MODULE 4

4.0

FLUID SAMPLING

Introduction

The overall quality of the PVT data and subsequent engineering calculation are
depending on the quality of the fluid samples originally collected from the
reservoir. For a proper PVT study, the collection of the reservoir fluid samples
must be conducted at the condition where the reservoir pressure still above the
saturation pressure. Therefore, it is usually essential that the reservoir fluid
samples to be collected immediately after the hydrocarbon discovery. A proper
well conditioning and sampling method for different type of reservoir fluid need to
consider prior to sampling.
In this section, we will discuss about two sampling points/methods i.e.

4.1

Bottom hole sampling

Surface sampling
Factors To Consider Prior To Sampling

4.1.1 Obtaining Representative Samples

The main objective of a sampling is to obtain a representative sample of the
original reservoir fluid. In designing a sampling procedure, we must consider the
effect of producing conditions on the reservoir fluids from which we plan to collect
the sample for analysis.
When the pressure in oil reservoirs drops below the bubble point, gas comes out
of solution and forms a separate phase. Similarly, when the pressure in a gas
condensate reservoir drop below the dew point pressure, liquid begin to
condense in the reservoir. In either case, the composition of the produce fluid is
altered by the selective loss of light or heavy hydrocarbons. Refer to Figure 4.0
and 4.1.
Even if this phenomenon is not reservoir-wide, the pressure draw down near a
well bore below its bubble-point or dew point pressure will create two phase
region. A sample of such fluid will not be representative of the original reservoir
fluid thus will not be suitable for analysis. Steps must be taken to determine the
reservoir pressure and temperature, and the general category of the reservoir
fluid. If the relationship between reservoir pressure, bottom hole flowing and
bubble point can be estimated, steps can be taken to ensure that the sampled
fluid is representative.

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Another concern in obtaining a representative sample is the degree of variation in

the original reservoir fluid throughout the reservoir. Large reservoir having thick
vertical oil columns have been known to exhibit variations in fluid properties with
depth. Variations such as these cannot be accounted for in a specific sample. A
pattern must be established from several samples or producing characteristics,
from various wells completed at different intervals. In such cases, proper
sampling procedures can ensure that the sample obtained is representative of
the reservoir fluid at the sampling depth.
There may also be effects on the reservoir fluid from the decreased pressure and
temperature in the well bore. The high molecular weight wax/asphaltene/resin
may deposit from oils when it flows from bottom hole to surface. Figure 4.2
shows the wax and asphaltene deposit in the well bore and surface facilities.
It has become increasingly more common in offshore wells to take open hole
samples by use of wire line formation tester (WFT) in order to save on expensive
rig time and to reduce the impact on the environment from standard drill stem
testing. The main problem with the wire line sampling is the limited possibilities
to clean up the formation from mud filtrate, especially if oil based mud (OBM) has
been used.
A typical oil based mud will have components in the carbon number range from
(9 -25) with average molecular weight about equal to C14. Figure 4.3 and 4.4
shows the effect of OBM contamination on composition and the dew point
pressure on the reservoir.
Timing is an important consideration obtaining a representative sample of the
original reservoir fluid. It makes sense to sample as early in a reservoirs
producing life as possible. Once the production creates a significant volume of
free gas, obtaining a sample of original fluid may be impossible.
4.1.2

Producing Conditions and Equipment

The producing conditions and surface or subsurface equipment can be important

considerations in designing a sampling procedure. The most important of these
are:

The type of fluid being sampled

Highly under saturated oil reservoirs where the produced fluids remain in a
single phase under any flowing conditions (including surface conditions) are
relatively easy to sample at the wellhead.
An oil reservoir at or slightly above the bubble point will yield free gas at the
bottom hole flowing pressures and require conditioning prior to sampling.

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Conditioning is the procedure whereby the production rate is gradually

reduced, resulting in successively higher flowing bottom hole pressures. This
simultaneously removes the altered fluid from near the well bore and moves
fresh, unaltered reservoir fluid into the well bore.

The stability and accuracy of gas and oil rate

If oil and gas samples are taken at the surface, it is vital that the production
rates and gas-oil ratio be accurately determined in order to recombine the
separator liquid and separator gas to a correct ratios to formulate a
representative reservoir fluid sample. If the well is not producing with stable
GORs, or if separation facilities are not adequate for accurate measurements,
a surface recombination sample should not be considered.

The proximity of gas-oil or oil-water contacts to the productive

interval

Water production can be troublesome, even in small amounts. If possible, no

well producing water should be considered for obtaining a representative
hydrocarbon sample. If necessary, a water producing well may be sampled if
precautions are taken to obtain the sample from above the oil-water contact in
the well or separator. Wells where gas coning into the productive interval is a
problem should be avoided as candidate for sampling.

Whether the well is a flowing or pumping well

Flowing wells are the best candidates for fluid sampling. Production rates are
more easily controlled on flowing wells, and measuring the bottom hole
pressure is impractical on a pumping well. It is obvious that wells on
continuous gas lift are unsuitable for surface sampling procedures. However,
if a gas-lift well will flow at low rates on its own, it may be conditioned and
samples the same as any flowing well.

The dimensions of down hole equipment (applicable for subsurface

sampling)

The wire line subsurface sampling tool is not extremely large, but may be
unsuitable in wells with tubing restrictions (subsurface safety valves, down
hole chokes etc.) or twisted tubing. Any completion equipment that prohibits
the sampler from reaching the producing interval will complicate the
subsurface sampling procedure.

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The well location

Wells located on offshore caissons without deck space or wire line equipment
will require special equipment for subsurface sampling work. Wells such as
these often have their production commingled at common separation
facilities, and special care must be taken to ensure that surface separator
samples are representative of the desired well.

4.1.3

Well conditioning

The objective of well conditioning is to replace the non representative reservoir

fluid located around the well bore by displacing it into and up the well bore with
original reservoir fluid.

Flowing oil well

The well is conditioned by producing it at successively lower rates until the

non representative oil has been produced. If the well to be sampled has been
flowing for at least 24 hours, the oil rate should be measured, along with the
flowing bottom hole pressure and GOR. The production rate is then reduced
(by perhaps 30% to 50%) and the GOR measured until it stabilizes. This
procedure is repeated until a trend in GOR is established. The GOR may
remain constant, decrease or increase.
If the GOR remain constant, the flow into the well bore is single phase,
unsaturated oil and the well can be considered ready for sampling.
In the presence of a free gas in the well bore, there will be a decrease in GOR
as the oil is flowing into the well bore. This gas may be present due to the
flowing bottom hole pressure being less than bubble point pressure.
Correlation can be used to determine the normal GOR to be expected without
any free gas production.
If the GOR increases, simultaneous production of a gas and oil zone may be
indicated. The lower draw down allows less oil and relatively more gas to flow
from separate intervals. Such a well should not be sampled, because it is very
difficult to determine when it is adequately conditioned.
The well is considered to be conditioned and ready for sampling when further
reductions in rate of flow have no effect on the stabilized GOR. At low flow
rates, some wells will produce slugs of liquid followed by gas. This irregular
flow makes it difficult to measure the GOR accurately. Some wells may have
such low productivity that even at low flow rate requires a large draw down.
Reducing the draw down enough to bring the flowing bottom hole pressure
above the bubble-point pressure may result in "heading" or else take an

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impractical long time. Replacing the tubing with a smaller diameter string can
sometimes increase the flow velocity enough to eliminate heading at low
rates.

Pumping oil wells

The well is conditioned in the same general manner. If preliminary correlation

shows the reservoir fluid to be saturated, the pumping rate should be reduced
in order to allow the pressure at the formation face to increase. After the GOR
stabilizes, the well should be pumped for several days before taking surface
samples.
If bottom hole sampling is to be done, the pump must be stopped after the
well is condition. The well then swabbed at a low rate to ensure a
representative sample in the bottom of the well before the bottom hole
sampler is lowered to the sampling point.

Gas condensate well

The well also condition by flowing at successively lower flow rate and monitor
the GOR. The GOR should generally decrease as the rate is decrease. This
is because the lower rate results in a lower drawdown, which brings the well
bore pressure back out of the two phase region. The heavier hydrocarbon will
be produced rather than condense in the reservoir, thus increasing the liquid
volume at the surface and decreasing the GOR. When the GOR stabilized,
the well has been conditioned for sampling.
The duration of the conditioning period depends upon the volume of reservoir
fluid that has been altered as a result of producing the well below the bubble
point pressure, and how quickly it can be produced at low rates. Most oil wells
that have not been produced for a long period of time require little
conditioning; however, some wells may require up to a week of conditioning
to achieve stable GORs.
During the conditioning process, the following records should be taken:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

flowing bottom hole pressure and temperature (if possible)

flowing tubing pressure and temperature
oil and gas flow rates
gas meter run data
separator pressure and temperature
stock tank oil production rate
water production rate

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4.2

Sample Collection

After conditioning, reservoir fluid samples may be taken with a subsurface

sampling device or individual samples of oil and gas may be taken at the surface
and recombined to obtain a representative sample. The choice of sampling
technique is influenced by;

Volume of sample required

Type of reservoir fluid to be sampled
Degree of reservoir depletion
Surface and subsurface equipment

Figure 4.5 to 4.8 is the summary of test program for different types of reservoir
fluid.
4.2.1

Bottom hole sampling

This method is often used when:

Only a small volume of fluid is required

The oil to be samples is not so viscous that it impairs sampler operation.
The flowing bottom hole pressure is known to be greater than the reservoir
oil saturation pressure.
The subsurface equipment will not prevent the sampler from reaching the
appropriate depth or make its retrieval difficult.

There are two types of bottom hole sampling:

Opened bottom hole sampling
Cased bottom hole sampling
Both methods apply the same general sampling procedure. An open bottom hole
sampling has a risk of mud filtrate contaminant in the reservoir fluid collected.

Procedure

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The specific procedure to follow for bottom hole sampling includes the following
steps.

Condition the well to ensure that a single phase, representative fluid is

flowing at the productive interval.
Shut in the well or allow it to continue flowing at a very low rate.
Run the pressure and temperature survey to determine fluid levels and
pressure.
Select the sampling point and run the bottom hole fluid sampler to depth
Actuate the sampler and retrieve the sample
Repeat the sampling operation to obtain duplicate samples (minimum 2
samples should be retrieved)
Perform a quality check on the samples at the surface.
Transfer the samples to a storage container for transport to the laboratory.
Refer to the Figure 4.15 for the set up for fluid transfer from bottom hole
sampler to transportation cylinder.

Opened bottom hole sampling

The well will normally be logged prior to the commencement of any reservoir fluid
sampling. The logging will give information that is very useful in the planning of
the sampling operation.
A wire line formation tester (WFT) becomes an important tool in order to save on
expensive rig time and to reduce the impact on the environment from standard
drill stem testing. The selected sampling intervals will be based on the logs.
Interval with a good permeability and good hole quality increase the chances for
a successful sampling run with WFT. The height of the hydrocarbon column may
indicate whether a compositional change with depth is likely to be encountered
and whether it will be important to sample several intervals.
The pressure gradient in the hydrocarbon column together with reservoir
conditions will identify the type of reservoir fluid. The degree of under saturation
may be evaluated by the use of correlations.
Wire line fluid samples should and will in most situations be taken as a part of the
well logging operation. These samples usually not be truly representative due to
the difficulties with well conditioning and an effective clean up. There may also be
effects on the reservoir fluid from the decreased temperature in the well bore
caused by mud circulation. Figure 4.9 and 4.10 shows the effect of drawdown
pressure near a well bore on the reservoir fluid (saturated and under saturated
fluid).
The quality of the samples obtain during WFT should be assessed on site by a
laboratory unit with the necessary analytical equipment as these wire line fluid

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samples will be important in optimizing the sampling program if the well would
be drill stem tested. The logs and WFT sample will help the following:

To decide on whether to take sample from bottom hole or surface

samples.
To provide information which will assist in deciding the correct well
conditioning procedure prior to sampling.

The main problem with the wire line sampling is the limited possibilities to clean
up the formation from mud filtrate, especially if oil based mud (OBM) has been
used. The later generation of wire line formation samplers has a pump out
capability and detection system that can monitor the change in the mud filtrate
contamination of the samples. This has increased the quality of formation fluid
samples taken in open holes.
If the well has been drilled with oil based mud, the samples will be contaminated
with the based oil filtrate. The contamination level will be determined by number
of factors:

Formation permeability
The volume pumped from the formation before the sample is collected.
The seal obtained by the probe against the formation.

The contamination of OBM in the wire line sample can be reduced by pumping
fluid from formation before the sample is closed in. The use of an optical detector
system that can tell the relative changes in the contamination level during the
clean up.

The OBM indicates the following:

The OBM contamination level will be higher for a low formation reservoir.
It is not feasible to obtain a clean sample from a tight reservoir.

Oil systems are less affected by OBM contamination than condensate and higher
contamination level can be accepted without dramatically changing the main fluid
properties. There will be effect on bubble point pressure, oil formation volume
factor, density and viscosity.
The effect of OBM on gas condensates depend on the relative difference in the
molecular weight distribution of the C7 plus fraction of the OBM and the pure
condensate. If the OBM contamination has higher carbon number components
than in the reservoir fluid, the effect on the dew point pressure of the samples
can be very significant even for a very small contamination.

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The quality of the wire line sample should be assessed at surface and decision
made to whether the objective regarding samples has been reached or if further
sampling is needed by more WFT or by DST testing. If no information is available
from comparable wells the decision has to be based on the following:
1. The samples give consistent bubble point pressure.
2. The reservoir fluid density consistent with the measured pressure gradient
3. Acceptable contamination level of OBM

Cased bottom hole sampling

Bottom hole samples seem attractive since they represent the nearest approach
to sample within the reservoir and loss of solid depositions in the flow line can be
avoided. They may be taken on wire line or enclosed in a tubing conveyed
carrier. Tubing conveyed bottom hole samplers have the potential of saving rig
time by eliminating the need for a separate sampling flow. Several sampling
chambers will be filled during a run.
The sampling procedure relies on single phase hydrocarbon flow in the well and
is primarily suited for under saturated reservoir. Single phase may not be fulfilled
with fluids close to saturation pressure or with flow from a tight reservoir. The well
has to be properly conditioned and producing with a pressure above the
saturation pressure of the fluid at the point where the sampler has been
positioned.
Below the saturation pressure, there is no guarantee that the oil and gas enter
the chamber in the right proportion.
The well should be closed in or produced at a low rate during the sampling and
the sample will not be taken until the altered fluid has been completely displaced.
If the well flow is flowing two phases during the conditioning, bottom hole
sampling is not recommended.
New type of bottom hole samplers are able to control the sampling rate
accurately and pressurize the sample before it move to surface. They are
especially suitable for oil where asphaltenes may drop out during pressure
reduction due to temperature drop when it is travel from bottom hole to surface.
Figure 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14 shows the sampling procedure and apparatus
for bottom hole sampling.

For oil close to or at saturation pressure it has been shown that surface sampling
techniques are more likely to give representative samples than the use of bottom
hole technique.

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The quality of the bottom hole sample will be evaluated from the measured
saturation pressure at reservoir temperature. The saturation pressure has to be
below the reservoir pressure. Duplicate samples should always be taken in the
sampling run. The samples should give consistent saturation pressure in order to
define as a good sample. The sample is considered suspect when the measured
saturation pressure is equal or above the flowing pressure at the sampling point.
In the case of a sample for asphaltene studies, the bubble point pressure
measurement will be conducted on the small portion of the fluid.
Note: The test separator GOR measured during the bottom hole sampling flow
will usually not be accurate due to the low flow rate.

4.2.2

Surface sampling

Surface sampling involves the taking of samples at wellhead or test separator.

This method is often used when:

A large volume of both oil and gas are required for analysis

The fluid at the bottom of the well is not representative of the reservoir
fluid (i.e. gas condensate reservoirs and oil reservoirs producing large
quantities of water)

Single phase well head sampling

Samples may be obtained directly on the wellhead if it is known that the flow will
be in single phase. The method works for both oil and gas condensate. When the
conditions for well head sampling are satisfied this could be most reliable,
efficient and cost effective way to collect reservoir fluid samples.
Normally the required single phase conditions will only be satisfied for the earlier
and lower flow rate of a well test. Wellhead sampling may not be the best method
for fluid contains high wax and asphaltene drop out due to pressure drop
between reservoir and wellhead.
For wax and asphaltene studies bottom hole sampling should be the preferred
method.
Separator Sampling
General procedure

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a) Condition the well to ensure that a single-phase representative fluid is flowing

into the well bore
b) Maintain the final conditioning flow rate
c) Accurately measure and record the GOR
d) Sample the gas and oil streams at the primary or first stage separator and at
separator pressure
e) Accurately record sample data and tag for shipment to laboratory
After conditioning the well, the final conditioning flow rate should give a stable
GOR. Generally, the low stability rate will not exceed 100 bbl/day (16 m 3/day) for
an oil well or 1 MMSCF/day (30 Mm3/day) for a gas well, unless the reservoir has
high deliver ability. (Moderate deliverability oil wells completed with large
diameter tubing can experience heading at low rates, so this must be considered
a rough rule of thumb). It is essential that the gas and oil rates be accurately
measured and that the resulting GOR not fluctuate. Rate measurements should
be made for every two or three hour period, beginning at least six to eight hours
before sampling.
Figure 4.16 to 4.19 show a schematic of a basic separator sampling facilities,
and sampling point. Because the oil is collected at separator pressure and
temperature, and the producing GOR often is measured relative to the stock tank
barrel, an adjustment may be necessary to determine the actual ratio in which
the samples should be recombined. The measured GOR must be multiplied by a
shrinkage factor
from separator to stock tank conditions. This factor is usually
determined in the laboratory by "flashing" a small volume of separator oil to stock
tank conditions. If the oil rate is measured within the separator, the GOR
adjustment is not necessary.
Gas Sampling
There are three basic methods for sampling the gas stream. Refer to Figure 4.18.
a)
b)

Method 1.
Method 2.

c)

Method 3.

a)

Method 1

Filling an evacuated container

Filling an air-filled container after purging it
separator gas
Filling a liquid-filled container by displacement
separator gas

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with
with

This method requires the connecting line between the separator and sample
container be purged with gas, and then the gas be allowed to flow into the
container until the desired pressure is reached. Although this method requires an
evacuated container, it is recommended method for gas sampling.
Pressure on the container should be checked prior to sampling to ensure that a
vacuum exists.
b)

Method 2

This method requires the container be filled and emptied with separator gas
several times in order to purge air in the container. The number of recommended
successive purge cycles is inversely proportional to the separator's maximum
gas pressure.

c)
c)

Method 3
Method 3

This method requires that a two-valve sample container be filled with a liquid,
preferably mercury or salt water (glycol or water may also be used).The container
is kept vertical while the upper valve is connected to the separator and the lower
valve is opened to withdraw the liquid. When all the liquid is displaced, the valves
are closed and the container is removed for shipment.
Several problems may be encountered during gas sampling, including:
a)

Entrained oil in the gas stream

Entrained oil can be eliminated by being certain to sample downstream of a

correctly functioning mist extractor. If a mist extractor is not available, a filter
should be installed in the line connecting the sample container to the source.
b)

Corrosive gases in the gas stream

Corrosive gases such as H2S or CO2 are easily absorbed by water and will react
with steel containers. If such gases are present, the liquid displacement method
should not utilize water, brine or glycol. Additionally, the gas should be dried by
passing it over a suitable drying agent (such as anhydrous calcium sulphate).
Non-metal cylinders should be used if gas is suspected to contain H2S or CO2.

c)

Condensation of hydrocarbons within the container

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Condensation of hydrocarbons within the sample container can be a problem,

especially when the separator temperature is significantly higher than the sample
container. This problem can result in a non representative sample being
obtained, especially when Methods 2 or 3 are used for sampling. The use of an
evacuated container (Method 1) will not eliminate the condensation, but will make
its effect less serious. Other steps include warming the sampling container and
maintaining it in a vertical position during purging to allow condensation to drain
out.

Separator Liquid Sampling

There are three basic methods for liquid sampling (Figure 4.19).
a)

Displacement of a liquid-filled sample container (piston, glycol and water

are suitable)

Requires that a sample container with a capacity of about 700 cm3, be filled with
a liquid (brine, glycol or water) and connected to the separator as per Figure 2.
After purging the sampling line, top cylinder valve is opened to allow the
container to come to separator pressure. Then bottom cylinder valve is slowly
opened to allow the oil to flow into the container and displace the resident liquid
with minimum pressure reduction. When the desired sample volume is collected,
bottom valve is closed, followed by top valve. A vapor space is left in the
container by withdrawing an additional 10% of the displacement fluid. The
container is disconnected, checked for leaks and tagged for shipment.
The method has the objective of obtaining a sample of separator oil with no loss
of dissolved gas and with no contamination by extraneous gases or liquids. All
connections used to conduct fluid from the separator to the sample container
must be purged with separator oil to avoid contamination.
Several problems can occur during oil sampling, including these possibilities:

Separator temperature may be lower than that of the sample container,

causing vaporization within the container

H2S and CO2 can react with water and attack the container walls.

The sample container should be cooled to separator temperature or

below. If the oil vaporizes within the container, an insufficient volume of oil
may be recovered. Also if flashed vapors are lost, will obtain a non
representative. H2S and CO2 corrosion can be minimized by taking care to
obtain a water-free sample from the separator. A calcium sulphate drying
tube can be used if emulsified water is unavoidable.

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Dry gas wells and oil wells that flow under saturated liquid at the surface
may be sampled at the wellhead using these surface sampling techniques,
provided the pressure rating of the sample containers is sufficient to
permit such a procedure.

Iso-Split Separator Sampling

The technique presently use in the oil and gas industry for the recombination of
surface samples to obtain representative well stream compositions rely on the
correct measurement of oil and gas rates.
The efficiency of the test separator deteriorates with high gas loads. This is a
consequence of the carry over of dispersed liquid into the gas phase. This carry
over is not normally accounted for the gas oil ratio (GOR) measured for the gas
and liquid samples.
Iso-Split sampling technique offers the following benefits:
1. Enable accurate determination of liquid carry over.
2. Provide for a representative well stream composition.
3. Is generally applicable over wide range of GORs.
The technique involves:
Isokinetic fluid sampling through an injectable probe positioned in the gas
outlet of the separator.
Analysis of upstream and downstream samples taken via the probe.
The determination of separator efficiency and thereby correction of the of the
measured GOR for recombination of gas and liquid samples.
Figure 4.20 and 4.21 show the sampling set-up and equipment used for the
sampling.

4.3

Transportation and safety

Safety concerns in reservoir fluid sampling procedures can be considerable,

particularly when H2S is present or high pressure conditions prevail. Figure 4.22
to 4.23 shows a proper transportation cylinder of high pressure oil and gas
samples.
The vapor space within the liquid sample containers must be created to provide a
cushion for the pressure built up due to the temperature changes during the
transportation. Thermal Expansion of the liquid could cause the container to
exceed its pressure limits if the temperature rises. In general, sample containers

4 - 14

should be kept at reasonable surface temperatures and not allowed to sit in

direct sun or placed in hot areas. Care should be taken to protect the container,
especially the end valves, during shipping and handling. Government regulations
concerning transportation of flammable and pressurized fluids must be followed.
The valves on each end of the sample container should be fitted with plugs to
prevent accidental opening during transportation.

4.4

Summary

a)

The need to ensure the representative nature of the sample by well

conditioning and careful sampling cannot be overemphasized

b)

Surface technique can be used to obtain a good sample but

representative surface sampling is particularly dependent on the accurate
measurement of gas and oil rates

c)

Careful documentation of all the appropriate measurements, conditions

and procedures is an important part of obtaining samples that will be
usable in the laboratory

4.5

References

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1) Amyx, J.W, D.M. Bass and R.L Whiting. Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering-Physical Properties New York: McGraw-Hill (1960).
2) API 1966, RP44 Recommended Practice for Sampling Petroleum
Reservoir Fluids. Dallas API
3) Dake. L.P Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering. New York Elsevier
(1978).
4) Craft, B.C and M.F. Hawkins Applied Petroleum Reservoir Enginering.
Englewood Clifts, NJ: Prentice Hall (1959).
5) McCain, W.D Jr The Properties of Petroleum Fluids. Tulsa Petroleum
Publishers Co. (1973).
6) Flopetrol Guidelines for Reservoir Fluid Sampling. Melun France (1979).
7) Calhoun, LC. Jr. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, U. of Oklahoma
Press. Norman.OK.,(1947).
8) Standing, M.B. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon
Systems, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas (1977) 124.
9) Woo, G. T., Garbis, S. J., Gray, T. C., Long-Term Control of Paraffin
Deposition, SPE 13126 Presented at the 59th Annual Fail Technical
Conference, DallasTX, September 16-19 (1984).
10) Bjorn Dybdahl, Hans Petter Hjermstad, A Systematic Approach to
Sampling During Well Testing, SPE 69427 presented at SPE Conference,
Buenos Aires, Argentina 25- 28 March 2001.
11) Henk Kool, Mehdi Azari, M.Y. Soliman, Cyrus A. Irani and Bjorn Dybdahl,
Testing of Gas Condensate Reservoirs-Sampling, Test Design and
Analysis SPE 68668 presented at SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas
Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta Indonesia 17-19 April 2001.

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