Adjectives:

Comparisons: To compare two unequals use the form

ms+(noun/adj/adverb)+que or replace ms with menos
when needed. To compare equals, use the form
tan+adj+como. The adjective must match the gender/number
with the things you compare. To create superlatives, use the
form el/la/los/las +ms/menos+adj+de
Irregular comparisons:
ms+bueno=mejor
ms+malo=peor
ms+joven=menor
ms+Viejo=mayor
Ex: Mi gato es tan hermosa como mi pero.
Demonstrative adjectives:
masculine
feminine

This

These

That

Those

That

Este
Esta

Estos
Estas

Ese
Esa

Esos
Esas

Aquel Aquellos

Those

Aquella Aquellas

Ex:Me gustan esos zapatos.

Demonstrative pronouns:
You can use demonstrative pronouns to refrain from
repeating a noun. Place an accent on the stressed syllable.
(ste, se, aqul) use the neutral forms for ideas or things
already said or done. (esto, eso, aquello)
Ex: Ese gato negro es mejor que aqul.
Lo + adjective
Use lo+adjective to express an abstract idea.
Ex: Lo Bueno es que la pizza est caliente.
Pronouns:
Pronouns: In Spanish, subject pronouns are not used often
because the verb ending normally indicates the pronoun
without directly stating it. Ex: Yo tengo un libre. Tengo un
libre. Both sentences mean the same thing.
Pronouns after prepositions:
When pronouns are used after prepositions (a, de, para), that
forms objects of prepositions. These prepositions match the
subject pronouns minus yo and t. Yo-> m T-> ti Both
of the pronouns combine with con to form conmigo and
contigo.
Ex: Maddie me habl de ellos.
Direct/Indirect Object Pronouns:
Direct object pronouns are the nouns that receive the action
of the verb. Indirect object pronouns are the people or thing
the verb is being performed for.
Direct
me
te
lo, la
nos
los,las
Indirect me
te
le
nos
les
Ex: Cordell tiene el lapz. Cordell lo tiene.
Double object Pronoun:
Direct and indirect object pronouns can be used in the same
sentence. When doing so, the indirect object pronoun always
goes first. If the indirect pronouns le or les goes before the
direct object pronouns la, lo, las, or los the indirect pronoun
changes to se. Basically, an L and L cant go together.
Ex: Yo siempre se lo digo.

Pronouns with Commands:

Object pronouns are used with commands (reflexive
pronouns too). You attach the pronoun to the back of
conjugated verb when the command is affirmative. Negative
commands, you place the pronoun between the no and
conjugated verb.
Ex: Sentmonos aqu.
No nos sentemos aqu.
Verbs Commonly Using Ind. Obj. Pronouns:
Comprar
Contar Dar
dejar
enviar explicar
contestar hablar mandar mentir pagar pasar
preguntar Pedir
Prestar Regular decir
Ex: Jake me compra un regalo.
Negative words:
Negative words can be placed before or after the verb. (nadanothing, not anything/ nadie- no one, not anyone/ ningnnone, not/ ninguna- any/ ninguno(a)- none, not/
ningunos(as)- any/ tampoco- noteither/ nunca and jamsnever/ ni- nor). When negative words are placed before the
verb, the word no is no longer needed.
Ex: No compro nada nunca.
Indefinite Expressions:
Indefinite expressions consist of negative and affirmative
sentences. The negative words are listed in the previous
section. Affirmative words consist of (algo- something/
alguien-someone/ algn and alguna- some, any/ alguno(a)
and algunos(as)- some, any/ tambin-also/ siempre- always/
o- or). Ni (negative) and o (affirmative) can both be used in
pairs.
Ex: No me gusta la pia, ni arroz, ni trigo.
Indefinite adjectives and pronouns, both negative and
affirmative must match the nouns they describe/represent.
Ex: Algunas personas son inteligentes.
Time Constructions (how long):
This time construction makes up an event that has already
started, and is still going on. To form it, use (hacer + time +
que + verb).
Ex: Hace dos aos que participo en la escuela.
Time Constructions (ago):
This time construction describes how long ago an event
occurred. (hacer + time).
Ex: Hace tres aos, mi perro muro.
Lo Que:

When you use the expression lo que + verb you are

creating an expression that expresses an idea. In English
lo que means what.
Ex: Lo que necesitamos comer es pizza.
Gender of Nouns:
Each noun has its own gender. There are normally clear
indicators to depict whether a noun is feminine or
masculine.

Feminine endings= -dad, -in, -z, -is, -ie, -umbre, -a

Ex: la chica, la pluma, la universidad
Masculine endings= -aje, -al, -s, -in, -ma, loners -o
Ex: el chico, el jardn, el final
Preterite vs. Imperfect:
Preterite and imperect are verb forms that are used to
express actions that happened in the past.
Preterite is used to talk about past actions that happened and
has a specific time period associated with it- completed
actions.
Ex: I swam yesterday. Yo nad ayer.
Imperfect is used to talk about past actions that happened
and has no specific time period associated with ituncompleted actions.
Ex: I used to eat carrots. Yo sola comer zanahorias.
Forming Preterite:

Yo
T
El/Ella/ Usted

-
-aste
-

Nosotros

-amos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

-aron

Conjugations for verbs ending in ar

Yo
T
El/Ella/ Usted

-
-iste
-i

Nosotros

-imos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

-ieron

Conjugations for verbs ending in er/ir

Preterite With Spelling Changes (-car, -gar, -zar)

Preterite verbs sometimes will need a spelling change when the verb
ends in car, -gar, -zar. In order to keep the same pronunciation of
the word, verbs ending with (yo form) will need the spelling
change.
Car qe
Gar gu
Zar c
Ex: tocar, toqe
vagar, vagu
cazar, cac

Irregular Preterite:
Estar: EstuvPoder: PudPoner: Pus-

Saber: SupTener: TuvVenir- Vin-

Traer: TrajDecir: DijQuerer: Quis-

The Chart above shows preterite verbs with irregular stems.

Ir and Ser both have the same irregular preterite conjugation

forms: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
These verbs: estar, querer, poder, poner, saber, tener, venir all have
the following irregular conjugations.
Yo: -e
Nosotros: -imos

T: -iste

l/Ella/Usted: -o
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes: -ieron

These verbs: decir, traer all have these irreg. conjugations.

Yo: -e
Nosotros: -imos

T: -iste

l/Ella/Usted: -o
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes: -eron

Forming Imperfect:
Yo
-aba
Nosotros
T
-abas
El/Ella/ Usted
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
-aba
Above are the conjugations for ar verbs
Yo
-a
Nosotros
T
-as

-bamos
-aban
-amos

El/Ella/ Usted

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
-an
-a
Above are the conjugations for er/-ir verbs
Irregular Imperfect:
Ser
Ver
Ir
era
vea
iba
eras
veas
ibas
era
vea
iba
ramos
veamos
bamos
eran
vean
iban
There are only 3 irregular imperfect verbs: ser, ver, ir
Words That Signal the Imperfect:
The imperfect consists of verbs that expresses a past event
that has an unspecified time period with no indication of
completion. These words/phrases typically indicate the use of
imperfect: muchas veces, a veces, (casi) siempre, todos los
aos/das.
Ser and Estar:
Ser and estar both mean: to be. They are used under
different circumsances. Estar expresses condition while ser
expresses essential quality. Use DOCTORS and PLACE to learn
the differences.
Ser (DOCTORS):Date, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin,
Relation
Estar (PLACE): Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion
Conjugations of Ser in All Tenses:
Present

Preterite

Imperfect

Conditional

Future

Soy
eres
Es
Somos
son

Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuimos
fueron

Era
Eras
Era
Eramos
eran

Sera
Seras
Sera
Seramos
seran

Ser
Sers
Ser
Seremos
Sern

Present Subjunctive
Sea
Seas
Sea
Seamos
Sean

Imperfect Subjunctive
Fuera
Fueras
Fuera
Furamos
Fueran

Conjugations of Estar in All Tenses:

Present

Preterite

Imperfect

Conditional

Future

Estoy
Ests
Est
Estamos
Estn

Estuve
Estuviste
Estuvo
Estuvimos
Estuvieron

Estaba
Estabas
Estaba
Estbamos
Estaban

Estara
Estaras
Estara
Estaramos
Estaran

Estar
Estars
Estar
Estaremos
Estarn

Present Subjunctive
Est
Ests
Est
Estemos
Estn

Imperfect Subjunctive
Estuviera
Estuvieras
Estuviera
Estuviramos
Estuvieran

Subjunctive:
The subjunctive is formed when an expression incorporates
certain elements that are stated in WEDDING or UWEIRDO.

Subjunctive is best described as a mood. The subjunctive

comes after the que.
WEDDING: Wish/Will, Emotion, Doubt, Denial, Impersonal
expressions, Negation, God
UWEIRDO: Uncertainty, Wishes, Emotion, Impersonal
expressions, Requests, Doubt, Orders
Subjunctive is the opposite of indicative. English Example: My
mom requests that I walk the dog.
How to Form Subjunctive (base endings including irreg.):
To form subjunctive, you start with the yo form of the regular
verbs. Then take off the ending, and then add the new
endings that are listed below.
-ar verbs
-e
-es
-e
-emos -en
-er/-ir verbs
-a
-as
-a
-amos -an

Dar
Estar
Haber
Ir
Saber
Ser

d
est
haya
vaya
sepa
sea

des
ests
hayas
vayas
sepas
seas

d
est
haya
vaya
sepa
sea

demos
estemos
hayamos
vayamos
sepamos
seamos

den
estn
hayan
vayan
sepan
sean

Irregular subjunctive conjugations

Triggers of Subjunctive:
The subjunctive needs multiple components in order to form.
First, it needs to incorporate WEDDING or UWEIRDO. Que
must then follow. There needs to be a change in subject.
There are usually clear indicators on when the subjunctive is
forming. Hopes and wishes are expressed through: esperar
que, querer que, and preferir que. Advice and opinions are
expressed through the phrases: es mejor que, es buena idea
que, es importante que, aconsejar que, recomendar que, and
sugerir que.
The subjunctive will follow the conjunction que after the
main clause. The main clause and subordinate clause need to
have different subjects. As long as the verb is categorized in
WEDDING or UWEIRDO and you have the other
requirements, subjunctive is created.
Ex: Yo espero que t estudie anoche.
There is a change in subject: yot
WEDDING is used: Wishes/hopes
The conjunction is used: Que
Present Perfect Subjunctive:
Present perfect subjunctive is formed when you use the
subjunctive of haber along with the past participle of the
main verb. Present perfect subjunctive is normally used to
express an emotion, judgement, hope, or doubt about
something that has already happened.

Yo
T
l/Ella/Usted
Nosotros
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

Haya corrido
Hayas corrido
Haya corrido
Hayamos corrido
Hayan corrido

Chart: Present perfect subjunctive conjugation for the verb corer

Ex: Es bueno que hayamos hablado.

Past Subjunctive (Imperfect Subjunctive):
In order to form the past subjunctive, you must first start
with a verb conjugated as if it were a third person plural form
of preterite (prefirieron). Then you take that conjugation, and
drop the on (prefirier). From there you add the new
conjugations that are listed below.
Yo
T
l/Ella/Ud. Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/Uds.
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-an
Table of conjugation endings for the past subjunctive
(Ex: prefirieron prefirier prefiriera)
The past subjunctive is used after si, (which means if in
English). It is used along with the conditional.
Ex: Si yo fuera un cerdo, volara a la luna.
Present Tense:
The present tense is used when talking about actions that are
currently happening. The conjugations are listed below.
-ar verbs
-o, -as, -a, -amos, -an
-er verbs
-o, -es, -e, -emos, -en
-ir verbs
-o, -es, -e, -imos, -en
Present Progressive:
Present progressive verbs are used to describe actions that
are currently happening when stated. It uses a form of estar
along with the verb. Present progressive has its own
conjugations: -ar verbs -ando
-er/-ir verbs iendo
Ex: Trabajar= trabajando
Correr= Corriendo
caer cayendo
mentir mintiendo
decir diciendo
morir muriendo
dormir durmiendo
pedir pidiendo
leer leyendo
traer trayendo
Ex: Lynn est comiendo la comida.
Past Progressive:
The past progressive is used to describe past actions in
progress. Past progressive is used along with the preterite
form of estar. (estaba, estabas, estaba, estbamos, estaban).
The progressive aspect of it is conjugated with the same
endings as the present progressive, ando, and -iendo
Ex: Lynn estaba comiendo la comida.
Ir+a+Infinitive:
Ir+a+infinitive is used to state what someone was going to do.
The first verb is conjugated while the second verb remains in
its infinitive form. Ir is conjugated into the imperfect.
Ir: Iba, Ibas, Iba, bamos, Iban
Ex: Yo iba a correr, pero yo llor.

Ir+a+Infinitive in Preterite/Imperfect:
A preterite verb will come after the ir+a+infinitive when the
verb is referring to a completed action. An imperfect verb will
come after the ir+a+infinitive when the verb is referring to an
uncompleted action.
Ex: Completed action I was going to run, but it rained.
Uncompleted action I was going to run, but it is raining.
Nosotros Commands:
To tell a group to do or not do something, you need to use
nosotros commands. Nosotros commands are made up of the
present subjunctives in the nosotros form.
Ex: Comamos.
Irregular Nosotros Commands:
Dar
Estar
Saber
Ser
Ir
No Ir
Demos Estemos Sepamos Seamos Vamos Vayamos
Indicative:
Indicative is used to state facts, and things that are certain.
The indicative is the most popular and simplistic because it is
straight forward.
Ex: El gato es negro.
Verb Phrases with Infinitives:
Verb phrases sometimes will contain an infinitive in them.
That happens when the first verb needs to be conjugated
while the second verb does not. The infinitive will follow after
a conjunction, while other times no conjunction is needed.
Ex: Tyler debe comer en la maana.
Future:
The future verb tense is used to talk about things in the
future. To conjugate the future, add these endings to the
infinitive: , s, , emos, n
Ex: Yo leer el libro.
Irregular Future:
Caber=cabr- Decir=dirHaber=habrHacer=harPoder=podr- Poner=pondr- Querer=querr- Saber=sabrVenir=vendrSalir=saldrTener=tender- Valer=valdrThese irregular stems need the normal endings to form future

Conditional:
The conditional is used to express what would happen or
what someone would do under certain conditions. To form
the conditional you use the infinitive of the verb and add
these endings: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an
Ex: Yo que t, yo correra.
Irregular Conditional:
Caber=cabr- Decir=dirHaber=habrHacer=harPoder=podr- Poner=pondr- Querer=querr- Saber=sabrVenir=vendrSalir=saldrTener=tendr- Valer=valdrExpressions Used With the Conditional:
Yo que t= If I were you. En tu logar= In your place.
En esa situacin= In that sitation.
Me gustara= I would like. Te molestara= It would bother

Past Participles:
The past participle is formed when you drop the ending of a
verb (-ar, -er, -ir) and then add: -ado (-ar) or -ido (-er/-ir)
Ex: Hablar Habl Hablado
Irregular Past Participles:
Abrir=abierto
Decir=dicho
Descubrir=descubierto Escribir=escrito
Hacer=hecho
Morir=muerto
Resolver=resuelto
Romper=roto
Ver=visto
Volver=vuelto

Describer=descrito
Frer=frito
Poner=puesto
Satisfacer=satisfecho

Present Perfect Indicative:

The present indicative Is used to say what has happened in a
specific period of time up to the present. To form the present
perfect indicative, you need to use the present tense of the
verb haber and then use the past participle of the main verb.
Haber: he, has, ha, hemos, han
Ex: No he comido la pizza hoy.
Past Perfect:
The past perfect is used to tell the first part of a sequence of
events. To form the past perfect you combine the imperfect
of haber with the past participle of the main verb.
Imperfect haber: haba, habas, haba, habamos, haban
Ex: Mi gato ya haba comido la comida.
Present Perfect Subjunctive:
The present perfect subjunctive can be used when dealing
with expressions of doubt/disbelief. To form the present
perfect subjunctive you use the subjunctive form of haber
and then the past participle of the main verb.
Subjunctive haber: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan
Ex: Mi madre dudo que yo haya ledo el libro.
Reflexive Verbs:
Reflexive verbs are actions that act back upon the subject.
There are similar verbs known as grammatical reflexives.
Those occur when a reflexive pronoun is in use but the verb
does not act back on to the subject.
Ex: Nos criamos en Nueva York.
Verbs That Express To Become:
Hacerse= change through a personal effort.
Ponerse= sudden mental/physical change
Volverse= gradual change
Convertirse en= change into something else
Quedarse= to be left a certain way
Verbs with Indirect Object Pronouns:
These verbs are generally used with indirect object pronouns.
Molestar, Resultar, Caber, Poner, Ser, Costar, Gustar
Uses of Se Including Passive Voice:
The passive voice of se is used to express something that is done or
has been done. You use se and then follow with a verb that is in
third person. The verb can be singular or plural, depends on the
subject.
Ex: Se comi la torta.