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Drama

Drama is a type of literature that is primarily written to be performed for an


audience. When reading a play, it is important to keep certain features of
drama in mind. Some of these features relate to drama as literature; others
reflect its character as a performance.
The Spanish Colonial Regime

The Spanish regime from 1521 to 1898 saw the rise and popularization of
various types of secular and religious drama, the former usually staged to
celebrate town fiestas, and the latter, to highlight important Catholic
liturgical feasts or seasons.
Of the secular dramas, the most important and popular was the komedya
(also called moro-moro, linambay, or curaldal), a play in verse performed for
many nights in the 18th century. Komedyas are based on European metrical
romances that depict the conflict between Christian and Moorish kingdoms.
The Early American Occupation
The drama and the sarsuwela were the two most popular drama forms during the
first two or three decade of the American regime. As more Filipinos accepted
American rule, the revolutionary drama slowly disappeared and the romantic drama
rose and reigned for the next decades.
The sarsuwelas had their heyday in the 20s and 30s. The sarsuwela usually had
three-acts with music and dancing interspersed within the prose dialogue.
Sarsuwelas often focus on the love story between members of the upper classes,
spiced with comic love between servants.
The Later American Period
In 1921, Luis Borromeo came back from Las Vegas, and started his own full-fledged
bodabil (local version the vaudeville). During the Japanese occupation, the bodabil
appended the romantic drama as one of its highlights, and thus was born the stage
show.
The stage show is a potpourri of songs, dances, comedy skits, and romantic dramas.
Bodabil songs, dances, and comedy skits are derived mainly from what was popular
in America.
The Contemporary Period
The contemporary period gave birth to the modern contemporary theater, whose
principle tendencies were realism, expressionism, and contemporized traditional
forms.
Becoming more popular than realism is expressionism, which directly discusses
social ideas, consciously destroying the illusion of theatrical reality and employing
mime, dance, songs, symbols, stylized sets, costumes and props, and almost
anything that would clarify and intensify these ideas to the audience.
Contemporary Filipino playwrights have realized that traditional forms of drama still
popular among the masses should not only be studied but imbued as well with
positive and timely messages.
Early forms of Philippine drama

Duplo- was a poetical debate held by trained men and women in the 9th night, the
last night of the mourning period for the dead. The male participants, bellacos, are
the heads of the game.
Karagatan- was also a poetical debate like duplo, but its participants were
amateurs. Both held in the homes and the theme was all about a ring that fell into
the sea.

Types of Drama
Tragedy: A play in which the main character experiences disaster, but faces this
downfall in such a way as to attain heroic stature.*
Even though Tragedies are gloomy they are triumphant, because they inspire
exaltation at the greatness human beings can attain even in defeat.
Comedy: closes with a peaceful resolution of the main conflict.Comedy is a literary
genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly
having cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant
circumstance by which to create comic effects, resulting in happy or successful
conclusion.

Romantic Comedy: The main characters are lovers, and the plot tends to
follow the pattern of boy gets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl again.

Satiric Comedy: Uses humor to ridicule foolish ideas or customs with the
purpose of improving society.

Kinds of Plays
Sinakulo

a Lenten play that is a dramatic presentation of the Passion of Jesus


Christ (his trial, suffering and death).

performed during Holy Week in the Philippines for eight nights, from
Palm Sunday to Easter, to present the entire sinakulo.

Moro-moro

colorful theatrical tradition in the Philippines that describes the


conflicts between the Muslims and the Christians, used by the Spanish
as a method to spread Christianity in the country

performed at the local fiesta

portrays the clash between the Muslims and the Christians where
the forbidden romance between the prince and the princess is
settled by having the non-Christian be converted to Christianity
or by his or her death followed by a resurrection through divine
intervention.

Kinds of Drama

Zarzuela - is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken


and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well
as dance.

Moriones (street drama)- is an annual festival held on Holy Week on the


island of Marinduque, Philippines. The "Moriones" are men and women in
costumes and masks replicating the garb of biblical Roman soldiers as
interpreted by local folks. The Moriones or Moryonan tradition has inspired
the creation of other festivals in the Philippines where cultural practices or
folk history is turned into street festivals

Awit - The awit is a form of Filipino poetry it is closer to the narrative


The following are characteristics observed in the awit, Florante at
Laura

4 lines/stanza;

a rhyme scheme of AAAA

a slight pause on the sixth syllable

each stanza
sentence

each stanza is full of figures of speech

the author is usually anonymous

is

usually

complete

grammatically-correct

Korido - ay isang uri ng panitikang pilipino ,isang uri ng tulang nakuha natin
sa impluwensya ng mga Espanyol . Ito ay may sukat na walong pantig bawat
linya at may apat na linya sa isang stanza.. Ang korido ay binibigkas sa
pamamagitan ng pakantang pagpapahayag ng mga tula.

Bodabil is an indigenized form of vaudeville, which had been introduced in


the Philippines around the turn of the 20th century. It featured a hodgepodge
of musical numbers, short-form comedy and dramatic skits, and even magic
acts, often staged inside the theaters of Manila.

Elements of Drama
1. Plot

Summary of a plays story

Concerned with what happens in the story

Overall structure of a play

Most important element of drama

2. Setting- identifies the time and place in which the events occur. Includes
historical period, the moment, day and season in which the incidents take place.
3. Character
Characters must be shaped to fit the needs of the plot, and all parts of the
characterization must fit together

The playwright must make the characters credible to the audience

Protagonist is the main character, the person who is attempting to resolve


the problem. The conflicts he faces, frequently involves a struggle with some
force outside himself (external conflicts) as with an antagonist, and/or struggle
within himself (internal conflict).
4. Thought
Include the ideas and emotions implied by the overall meaning of the play,
sometimes the theme.
5. Dialogue

Means of expressing the character and the thoughts dramatically.

May be in prose or verse

Prose dialogue may be naturalistic or rhetorical

Naturalistic dialogue is the actual way people talk

Rhetorical dialogue is popularly described as high flown, florid, and oratorical

Verse dialogue makes use of the conventions of poetry for the purpose of
drama.

Dialogue is the conversation between two or more characters in a play.

6. Theme

It is what a story means

It is a conviction about the real world we live in, and it may be stated in
several ways.

May be directly or indirectly stated

The stated theme, rather than the enacted theme is the heart of a play

Theme is enacted throughout the plot

7. Climax/denouement
Climax is the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated
suspense, and that stirs the most intense feelings or emotions; turning point of
the story
The climax is to be distinguished from the other big scenes by its greater
intensity and its structural relationship to the denouement and development
Denouement is the working out of the plot, following the climax; the phase of
the final part in the plot-pattern that clarifies or simplifies the complicated
situation, and the solution, the phase that gives the answer, whether favorable
or unfavorable to the question that the plot has presented developed, and
carried through a conclusion.
8. Music and spectacle

Aside from background music, there is music of speech and of movement.

Spectacle intensifies emotions; it heightens the atmosphere, whether vitality


or terror or sorrow.
9. Costume and make-up

10.Scenery and lighting

The scenery may be simple, for it is supposed only to suggest the scene

Proper lighting can add a great deal to the realism of the play

White, yellow, amber, and pink lights brighten the stage and are happy colors

Blue and green dull the scene and produce a cold effect

Red and purple are mysterious

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