Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
w:
TERRY WALKER
MEMBEFrAIME
Abstract
The tcchtrnlogy of Ihr oil intiusiry IIufuy i.v .M4ch that
tnore rigid requirements are placed upon cement isolation in wellv. ltr uriditi(m, recent advancesin wcllevaltiaiiutr
ottd cotnple(ian technology pertnit compaction.r to he made
in zones tha[ wotdrf have been considered uneconomical
u jew years ago. Wilh longer payoals, it is even more inzpt)rt[int 10 inrure rhe hcsI possible completion.Many
cont.
pletimn are made in jorntatirmf tha[ depend upan natural
jractures, vugs, or indt~ccd jracrares jor co)ntnercial protfaclinn ro!cs. Muxinu{
tnproduction under these crmdi(itmv
rcqnircs cemeni iroiation hcfrrre complctirm uttempts It)
prevent damage rewlting jrom .sql{eezing cemcni, e.vpccial.
[y aj[er any wel! Irealment.
Acolt.r!ic ce)ttetlt hondloggingi.r[)nc
oj the !oolsin WCI1.
cwnpletion technology that can he u~ed to insure the besl
p(n.sil~le cwtlpleli~m hy imwring i.ro[uliun c)j ull ztmr.)
before a completion atteinpt is made. it ,shoW.rthe degree
t}j ivolutiun. i]nder tnany conditions rhe C(I.SI(IJ (he log i.~.AIIIUI1in ctunparisnn wilh .sqtteezing, repcrjf)raling, re]racluring, ticcreaieti procl14ctirm. or even Io.w of a well.
Field exatnple.s illi4s!rale u numbw oj case.v where clm.~idcrahle extra completion cxpett.w crt-me bccausc the in],)rma]itn~ jrwn the bond lag was nof uwd. Bmic h(md I(IR
intwprctrrtion isincludetlin the Appendix.
1
I
I
Introduction
Many conditions have placed more rigid requirements
upon the effectiveness of cement isolation behind casing.
Deeper drilling, with the accompanying higher pressure and
temperature, has resulted in higher pressure differentials
on the cemented interval. This has required more bonded
interval for effective isolation. The increased application
of high-volume, high-rate well treatments requires Ihe cemented interval to withstand high pressure differentials.
Secondary recovery of all types also requires complete isolation behind easing, both from the standpoint of cost of
injected fluids and efficiency of operation,
Often, a production testis the most economical evaluation
of cement isolation. When there are no other permeable
-zones nca-r the completion interval; the odds ar&_that isola.
tion is sufficient. In formations of high permeability, when
. .
..~.
--
Cement
Bond
Log Application
- -. .
.
-. ,:. ._
MK%?O=SEiShK$W?AM LOW
-.
Amplitude
,.. -,-- ..-, , - -.,
J
1 1
~
1
L. ~~
2
{ z
r .-.
.
.
--+-
.-, .-
f
,
w%
J---
Q
s
. ..
7
.
..
.
. .
....
. .
..---
-----
. -. -
--- --
.
.
. .-
- - -$
WiMA
--
AhWTIJiE
..
.-.
.,..
.
.
.,.
k
*E
..
.-.
APIGomma My Units
PIPE
FORMATION
,---------.--- BOND
.----e
.-. .-. .
MICRO-SE N5MCGIiAM
4
Z&x3
1200
N-)
B(ND
.-
.~..:
-------., .
1-+
T
i..
Zone
.. !{.
,,
.
4.
:.
4.
1
~...
i
,-
T..
., . .
-.1----
I
-*
b- -+
i--
.
+
f
4
---4
--
.-.
$.-
. .~t4.
,
-.
T
-.
.. .
..
.-.
----------
..
----
.Will. . .
. .
-,.
. ..
.
...
.,_
----
-..
A LICLHH 396U
.-
..~.,..
---,
815
...
Plii
BC)Nb
NICRO-SE U5I1OGRAM
,,
.
FORMATION
!---------.
-.-BOND
-------
00
.-- ~~ti--
1200
.
I
i
L.
I
..
t
-t-Tj-j
me
2.,
. ,,. ,
Zone
3 ++
...
. .-.
. ,.
- .-
. .. ..
814
-.
:-
.---
E
. . ..
]1
..
...
-----
.
..l~.
.. . .
.-.
-.
:,+-
... .
1]
..
.~-~
..
.
.
.
~_
.
+)
.. .
..-
---
,--
.
.-
.-.
-. . ---
.
,,. ..
$OUilHAL
OF P%TEOLEUX
TECKKKILOGY
..
:
API Gamma
Sg~
%w th)ts
z.
.,
PIPE
EKMD
F&MATKN BOND
------------
- ~io-..
,
ilmti-sliHwiil?hl
. ..y
izoo
--
I
I
Ei
8
.
-.
W3SEFEEEH
1!
.
:$
,Z
m
+- -
.-.
., .
-
k-d-
-3=E3=EEEEE
-
:IEi!%EFw
i.-...
i! .
-..
---
. .
. . ..
HE. 4-Acoustic
intensi;y-titne
..
. . ...
presentation
.
,..
..
-. -. .-,
..
-.
...
. . . .
. !
one side and none on the other. There is no complete isolation indicated anywhere on the log. In spite of this, the
well was perforated, each zone was individually acidized,
and the well was completed. Each zone produced oil as
expected, but it was soon found that the oil gravity, GOR
and pressures were all the same-all the oil was coming
from one zone. In addition to th~ cost of the workover,
the cement squeeze of the completion zones would affect
the existing natural fractures to the extent of decreased
productivity after reperforation and retreatment.
M lCRCI-SEISMCI(iMAkl
. . . . ... . .
. .-, .,.
LOW
PIPE AMPLITUDE
BIEFCX?E PRESSURING
AFTER FWESS!JFWG
X300PS[ 8 RELEASING
to
\--...-.-. ..
.- - -.:.. .
X%+$Eflect
. . . ..
. .
.
..
..
-
!
RUN
--
-----
,-.
..
..
..
.-.
..
.
.
..
.-.
..-.
..-.
j\.
,
.::
r.
u ,
,.
,:
:!.
i!
..W
---
4,
.
% .... 1.
.-. i%.
----
:-
.:
fII z
.
c ~~
+--I
--- J-.
*
..-
I
3
---i---t-
Yater
~
:
,. .:,..
; ... e ,.
. .
:
?..;,.+
*
- --;-- :...*, , .
,T,.o..*,
.o:
,]
j
,,J . . .
89 j4e@4
.. .
%
..1.-.
-
..
.
...
.,,
,1,,
,-+
.-. +.. -. -.. . ... . .
+.
.-.
..
-,
..{___
,.:. .
;.,
-.
, .,
.
-.
-.
+
. . --------*Y.
: - .:
~y ,:l._.:
,,,
f:
!
:
, j .: :
1
~.:
...
.:
..+
ZEta:%-iiil
..
.
z
I-.
s E
*. .-.
-----T
,-.
. .
:E.-
.. ., .
:r.
#_ ......
L-t-....
..>
.,$,-..
*.#,/l
**,
ing can &mage already critical permeability. Any cementfilled vug, natural fracture or induced fracture can only
reduce productivity. Fig. 5 illustrates the effect of pressure
cycling to 3,000 psi on the acoustic cement bond. The log
run before pressuring indicates onfy very small amplitude
pipe arrivals in some of the shale, with excellent acoustic
bond in the lime streaks at 6,400 and 6,520 ft, and the
zone of interest at 6,430 to 6,470 ft. A pressure of 3,000
psi in this size and weight pipe is sufficient to expand unsupported pipe by 0.009 in. The log run after the 3,000 psi
was released indicates that where the pipe was bonded to
competent. fo.rma!ion (the !he str~ks .aq~. the zpne Of
interest ) no changes occurred, However, m. the r shales
where the caliper indicated hole washout, some expansion
occurred. This reduced the acoustic coupling of cement to
pipe and formation. Thus. strong pipe signals are now
present in the shales. The zone of interest was perforated
and fractured with 2,500 psi and the production was normal there were no extraneous ffuids, Although it might
be. possible to circulate fluid between two perforations
within the shale, the zone of interest is effectively isolated
from any other permeable zone above or below the section of the well shown.
The exact path of the cement cannot be predicted in
squeeze cementing. The formation must break down somewhere
to permit the cement to be put away. If the breakdown is in the right place, the squeeze is effective. However,
many wells are squeezed and reperforated repeatedly
before isolation is accomplished. The practice of block
squeezing is evidence that cement must be put in the right
spoIs. It is not going to flow long distances through a
small channel unless the breakdown is at the end of the
channel. In some cases of oil-water contacts within the
sand, repeated squeezes and reperforations have failed to
eliminate water production when the oil column is such
that the well should produce water free for a considerable
period. This, again. is a problem of the path of the cement.
,.
CEMENT
Fig.
SHEATH
THICKNESS,
INCHES
/i?t2Q
0. Free
Flp8
. ..-
INTENSITY
-.
-TIME
RECORDING
--ii
--l
#
c1
~
$1
ond
Formrrtlon
INTENSITY-TIME
o!
-1
%
22,
&l
FORM
1I
Good Bond
No Bond 10
PREPARATION
w~:~ffp
10 I%pe
Formotlon
I
I
1
(
I
!.
..
..
..-
.!til .,.
I
$4
II
-----.:_. 1-------. .
Nc.
7Acokzic
7..
simal
----
--d.
Decentrohzed Plrse
-..
. .On,e sld~.~ot Bond~rl
..
..
in sh~lfowkased
. .
..
test holes w;
.(A$!~LJTfJDE -TIME
,FO,RM)
.. . ... .
. . ..
.:
. .
Fig.
.. -on
.;
PET!1OLSU3S
pr+ei!a[ion:.
TEcUIYOLOCY
...
MICRO-SEISMOGRAM
OPEN
HOLE
LOGS
CASE 0 HOLE
AMPLITLHX
PIPE
..
. ..
.. <-...
.,
. ..
... .. . ..
------
....
. .
:W. -
. ..
Fig. 10-Micro-Sebtttogratn
comparison,
. .
.. . . . . .
.
--
.
...,
.
., ,
Corldutiions
.~~,.
References
1. Blcakley. W. B.: What It Takes to Make A Good WC]]
Completion, Oil md Gas J, (June 11, 1962).
2. Pickett, G. R.: Acoustic Character Logs and Their Application in Formation Evaluation,
./. pet. Tech. (June, 1$63)
659-667.
3. Carter, L. G. and Evans, G. W.: A Study of Cement.Pipe
Bonding, 1, Pet, Tech, (Feb., 1964) 157-160.
4. Flournoy, R. M. and Feaster, J. H,: ~ield Observations on
the Use of the Cement Bond Log and Its Application to the
Evaluation: ofCementin~ Problems, pa&r SPE 632 presented at SPE 38th Annual Fall Meeting, New Orleans, Oct.
6-9, 1963.
5. Walker, Terry: Case Histories of Bond Logging, Oil and
Gas J. (May 7, 1962).
6. Walker, Te~ry: Progress Report on Acoustic Amplitude
Logging for Formation Evaluation, paper SPE 45 I pre.
.wnted at SPE 37th Annual Falf Mec[ing, Los Angeles, Oct.
7-10, 1962.
7. Harcourt, Geor$e, Walker, Terry and Anderson, Terry:
Use of the Mlcro&ismogram
and the Acoustic Cement
Bond Log to Evaluate Cementing Techniques, paper SPE
798 presented at SPE Symposium on Mechanical Engineering
Aspects of Drilling and Production, Fort Worth, Tex., March
23-24, 1964.
4200
..>
.----
..- >
/..
. :
b650
..
. .
..
,3
,
~..
1
f
APPENDIX
In bond logging, a crystal transmitter puts out a vibration
pulse that is picked up by the receiver. If the pipe is free
and not held firmly by cement, it will vibrate and carry a
large signal to the receiver (Fig. 7), The series of pictures
in Fig. 7a through d are the actual photographed signals
at the receiver in a series of shallow, cased test wells with
variouri deliberately L@t-ig sgrnenting conditions.. ,When
the - tirnent is f@ly - bonded to th; pipe. and to the
fofiatiort; the signal is as-shown in Fig, 7b with no pipe
vibration, but the- received signal is characteristic-of the
~ formation be@nd the pipe,. .
i
j--,
Wenthk
cement is- bonded to thepipe.but not ~to the
formation, very little.%ignrd is rc+ceived.from the. forniation..
.-. ..?
829
... ,.2
e-. .
. ..
.. . .. . .. .
-.
<
. .
... . .
.
.
, . ..
:
. .
.-
. ..
.
. ..
J?f~ II-X-Y
.
. . .. .
. . ..
. . ~
presentation,.Sou,ih
.
SOIJE~AL
. --~~
Tex& ~11.
. ..-
OF FET3KW13Ukl TECliKriOGY
. .. ... .
. .
I...
. ..?
-
.,..
-
.,
ness data are shown in Fig, 8 and were obtained with water
surrounding the cement. These data, howswer, cannot be
used directly because a thin sheath bonded to both pipe
and formation would produce a vibrational amplitude that
appears to reflect an irdlnhely thick sheath.
BEFORE
SQUEEZE
AFTER
routine recordiitg is necessary. The intensity -tjme presentation is such a record. Fig. 9 illustrates the conversion
of the acoustic signal. The lower picture of Fig. 9 is a
scope picture of a 4-ft single receiver signal with time increasing to the right (200 to 1,200 microsec) and amplitude increasing positively above and negatively below
zero amplitude. The next picture above is the prepara.
tion of the acoustic signal for the intensity-tjme record.
ing. All positive half cycles appear and will be recorded
as dark streaks, and all negative half cycles that have
been cut off wifl be recorded as light streaks. Zero ampli.
tude will appear gray. T4ext above is the intenskytime
recording. The top picture is the same, but ,with the film.
and tool movement coordhsated on a 5 in. equals 100 ft
depth scale. The full wave train of the acoustic signal+ with
ail changes of time and amplitude, is recorded. The position of the bars from left to right displays the time of arrival. The variations in darknem and lightness of the bars
display the relative amplitude of the half cycles.
Fig. 10 is a comparison of logs run before and after
setting and cementing the production casing. This well
was drilled with salt mud; and 4M-in., 9Yz-lb casing was
set to 3,248 ft in a 7%-in. hole. The pipe was cemented
with 185 sacks of special oilwell cement, containing 42
PIPE
SQUEEZE
AM?%lWNE
!$
0
crt
g,
.. . .
AUGUST,
.,~g. I&Increase
1960
, .
:. :~. .
., ..,.
..
-. . T ,,_ :.
.
Amplitude-Time -Reeo;d;;g
MKRO,BEFCX3E
WWMOW?AM
SQUEEZE
LO(3S
AFTER
Pm
AMFJLJTIJLE
SQUEEZE
..
.
.-
..
.
----
9:
ma..
E@, 13---Elitninatkm
.:
-,---
JOURXiL
.
.
-.
..
OF PETS30LEiSS
.
.,-.
. ..
.. . -i
TECZ$ROLOtiY
...
*.8
. ..
..
,T-
cemafizaliors.
Lead cement
Tail cement
Pipe
Eleven ll~urs
After Cern&nting
Amplitude
- Time
A m~l.&dc-
*>
Twenti
of
sketch
A mplitdc
_F=rma!.bn
-.
Formation
Amplitude
Am@tude
- Time
e.
,
.
#t
.-a.-
-.
-------~
--
. :
-~
---
t-+----+
..
{
,--
l
,
-b
*.
--===
,
,
\
-.-a
--,
.
, .)
----
>
t
1
I
6700
.-
<
--~
I
b750
,\
~.
>
%
:.
~r I
.
. -%
L
.
6800
-----
. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .
,.
. ...
Fig. IXomparison
. ..
1
\
. . ....
.->..
.
~..~.:.-;..-.......==
-----
&
.Z
----
. ..
of amplitude-time
.-:.
-----
..>
. ..-
..
. .
-----
:
,. ...