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Chemistry

Raymond Chang broadened the definition of "chemistry" to mean the study of matter
and the changes it undergoes

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Science Department at CLIP

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Chemical Reaction
A process in which at least one new substance is produced as a
result of chemical change.

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Science Department at CLIP

Writing a Chemical Equation

Chemical symbols give a before-and-after picture
of a chemical reaction
Reactants
MgO

Products
CO

+ Mg

magnesium oxide to form carbon monoxide

reacts with carbon
and magnesium
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Science Department at CLIP

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A Balanced Chemical Equation

Same numbers of each type of atom on each side of
the equation
Al

Al2S3

2Al +

3S

Al2S3

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Not Balanced
Balanced

Science Department at CLIP

Matter Is Conserved
H2

Cl2

2 HCl

+
Total atoms
2 H, 2 Cl

+
=

Total Mass
=
2(1.0) + 2(35.5)
73.0 g
=
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Total atoms
2H, 2 Cl
Total Mass
2(36.5)
73.0 g

Science Department at CLIP

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Law of Conservation of Mass

In any ordinary chemical reaction, matter
is not created nor destroyed

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Science Department at CLIP

Balance Equations with Coefficients

Coefficients in front of formulas balance each type
of atom
4NH3 + 5O2

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4NO + 6H2O

4N

4N

12 H

12 H

10 O

10 O

Science Department at CLIP

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2.2.Chemical reactionsreactions- REVERSIBLE

REVERSIBLE L.O.

1. Understand that some chemical reactions can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions (Limited
to the effects of heat and water on hydrated and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride.)
2. Demonstrate kmnowledge and understanding of the concept of equilibrium
3. Predict the effect of changing the conditions (concentration, temperature and pressure) on other
reversible reactions
4. Describe and explain the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
including the sources of hydrogen and nitrogen (hydrocarbons or steam and air)

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Science Department at CLIP

2.2. Irreversible reactions

Most chemical reactions are considered irreversible the products that are
made cannot readily be changed back into their reactants.

For example, when wood burns it is

impossible to turn it back into unburnt
wood again!

Similarly, when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form

magnesium chloride and hydrogen, it is not easy to reverse the
reaction and obtain the magnesium.

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2.2.What are reversible reactions?

Reversible reactions occur when the backwards reaction (products
reactants) takes
place relatively easily under certain conditions. The products turn back into the reactants.

(reactants)

(products)

For example, during a reversible reaction reactants A and B react to make

products C and D.
However, products C and D can also undergo the reverse reaction, and react
together to form reactants A and B.

2.2. Reversible biochemical reactions

Many biochemical reactions (those that take place inside organisms) are reversible.
For example, in the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells to
create oxyhaemoglobin.
When the red blood cells are transported to tissues, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociates
back to haemoglobin and oxygen.

Hb

4O2

Hb.4O2

There are also some very important industrial reactions, like the Haber process,
that are reversible.

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2.2. Heating copper sulfate

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2.2.Heating ammonium chloride

An ammonium salt can be made by reacting ammonia with an acid. Some of the
salt will decompose back into the reactants when heated.
ammonia
NH3 (g)

+
+

hydrogen
chloride

ammonium
chloride

HCl (g)

NH4Cl (s)

NH4Cl decomposes back into

NH3 and HCl gases when
heated

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Science Department at CLIP

NH4Cl reforms in the

cooler part of the test
tube

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2.2. What is dynamic equilibrium?

In some reversible reactions, the forward and backward reactions largely occur in
the same conditions and at the same rate.
These reactions are said to be in dynamic equilibrium there is no overall change
in the amount of products and reactants, even though the reactions are ongoing.
reactant A

reactant B

product

+
Dynamic equilibrium can only take place in a closed system, otherwise the products would escape.
A closed system is one in which no substances are either added to the system or lost from it. Energy
can, however, be transferred in or out at will.
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Science Department at CLIP

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2.2.Setting dynamic equilibrium

The position of dynamic equilibrium is not always at a
half-way point, i.e. when there are equal amounts of products and reactants.
It may be at a position where there are mainly reactants with a little product,
or vice versa.
The position of equilibrium is influenced by two main factors:
 temperature
 concentration (or pressure for reactions involving gases)

Adding a catalyst speeds up the time it takes to reach equilibrium,

but does not change the position of equilibrium.

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2.2. Opposing change-Le Chateliers principle

Chatelier`s Principle- Whenever a change is made to a reversible reaction in
dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to try and oppose the change.
Condition

Effect

Temperature

Increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium in the direction

that takes in heat.

Concentration

Pressure

Increasing the concentration of a substance shifts the

equilibrium in the direction that produces less of that substance.

Increasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium in the direction

that produces less gas.