and redwood, slag, slate.
The first tricking filter was placed in operation in England in 1893. The concept of a tricking filter grew from the contact
frets which were water tight basins filled with broken stones. The limitation of the contact filters included a relatively:
1. High incidence of clogging,
2. The long retention time (a typical cycle required 12 hours, 6 hours for operation and 6 hours for resting) and
relatively
3. Low loading rate. life cycle/ biological circle of bacteria: 20-30
minutes. The tricking filter itself consists of a bed of coarse material,
such as stones, slates or plastic materials (media) over which
wastewater is applied. Because the micro-organisms that
biodegrade the waste form a film on the media this process is
known as an attached growth process.
Tricking filters have been a popular biological treatment processes. The
widely used design of trickling filters that can last for many years is:
Design diameter of Rock filters = 60m (2007t) and for Rock size Design
diameter = 25 to 100mm
It is a:
Unit process
Aerobic process
Activated Sludge:
Definition
Is defined as a Suspension of microorganisms, both living and dead in a wastewater. The microorganisms are
active by an input of air (oxygen) thus known as activated-sludge. Activate-sludge is that sludge which settle down in
a secondary sedimentation tank after the sewage has been freely aerated and agitated for a certain time in an
Aeration tank.
Working Mechanism
The activated-sludge contains numerous bacteria and other microorganisms, when it is mixed with raw sewage
saturated with oxygen, the bacteria perform the following function.
1. Oxidize the organic solids.
2. Promote coagulation and flocculation and convert dissolved, colloid and suspended solids into settle able
solids. In practice the following operations are carried out in an activated - sludge process.
3. The sewage is given treatment in the primary sedimentation tank. The detention time is kept as short as 1-1/2
hours.
4. The settled sewage form the Primary Sedimentation Tank is the mixed with the required quantity of
activated-sludge in the aeration tank. The mixture of activated-sludge and wastewater in the aeration tank is
called mixed liquor or mixed liquor suspended solids MLSS or MLVSS mixed liquor volatile suspended
solids.
5. The Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids is aerated for 6-8 hours in the aeration tank, called the hydraulic
detention time according to the degree of purification. About 8 m3 of air is provided from each m3 of
wastewater treated. The volumes of sludge returned to the aeration basin is typically 20 to 30% of wastewater
flow air supply 8-10 m3 of sewage
6. The aerated Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids resulting in the formation of floc particles, ranging in size from 50
to 200pm.which is then removed in the secondary sedimentation tank by gravity settling, leeching a relatively
clear liquid as the treated effluent. Typically greater than 99% of suspend solids can be removed in the
clarification step.
7. Most of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration tank (and is called return sludge) to maintain the high
population of microbes that permits rapid breakdown of the organic compounds. Because more activatedsludge is produced tan is desirable in the process, some of the return sludge is diverted or wasted to the
sludge handling system for treatment and disposal.
F/M ratio:
A parameter of organic loading rate in the design aerated sludge parameter in the design of Trickling Filter in organic
loading rate = kg of BOD / m3-d
F/M ratio =
F/M ratio = BOD / MLSS x t kg of BOD / Kg of MLSS/day
FM ratio varies between 0.2 -0.5 day-1
F/M ratio -0.5 day-1 has a good settleabilty of a sludge. ( even in some cases it can go to 1)
F/M ratio -<0.2 Food is very limited so the bacteria will die.
F/M ratio 70.5 day-1 Food is more so the bacteria will move the effluent (failure of the system)
If high F/M ratio, filamentous bacteria will also grow. They not settle easily because of long tails, get entangled
with each other. Food to micro organism ratio(F/M) is a common used parameter in the activated-sludge
process which is defined as
Design Criteria
1. F/M ratio = 0.2 0.5 day -1 or 0.2 0.5 kg BOD's / kg MLSS d
2. Detention time (aeration time) of sewage = 6 to 6 hours
3. MLVSS or MLSS = 1500 -3000 mg/l
4. Air supply = 10 m3/ m3 sewage treated
5. return sludge = 0.25 -10 of Q (influent sewage flow) Qr / Q = 0.20-0.30 = Vs/100Vs (Volume of sludge)
6. Depth = 3-5m
7. L=W ratio =5:1
8. SVI 50-150 ml/gm
Definition
The sludge volume index is defined as the volume in mm occupied by 1 gm of sludge after it has settled for a
specified period of time generally ranging from 20 min to 1 or 2 hr in a 1 or 2-l cylinder. One-half hour is most
common setting time allowed to the mixed liquor to settle for 30 min. ( larger cylinder is desirable to minimize bridging
of sludge floe and war effects). Take the reading let Vs is the settled volume of sludge (ml/l) in 30 min.
* If SVI is 50 - 150 ml/mg, the sludge settle ability is Good.
Hence a simple measure of the underflow concentration form the setting tanks is required. The parameter
conventionally employed for this purpose the sludge volume index, SVI which is defined as 4 the volume occupied by
sludge containing 1.0g of sludge soiled (dry weight) after 30 min setting and thus it has ht units ml/g. Some time
represented as SDI i.e sludge density index. Once the SVI and operating MLSS concentration (x) is known, the
required rate of activated sludge return can be determined
R = 100 / [ 106/ (x) (SVI) -1] where r = return sludge flow rate as a % age of incoming sewage flow.
SEDIMENTATION:
It is the removal of solid particles form a suspension by settling under gravity.
CLARIFICATION:
It is a similar termn which refers specifically to the function of a sedimentation removal.
THICKENING:
It means the separation of water from Suspended Solids
where R = return sludge flow rate (ML/D) for Q in ML/D)
ALGAL-BACTERIAL SYMBOPSTS:
The combined and mutually- been facial action of algae and bacteria in this process is called algal-bacterial
symbioses.
BODu
Aerated Lagoons:
Aerate lagoons are activated sludge units operated without sludge return. Historically they were developed from waste
stabilization ponds in temperate climate where mechanical aeration was used to supplement the algal oxygen supply
in winter. It was found, however that soon after the aerations were put into operation the algal disappeared and the
microbial flora resembled that of activated sludge. Aerated lagoons were now usually design as completely mixed notreturn activated sludge units. Floating aerates are most commonly used to supply the necessary oxygen and mixing
power.
Sludge Treatment:
Anaerobic sludge treatment cell Primary Sedimentation Tank and Secondary Sedimentation Tank are basically
organic these can treated to aerobic.
Anaerobic ponds and septic tank are for waste water treatment .
COLD DIGESTION:
SLUDGE DIGESTION:
SLUDGE: the concentrated impurities settled at the bottom of the flower bed of sedimentation tanks.
Digestion:
To decompose or breakdown by heat and moisture or chemical action. (to invent food equable forms)
Sludge treatment:
Aerobic digestion it is defined as it is the use of microbial organisms in the absence of oxygen I for the stabilization of
oxygen materials by conversion to mean and inure produce including CO 2.
Organic matter + H2O amoebas CH4+ CO2 + NH3+ H2S + heat
Benefices of anaerobic digestion. Types of anabolic detectors. Its of two types:
High rate digesters / two stage digester are characterized by continuous miring except at time of sludge with
draw.