Efficiency of bulbs

By - Aanchal Jindal
Class - XII-A
CBSE Roll NO. Year - 2016-2017
Submitted to :- Mrs. ghai

Theory
One of the basic laws of physics is the law of the
Conservation of Energy. This simply states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form to
another. So when a 100watt lamp is switched on, 100 watts of
electrical energy is converted to 100watts of light and heat; a
50watt lamp produces a total 50 watts of light and heat, and so
on.* However, some lamps are more efficient at producing light
than others; this determines how much of that 100 watts is
transformed into light, and how much is "wasted" and comes out
as heat (very useful, though, if what we want is a basking lamp).
Wattage and light output of incandescent , CFL and
LED bulbs
Light Output

LEDs

CFLs

Incandescents

Lumens

Watts

Watts

Watts

450

4-5

8 - 12

40

750 - 900

6-8

13 - 18

60

1100 - 1300

9 - 13

18 - 22

75 - 100

1600 - 1800

16 - 20

23 - 30

100

2600 - 2800

25 - 28

30 - 55

150

Comparing the features of Incandescent, CFL

and LED bulbs

LEDs

CFLs

Incandescent

no effect

shortens lifespan

some effect

yes

slight delay

yes

durable

fragile

fragile

low (3 Btu's/hr)

medium (15 Btu's/hr)

high (85 Btu's/hr)

Sensitivity to high
temperature

some

yes

no

Sensitivity to low
temperature

no

yes

no

Sensitivity to humidity

no

yes

some

none

5 mg mercury/bulb

none

40+

Frequent On/Off Cycling

Turns on instantly
Durability
Heat Emitted

Hazardous Materials
Replacement frequency
(over 50k hours)

JOULES LAW OF HEATING :-

H = I2Rt
Where H is the heat produced
I is the current drawn by the circuit
R is the resistance of the bulb
T is the time period

EFFECIENCY

HEAT )

INDEX
Aim
Certificate

-1

Acknowledgment
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Procedure
Conclusion
Bibilogaphy

 Queen Marys
School

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled efficiency

of electric bulbs has been successfully completed by
AANCHAL JINDAL of class 12 - A in partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2016-2017.

_________________________
_________________________

Signature of external examiner

signature of physics
teacher

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully , many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and heart
pledged support this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with project,
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my physics teacher __________________ and our physics lab
assistant _____________________ whose valuable guidance had
been the ones which helped me patch this project and made
it full proof success. Their suggestions and instructions have
contributed a lot in the project.
Lastly I would thank my parents and friends who
motivated me to go on with the project even after so many
difficulties.

APPARATUS

an incandescent lamp
a led lamp
a compact fluorescent lamp
a metre scale or a measuring tape
a multimeter
an extension cord
an iron stand
a laboratory thermometer
bulb holder
Connecting wires

 BIBILOGRAPHY

Google.com
Physics NCERT book

S. L. Arora

THANK YOU !!!.

INTRODUCTION

An incandescent lamp is an extremely inefficient light

source. According to the Wikipedia online encyclopedia, a
100 watt bulb is 2.1% efficient. In other words, it produces
about 2 watts of light and 98 watts of heat.
Fluorescent lamps are said to be about 8.2%
efficient, and although there were no figures on Wikipedia
for mercury vapour lamps, I found one reference saying
they were about as efficient as fluorescent lamps, and
another that said they were three times as efficient as
incandescent lamps... so we're looking at 6 - 8% efficiency
here. 100 watts of electricity will be converted to, at most
8 watts of light (including UV light) and 92% will still come
out as heat.
The LED lamps are the most efficient lamps. They are
95
So the main factors which determine how much heat a
lamp puts out, are what type of lamp it is, and its wattage.
However, the heat and light from a lamp can be
emitted in all directions, or focused on a small
area (consider the heat and light you might experience
sitting 2ft below a 60 watt frosted "globe" lamp as
opposed to a 60 watt narrow beam spot lamp) hence the
shape of the lamp, the type of glass surface and the
presence or absence of reflectors, such are found inside
spot lamps, will also play a major part in determining how
hot a basking spot gets directly under any lamp, of
whatever wattage.

LED light bulbs will eventually be what we use to

replace incandescent bulbs CFLs are a temporary
solution to energy-efficient lighting. The reason LEDs
have not yet displaced CFLs from the market are

twofold: the first generation LED bulbs had a narrow

and focused light beam, and the cost of the LED bulbs
was
too
high.
Recent developments in LED technology, however,
have been addressing these issues. LEDs have been
'clustered' to provide more light, and mounted within
diffuser lenses which spread the light across a wider
area. And advancements in manufacturing technology
have driven the prices down to a level where LED bulbs
are more cost-effective than CFLs or incandescent
bulbs. This trend is continuing, with LED bulbs being
designed for more applications while the prices are
going
down
over
time.
The 'sticker shock' of the new LEDs remains a deterrent
to their widespread acceptance by consumers.

PROCEDURE
Take an iron stand and fix a bulb holder in it. Make the
necessary connections such that the bulb in the holder
gets the A.C. current.
Place an incandescent bulb in the holder such that the
tip of the bulb is 10cm away from the base of iron
stand.
Switch on the bulb and using a multimeter find out the
current drawn by the bulb and the resistance offered.
Record it
Now keep a laboratory thermometer just above the
base of the stand and note the initial temperature in it.
After 2.5 minutes again note the rise in temperature.
Repeat the same steps using CFL and LED lamp.

Conclusion
Distance between the bulbs and the thermometer = 10
cm
Time period = 2.5 minutes
Initial reading of thermometer = 28C
Current
drawn

Resistance
offered

Temperature
risen

Heat = I2RT

Incandescent
bulb

1.0 x 10-1

1A

31 - 28 = 3c

2.5 X 10-2 J

CFL lamp

0.7 x 10-2

1A

30 - 28 = 2c

1.5 X 10-2 J

LED lamp

3.5 x 10-2

1A

28.5 -28
27.5c

= 3.0625 X 10-3

We know that heat and efficiency are inversely proportional

to each other. So higher the heat produced lesser is the
efficiency.
This shows that the LED ( light emitting diode ) are the most
efficient bulbs and incandescent bulbs are least efficient
while CFL lies between them.

AIM

To check the efficiency

of different types of
bulbs.