MasteringBiology - The Endomembrane System

MasteringBiology: The Endomembrane System
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Tour of an Animal Cell: The Endomembrane System (BioFlix tutorial)

Eukaryotic cells have an integrated network of
organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the
Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, which is collectively
referred to as the endomembrane system. The
endomembrane system serves a variety of functions
within the cell, including protein synthesis and transport,
metabolism of lipids, and detoxification.
Before beginning this tutorial, watch the Endomembrane
System animation.
Part A - Organelles of the endomembrane system

The various parts of the endomembrane system serve different functions in the cell. In this activity, you will identify the
roles of each part of the endomembrane system.
Drag each function to the appropriate bin.
Hint 1. Cisternal maturation

Cisternal maturation is the process by which the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus progress from the cis face to
the trans face.
Hint 2. Which organelle of the endomembrane system functions in protein synthesis?

The part of the endomembrane system that is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis is the _____.
ANSWER:
rough ER
smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Hint 3. In what ways is the endomembrane system similar to a factory?

The endomembrane system performs so many different functions in the cell that it is often compared to a
factory with elaborate assembly lines and shipping capabilities.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all
terms will be used.
ANSWER:
http://session.masteringbiology.com/myct/itemView?view=print&assignmentProblemID=44807822
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ANSWER:
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Correct
The endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the
cell. The smooth ER functions mainly in lipid synthesis and processing. The rough ER is the site of secretory
protein synthesis. These proteins are processed further in the Golgi apparatus, from where they are dispatched
in vesicles to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes, whose enzymes and membranes are made and processed by
the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, function in the hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and
autophagy.
Part B - Sites of protein synthesis

All proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cell. Some ribosomes float freely in the cytosol, while others are
bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most proteins made by free ribosomes function in the cytosol.
Proteins made by bound ribosomes either function within the endomembrane system or pass through it and are
secreted from the cell.
Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?
Select all that apply.
Hint 1. How to approach this problem

To determine whether a protein is synthesized by free ribosomes or bound ribosomes, be sure to consider
where the protein ultimately ends up.
In general, there are two classes of proteins:
those that function in the cytoplasm or in environments that are in direct contact with the
cytoplasm (Note that although the nucleus is enveloped by two membranes, the interior is still
considered to be in direct contact with the cytoplasm via the numerous pores that allow transport
between these two environments.)
those that function in locations separated from the cytoplasm by a cellular membrane
The proteins in the first class are synthesized by free ribosomes; they will ultimately function in the cytoplasm
or within the nucleus. The proteins in the second class are synthesized by bound ribosomes; they will
ultimately reside in or pass through the endomembrane system.
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Hint 2. Where in the cell are nuclear proteins made?

Some proteins must pass into and out of the nucleus to regulate a variety of activities, including the synthesis
of DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
Which of the following pathways would a protein destined for the interior of the nucleus follow?
ANSWER:
The protein is translated at the surface of the rough ER and then moves from the interior of the ER to
the interior of the nucleus.
The protein is translated on free ribosomes and then passes between the lipids of the nuclear
envelope to enter the nucleus.
The protein is translated at the surface of the rough ER, is packaged into a vesicle, and the vesicle
fuses with the nuclear envelope, depositing the protein inside.
The protein is translated on free ribosomes and then passes through the pore complex to enter the
nucleus.
Correct
Proteins that function in the nucleus, such as DNA polymerase, are synthesized by free ribosomes in the
cytoplasm. The completed proteins then enter the nucleus through nuclear pores.
ANSWER:
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lysosomal enzyme
insulin
ribosomal protein
actin
DNA polymerase
ER protein
Correct
Most proteins that function in the cytosol (such as actin) or in the nucleus (such as DNA polymerase) are
synthesized by free ribosomes. Proteins that function within the endomembrane system (such as lysosomal
enzymes) or those that are destined for secretion from the cell (such as insulin) are synthesized by bound
ribosomes.
As a protein destined for the endomembrane system is being synthesized by a ribosome, the first amino acids in
the growing polypeptide chain act as a signal sequence. That signal sequence ensures that the ribosome binds
to the outer membrane of the ER and that the protein enters the ER lumen.
Part C - The pathway of secretory proteins

Proteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion.
Not all labels will be used.
Hint 1. How to approach this problem

Not all of the labels will be used in the flowchart. Review the functions of each organelle listed and eliminate
the organelles not involved in the synthesis, modification, or transport of secretory proteins. Then place the
remaining organelles in the correct order.
Hint 2. Where are the organelles of the endomembrane system located?

Knowing the structure and locations of the compartments that make up the endomembrane system can help
you understand how substances move within and between the organelles.
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram.
ANSWER:
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Hint 3. How does cargo move through the Golgi?

As cargo passes through the Golgi apparatus, it is modified in a step-wise manner prior to being transported to
the plasma membrane or to other locations in the endomembrane system. These distinct modifications are
based on the presence of different Golgi enzymes in each cisterna.
Complete this sentence.
Cargo leaves the endoplasmic reticulum and is sent to the _____ Golgi cisterna, which then matures through
the redistribution of enzymes to become a _____ Golgi cisterna and eventually the _____ Golgi cisterna.
ANSWER:
cis; trans; medial
trans; medial; cis
medial; cis; trans
cis; medial; trans
ANSWER:
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Correct
As they are being synthesized, secretory proteins enter the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. From the ER,
vesicles transport these proteins to the Golgi, where they are sequentially modified and concentrated in a cis-totrans direction. Secretory vesicles bud from the Golgi and move along cytoskeletal filaments to eventually fuse
with the plasma membrane, secreting their protein cargo. Each of these transport steps requires specialized
proteins to ensure that the cargo is sent to the proper location and is able to fuse with the target membrane.
Part D - Pulse-chase experiments and protein location

Scientists can track the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system using an approach known as a
pulse-chase experiment. This experiment involves
the pulse phase: Cells are exposed to a high concentration of a radioactively labeled amino acid for a
short period to tag proteins that are being synthesized.
the chase phase: Any unincorporated radioactively labeled amino acids are washed away and large
amounts of the same, but unlabeled, amino acid are added.
Only those proteins synthesized during the brief pulse phase are radioactively tagged. These tagged proteins can be
tracked through the chase period to determine their location in the cell.
The data below were obtained from a pulse-chase experiment in which cells were examined at different times during
the chase period. The numbers represent the radioactivity (measured in counts per minute) recorded at each of the
indicated sites. The higher the number, the greater the radioactivity.
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Based on these data, what is the most likely function of the cells in this experiment?
Hint 1. Understanding the pulse-chase experiment

The pulse-chase experiment is similar to fitting newly synthesized proteins with identification collars, much as
one would do in the field to track animals. By using a chase, this cohort of newly synthesized proteins can be
tracked as they move to different regions of the cell, without any subsequently synthesized proteins
complicating the results. By tracking these proteins over time, the target region where the proteins function can
be identified based on the concentration of radioactivity.
Hint 2. How can the results of this experiment be represented graphically?

The data from this experiment can be represented in line graphs. The change in radioactivity in each part of
the cell has been plotted over time.
Drag a label to the target beneath each graph to indicate which part of the cell the graph represents.
Labels can be used once or not at all.
ANSWER:
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Hint 3. What is phagocytosis?

Some cells ingest smaller particles through the process of phagocytosis.
Which of the following are true statements about phagocytosis, the vesicles formed during phagocytosis
(called phagosomes, or food vacuoles), and the fate of the ingested particles?
Select all that apply.
ANSWER:
Phagocytosis occurs when part of the cells plasma membrane engulfs a particle, forming a
phagosome.
Phagosomes by themselves can digest the ingested particles into molecules the cell can use.
The contents of phagosomes are digested with the help of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes.
Phagocytosis only occurs in protists.
Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes formed during phagocytosis.
ANSWER:
detoxification
secretion
muscle contraction
phagocytosis
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The cells in this experiment were macrophages. These immune system cells have many lysosomes for the
destruction of bacteria and other invaders brought into the cell via phagocytosis. The enzymes (hydrolases) that
carry out this catabolic activity are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi, and
transported to the lysosomes.
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MasteringBiology: The Endomembrane System

Tour of an Animal Cell: The Endomembrane System (BioFlix tutorial)

Part A - Organelles of the endomembrane system

Hint 1. Cisternal maturation

Hint 2. Which organelle of the endomembrane system functions in protein synthesis?

Hint 3. In what ways is the endomembrane system similar to a factory?