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Iraj Faraji
c
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INTRODUCTION
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
II.
A. Generators
i i s
(1)
(2)
2Hi
I L I D jIQ I L
1
( E Eqi ( X di X di ) I di )
d 0i fdi
(3)
Edi
1
( Edi ( X qi X qi ) I qi )
q 0i
(4)
(5)
D
I
Vi
open-circuit d and q axes transient time constants,
Vinj
S
f
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v
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VT
1
1 ST R
+
-
1 STC
1 ST B
KA
1 ST A
Idc
Vdc
Cdc
III.
SSSC-BASED STABILIZERS
B. Exciter
The IEEE type-AC-4A excitation system [22] is used in this
paper whose block diagram is shown in Fig. 1.
V ref
VSC
XL2
c
r
D: damping coefficient.
XSCT
XL1
respectively
Vj
VSSSC
IL
(8)
Where
, qo
:
do
(7)
dVdc mk
( I D cos I Q sin )
dt
Cdc
( X qi X di ) I di I qi Di (i s ))
Eqi
(6)
A. Phase-based stabilizer
Assuming a lossless SSSC, the ac voltage is kept in
quadrature with the line current so that the SSSC only
interchanges reactive power with the transmission line. By
regulating the magnitude of the injected voltage, the reactive
power interchange can be controlled. When the SSSC voltage
lags the line current by 90o, it simulates a series capacitor. It can
also simulate a series inductor when the voltage leads the line
current by 90o. Thus, a SSSC can be considered as a series
reactive compensator where the degree of compensation can be
varied by controlling the magnitude of the injected voltage. In
this paper, the SSSC is considered in capacitor mode. To keep
the injected voltage in quadrature with the line current, a PI
controller, as shown in Fig. 3, has been used. Here ref is the
phase of the injected voltage in steady-state and its value is
considered as ref 90o ss .
E fd
C. Modeling of SSSC
The SSSC consists of a series coupling transformer (SCT)
with the leakage reactance XSCT, a voltage source converter
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
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B. Encircling prey
A mathematical model for the behavior of wolves
encircling prey is:
IV.
D C. X P (t ) X (t )
(9)
X (t 1) X P (t ) A.D
(10)
X indicates
A and C are
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
A 2a.r1 a
(11)
C 2.r2
(12)
a1
c1
a2
C2
R
Dalpha
Move
Dbeta
value of
C3
Estimated position
Of the prey
(13)
D C2 . X X
c
r
X1 X a1.( D )
X 3 X a3 .( D )
X (t 1)
X1 X 2 X 3
3
D
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S
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fluctuation range of
o
e
(14)
D C3 . X X
X 2 X a2 .( D )
v
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h
D C1. X X
or other hunters
a3
between the two particular points. So a grey wolf can update its
position inside the space around the prey to any random
location by the above-mentioned equations. The same concept
can be extended to a search space with n dimensions, in which
the grey wolves will move in hyper-spheres around the best
solution obtained so far.
C. Hunting
These wolves have the ability to identify the location of
prey. Prey is guided by a leader group. In the first, the location
of the prey is not optimum. Therefore, it is assumed that alpha,
beta, and delta have a better knowledge about the location of
prey. Therefore, the first three best solutions obtained so far are
saved and the other search agents (including the omegas) are
obliged to update their positions according to the position of the
best search agents. The following formulas are proposed for
hunting:
Ddelta
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
Substituting
v
i
h
x2 s x1s 1 Tw s
(1 s )2 1 TW s
s sT
c
r
becomes:
f ( s ) x0
and
D
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(28)
S
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o
e
(20)
x
x1
, x2 2 2 ,
x0T
x0T
(27)
Considering x1
x12 4 x2 x0 0
1) Stabilizers Structure:
In this paper, it is assumed that the stabilizers zeros can be
adjusted and Its adopted the following a lead-lag structure for
f(s):
(26)
x2 s x1s x0 sTw
(1 sT )2 1 sTw
F1 i 1| f ( ji ) |
f ( s)
(25)
3) Objective Function:
The following function is considered as the objective
function, which is the gain measure of the stabilizer at the
frequency i ; i=1, 2,..., N . As a criterion, in case two
stabilizers achieve a same damping ratio for a critical oscillation
mode, the stabilizer with lower loop gain is more valuable.
V.
x2 Tx1 x0T 2 0
F2
F3
where
i 0
i 0
(29)
i )2
(30)
i )2
i is damping ratio.
i i i
(20)
(21)
(31)
(32)
i 2 i 2
(33)
x1 x2 1
(22)
G1 ( x) x2 Tx1 x0T 2
(34)
x1 0.1x2 10
(23)
(35)
x12 4 x2 0
(24)
G3 ( x) x12 4 x2 x0
(36)
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
(37)
50
Ki
0
if Gi ( x) 0
otherwise
VI.
(38)
been chosen.
The results of the eigenvalues of three scenarios with SSSCbased stabilizer optimized by GWO algorithm are shown in
Tables 5 and 6. Figures 8-10, show the response of 13 under
SIMULATION RESULTS
TABLE II.
GEN 3
SSSC
Area 2
L2
L1
GEN 2
iv
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Transmitted
Power (MW)
r
A
Light
Normal
Heavy
350
380
420
Load of area 1
(MW)
Load of area 2
(MW)
950
920
890
1350
1380
1410
Damping
18.3887
-1.83680 j7.4386
23.9729
0.40336
20.6468
-0.14050 j1.9977
0.31794
7.01610
-1.16880 j0.6916
0.11007
86.0629
-0.55308 j0.8577
0.13652
54.1907
-1.239600 j7.73830
1.23160
15.8180
-1.566800 j7.51060
1.19530
20.4215
-0.397540 j2.60630
0.41480
15.0788
-0.063853 j1.96530
0.31279
3.24730
-1.235800 j0.87186
0.13876
81.7120
-0.579360 j0.82935
0.13199
57.2679
-1.252700 j 7.71210
1.22740
16.0334
-1.573100 j 7.50080
1.19380
20.5257
-0.474010 j 2.82720
0.44996
16.5354
-0.0097979 j 1.6721
0.26612
0.58595
-1.366100 j 0.79589
0.12667
86.4058
-0.584710 j 0.82883
0.13191
57.6458
S
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Operating
conditions
Frequency
1.22580
o
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GEN 4
Normal loading
Area 1
D
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Pole
-1.44090 j7.7022
1.18390
C2
Heavy loading
C1
-0.53479 j2.5344
Light loading
GEN 1 1
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
f (j ) 2
Pole
-1.54300 j7.68080
Frequency
1.22240
Damping
19.6953
0.0010277
0.014469
0.050811
0.0069813
-1.96890 j7.40440
1.17850
25.6975
-0.54180 j2.65430
0.42244
20.0000
-0.14249 j2.08370
0.33164
6.82230
-0.99371 j0.72473
0.11534
80.7950
-0.55638 j0.86148
0.13711
54.2532
-1.25400 j7.75740
1.23460
15.9583
-1.58180 j7.51610
1.19620
20.5940
-0.65311 j3.19960
0.50923
19.9998
-0.31540 j2.32070
0.36934
13.4674
-1.14740 j0.98062
0.15607
76.0194
-0.58026 j0.82611
0.13148
57.4780
-1.08060 j7.73420
1.23090
13.8370
-1.35470 j7.51020
1.19530
17.7517
-0.49666 j2.88740
0.45955
16.9519
0.0159800
0.230530
0.476460
0.1087000
-base
9.1327e-9
5.6239e-5
0.035531
0.021371
0.2080500
0.8917300
0.929030
1.27e-090
3.6239e-5
0.055826
0.033577
m-base
0.2042900
0.6803100
0.458470
0.846320
Pole
-1.54400 j7.67980
Frequency
1.22230
Damping
19.7099
-1.96920 j7.40390
1.17840
25.7033
-0.44338 j2.23940
0.35642
19.4218
-0.44330 j2.23810
0.35620
19.4296
-1.09800 j0.70509
0.11222
84.1446
-0.53802 j0.90269
0.14367
51.1978
-1.55210 j7.68610
1.22330
19.7939
-1.96290 j7.43340
1.18310
25.5315
-0.46955 j2.36140
0.37582
19.5030
-0.44916 j2.14400
0.34123
20.5041
-1.19540 j0.72422
0.11526
85.5286
-0.54186 j0.89974
0.14320
51.5904
-1.46360 j7.68190
1.22260
-1.83850 j7.45770
1.18690
-0.47116 j2.74540
0.43694
-0.33959 j1.64610
0.26198
-1.55420 j0.97067
0.15449
-0.54183 j0.91457
0.14556
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.31973
18.9255
-1.47540 j1.10440
0.17577
80.0571
-0.62335 j0.81722
0.13006
60.6478
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18.7164
23.9363
16.9147
20.2045
0.1
No Stabilizer
m-base Stabilizer
-base Stabilizer
-0.1
84.8178
Time (sec)
10
15
50.9706
0.4
No stabilizer
m-base stabilizer
-base stabilizer
No Stabilizer
-base Stabilizer
m-base Stabilizer
0.3
0.05
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.05
-0.1
-0.38720 j2.00890
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Light loading
Normal loading
Heavy loading
0.25
13
Angle (G1-G3),rad
1.074300
-base
TABLE IV.
Light loading
x0
Angle (G1-G3),rad
Heavy
x1
m-base
m-base
x2
13
Angle (G1-G3),rad
Normal
Light
-base
TABLE V.
Normal loading
Operation
Point
Heavy loading
TABLE III.
-0.3
Time (sec)
10
15
Time (sec)
10
15
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Design of SSSC-based Stabilizer to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
I.
CONCLUSION
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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