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Chng 3
p vm
.v
n
co
ld
A-A
B-B
C
.v
n
2a
Hnh 3-1. S p vm
p vm c nhng c im sau:
1. p vm c khi lng vt liu nh v gi thnh thp nu iu kin cho php
xy dng.
p vm l kt cu siu tnh chu nn, nn chiu dy nh. Chiu dy y p so
vi p b tng trng lc cng chiu cao, nh hn 2 4 ln, c trng hp ti 48 ln.
V d p vm Ladzanuan xy dng nm 1960 (hnh 3-2) cao 67m chiu dy y 13m,
p Vaint () xy dng nm 1960 (hnh 3-3) cao 266m; chiu dy nh 3,9m, y
23m, khi lng b tng ch bng 18% so vi p b tng trng lc. p Tolla (Php)
xy dng nm 1961 (hnh 3-4), cao 88m; chiu dy p t 1,5m n 2,3m.
2. p lc thm tc dng ln p vm nh, do p mng, nhng Gradien thm ln. V
vy cn ch x l iu bt li ny.
3. p vm pht huy c kh nng lm vic ca b tng. ng sut nn trong p vm
khong 50 70 kG/cm2.
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
123
127
.v
n
67
65,8 63,0
63,0
3
3
18
18
co
ld
12
0,0
0,0
13
722,5
725,5
725,5
L=128
463,9
2,43
463,9
88,0
A -A
.v
n
a)
2,0
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
124
.v
n
co
ld
3. Theo ch lm vic
- p vm dng chn nc.
- p vm trn nc.
p vm Ladzanuan (hnh 3 - 2) c 3 khoang trn nc trn nh v hai l x y.
Thng lu lng n v trn qua p vm chn l: q = 5 20m3/s.m.
4. Theo vt liu xy dng
- p vm xy (vi chiu cao thp)
- p vm b tng
- p vm b tng ct thp.
a)
.v
n
rO
aO
6. Theo mt bng
p c bn knh ngoi v gc tm khng i (hnh 3-6): bn knh ngoi cc
mt ct ngang khc nhau l nh nhau, mt thng lu p l mt tr trn thng ng,
loi ny n gin, d thi cng. Khi mt ct ngang sng dng U, nu dng loi ny
th bn knh mt ct trong v gc tm khng thay i nhiu gia cc mt ct ngang
khc nhau.
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
125
2,3
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
100
110
13
12
11
.v
n
14
16
90
4
9,2
=5
4
0,9
r=2 5
r1
Ro
co
ld
2a =150
O
16,72
18
17
20
I-I
5.00
5.00
40
6.53
60
9.00
II-II
II
II
10.88
80
20
.v
n
12.00
120
12.55
34'
33
=1
2a
100
140
12.19
160
10.68
180
6.52
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
126
5.00
20
5.00
.v
n
40
60
7.46
140
5
4
10.58
80
60
80
13.02
100
15.00
120
16.54
40
20
160
17.61
120
180
140
100
60
18.75
18.56
180
100
160
180
.v
n
140
co
ld
7. Theo lin kt vi nn b
- Chn vm ngm vi nn.
- Chn vm c khp ni theo ng chu vi (hnh 3-5, b7).
- p vm gm cc da c 3 khp (hnh 3-5, b8).
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
127
L
; n gi l
H
h s tuyn, L l chiu di nh p; H l chiu cao p. H s tuyn nh hng quyt
nh n t s b = e 0 /H, tc l nh hng n chiu dy ca p. Theo kinh nghim,
iu kin a hnh ca tuyn xy dng c c trng bng t s n =
b)
e)
co
ld
a)
.v
n
nu n < 2 v lng khe tam gic c th chn vm c dng trn vi chiu dy khng i
hoc dy hn cc b chn vm (khi bn knh phi ly nh nht v gc tim phi
l gc cho php ln nht theo iu kin m bo cho p ta c chc chn); nu
h s tuyn n > 1,5 0,2 (tuyn xy dng hp) th c th xy dng c p vm; nu
n > 3,5 4,0 th xy dng p vm khng kinh t. Tuy nhin hin nay c nhng p
vm c xy dng vi n=711,0.
f)
1
c)
.v
n
g)
d)
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
128
.v
n
co
ld
.v
n
2. iu kin a cht
Trc nm 1960, ngi ta ch quan tm n ng sut trong p vm. Nm 1959
p vm Malpasset (Php) cao 66m b v. Sau nhiu nm kho st thc a, nghin cu
l lun v thc tin, cc nh khoa hc ch ra:
1.Vng ni vai tri c cu to phn lp song song vi hng lc tc dng t
p ti (cn vai phi p tc dng vung gc vi cc lp ) v vy cc lc y ca p
ti b khng c phn u m tp trung vo mt di hp.
2. Lp chu lc nn p ln, cht li v h s thm b gim hng chc ln, dn n
thot nc km v tng p lc thm.
3. Chn p c cu to on tng.
Ba l do trn chnh chnh l nguyn nhn lm cho vai tri p b trt v p b v
sau khi dng nc ln mc cao nht. S c p vm Malpasset buc ngi ta phi
quan tm n n nh ca p v tnh hnh a cht chn v vai p vm.
Tuyn xy dng p vm phi c hai b cng , chu c ti trng
truyn ti, c hnh ton khi, khng b bin dng ln v khng b nc xm thc.
Yu cu v nn ti y p khng cht ch nh nn p b tng trng lc, v ti trng
ch yu truyn n hai b, song cng phi cng , thot nc v khng b mt n
nh thm.
Trong kho st a cht cn tin hnh khoan, o thm ch phi o ng hm
ngang kho st, phn on kh nng mt n nh, phm vi mt n nh, mt trt c
th xy ra. Xc nh r th nm v phn b ca cc lp . Xc nh cc h s khng
ct f, C theo mu c kch thc ty thuc vo s lng v ln ca cc vt nt trong
. nh gi an ton n nh khng trt. Trn c s ti liu kho st a cht nh
gi iu kin a cht xy dng p vm.
Trong thc t cc yu cu a cht kh t c hon ton, v vy phi c cc
bin php gia c:
- o, khoan ng hm ngang xuyn qua vt nt v b tng truyn lc.
- Khoan pht va b tng lp cc vt nt hoc to mng chng thm.
- o cc h y vt nt, b tng to nn cc cht nt b tng nhm ngn
cc mng , on tng, to nn chnh th.
- o, dn sch vt nt v y b tng thay th.
- Lm tng p vch c thp no d ng lc.
- To rnh, chn khay cm vo phn tt v.v...
Ty tnh hnh a cht c th chn v p dng mt hay nhiu gii php nhm
m bo hai b v y p tr thnh chnh th cng v n nh.
3. c im thi cng
Trong qu trnh ngng kt, nhit b tng ban u tng ln, sau gim dn,
cc khoanh vm b co rt li, trong thn p s pht sinh ng sut ko. Do khi thi
cng khng b tng thnh cc khoanh vm theo chiu ngang m thi cng p vm
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
129
I. Xc nh bn knh v gc tm ca vm
.v
n
.v
n
co
ld
Theo kinh nghim tnh ton, gc tm nm trong phm vi 2a0 = 150 1800 th khi
lng vt liu xy dng p nh nht, v thng ly trong khong 125 1400. Theo
Buxint nh hng truyn lc ca chn vm vo b nm trong phm vi gc 300, do
khng nn gim gc tm nhiu qu. Gc tm cc vm ti y p c khi chn trong
khong 70 900. Nu cn c vo cc cao khc nhau ca thn p chn gc tm
v bn knh vm thch ng th c th ci thin c trng thi ng sut trong thn p,
gim c chiu dy ca p, do thng chia ra:
1. p c bn knh ngoi khng i v gc tm khng i c mt thng lu
thng ng, mt h lu dc (hnh 3-6).
Tm ca vm trn cc cao trnh khc nhau u cng nm trn mt ng thng.
V bn knh ngoi khng i nn bn knh trong ca vm cng xung gn y p cng
gim dn.
2. p c gc tm khng i v bn knh vm khng i. Loi p ny bo m
chn c gc tm 2a0 ln cho tt c cc khoanh vm theo chiu ng ca p
(hnh 3-7).
3. p c gc tm thay i v bn knh thay i thng c xy dng cc
tuyn c mt ct ch V v c trng thi ng sut tt trnh c cc khuyt im ca cc
loi p trn (hnh 3 - 8).
4. p vm cong hai chiu, trn bnh din l vm cong, mt khc mt ct dc
cng c dng cong theo cung trn hoc theo dng Parabn.
(3 - 1)
(3 - 2)
trong :
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
130
.v
n
III. B rng ca p
co
ld
.v
n
b= Ho
61
3
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
62
22 29
II
60
26
39
35
20
41
69
36
23
57
60
6
50 25
18
21
67
11
33
15
5
9
19 2
24
38
54
51
4
14
20
17 32 35
28
20
12
31
20
48
46
44 13 59
56
58
30
53
43 65
49
8 16
56
47
855 2
59
42
1
40
64
61
10
63
37
III
65
66
34
L
n=
H
e0
L
vi n =
H
H
I- ng cong trong bnh; II- ng cong gii hn trn; III- ng cong gii hn di.
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
131
.v
n
3. p lc thm
co
ld
.v
n
- S thay i nhit khi ni khe v nhit bnh qun tng ma. Trong thi cng
khi nhit b tng trong cc tr ng t n tr s n nh, th bt u ni cc khe
gia cc tr ng. Sau nhit trong thn p s bin i ty theo s thay i c
tnh cht chu k ca nc pha thng lu v nhit kh tri pha h lu. nh hng
trong tng ma c tc dng su vo trong thn p ti 3 6(m) gy ra bin dng co
gin ca b tng v v p gn cht vo hai b nn trong thn p s pht sinh ng sut
nn hoc ko.
Thng ni khe p khi nhit ca cc tr b tng thn p t n nhit
bnh qun nm (i khi ni khe khi nhit b tng cc tr ng t n nhit bnh
qun thp nht trong nm). Nu ly nhit khi ni khe lm chun th khi nhit bn
ngoi tng, b tng thn p s gin n, nh vm s chuyn v v pha thng lu v
khi nhit bn ngoi h thp, s tng ng vi tc dng ca p lc thu tnh v pha
h lu; mt thng lu p s b ko khng c li cho trng thi ng sut trong thn p.
Khi thit k s b, s tng v h nhit ln nht ti cc cao trnh ca thn p
so vi nhit khi ni khe c th tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
132
Dt =
570 57
e + 2,44
( 0 C)
(3 - 3)
.v
n
co
ld
5. Lc ng t
Khi phng tc dng ca lc ng t song song vi trc p (tc thng gc vi
dng chy) s gy cho p vm mt n nh, v trng hp ny na vm chu lc nn v
na vm cn li chu lc ko. Nh vy khi tnh ton p vm ch xt hai loi lc: p lc
nc pha thng lu (v h lu nu c) v lc do nhit thay i so vi khi khe ni
gy ra. Trong trng hp p vm trng lc tnh thm trng lng bn thn.
.v
n
R
2
O
E
D
B
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
133
.v
n
Mt trt tnh ton thng l khe nt, on tng. V vy mun chn mt trt tnh
ton hp l cn nm vng tnh hnh nt n, on tng, v d nh hnh 3-11, tuy cng c
khe nt, nhng khe nt 1 nh hng n n nh trt. Trng hp chn vm khng c
nt n (nn tt) nh hnh 3-12 cn phn on mt trt chn vm nh sau: gi R l
hp lc chn vm, t A v AE song song vi mp nn h lu, AB song song vi phng
ca R, AC thng gc vi R. Nh vy lc y theo phng AC l khng c. ng OA
ni A n tm vm, AD song song vi trc i xng ca p. Theo l thuyt th kh
nng mt trt nm trong phm vi (AC, AE). Nhng thc t, khng th xy ra mt
trt vng gia AC v AO. V vy phm vi trt ch xy ra trong khu thu hp gia
AO v AE.
Trng hp chn vm c on tng hay khe nt bt li trng hp th rt c nhiu
kh nng pht sinh mt trt theo hng bt li (hnh 3-13).
co
ld
.v
n
N = H sin a - S cos a
(3-4)
a
V
P
Q
P
G
N
Q
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
134
Q = N sin y - G1 cos y
(3 - 5)
Kc =
.v
n
(3- 6)
trong :
co
ld
.v
n
o
c
g
i
K= t n
1
(3-7)
n
n
b
G n fn + C n A n
d f
h k m
1
1
hoc K =
1
n nh trt mt vm
trong :
Gnfn, CnAn - lc chng trt do ma st v c kt ca tng b phn tc dng ln
mt trt;
n
G n fn
- tng lc gy trt.
b) Mt n nh do b xoay quanh mt bn b
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
135
Ta c cng thc:
Kc =
M cn
M nt
(3 - 8)
trong :
.v
n
co
ld
.v
n
P' = p
rn
rt
(3 - 9)
a0
(3 - 10)
(3 - 11)
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
136
90-a o
R
P= g. h
90-a o
da
l
90-a o
ao
ao
N
l
.v
n
dd
r
r r a
o
co
ld
N prn
=
F
e
Ni khc i chiu dy vm tnh theo cng thc:
s=
trong :
prn
p
=
[s]n [s]n sin a o
.v
n
e=
(3 - 12)
(3 - 13)
(3 - 14)
0
xc nh c vm c th tch nh nht khi 2a0 = 133 34'. Trong thc t gc ny
thng bng 1101200. Nu gc trung tm ln hn th vic b tr gp kh khn v
thng phi o nhiu hai b, mt khc tnh n nh cng km.
2. Phng php vm n thun
a) Tr-ng hp tng qut
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
137
y'
X =N
X=M e 2 e
X2=Ne
l
y
.v
n
ro
da
ao ao
co
ld
X 1 d 11 + X 2 d 12 + D 1p = 0
X 1 d 21 + X 2 d 22 + D 2 p = 0
trong :
(3 - 15)
.v
n
d12 = d21 =
0
yds
y - y'
= 0
ds = 0
EJ 0 EJ
(3 - 16)
yo =
y' ds
o
(3 - 17)
ds
o
- cos a o
yo = r0
ao
(3 - 18)
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
138
D1p
(3 - 19)
d11
D2p
(3 - 20)
d 22
MM
NN
dik = i k ds + i k ds
EJ
EF
O
O
.v
n
(3 - 21)
co
ld
s
s
M .y
N cos a
ds
D 2 p = o ds + o
EF
o EJ
o
s
s
2
2
y ds
cos a
d22 =
+
ds
EJ
EJ
o
o
T cc phng trnh (3 - 19); (3 - 20); (3 - 21), suy ra:
s
Mo
ds
ds; d11 =
o EJ
o EJ
.v
n
D1p =
Me =
M o ds
o
=-
w
o
w
s
(3 - 23)
2a o
sin a o
s
F
M o yds + N o cos ads
J o
o
Ne =
M ds
o
ds
(3 - 22)
F 2
y ds + cos2 ads
Jo
o
F
M o yds + N o cos ads
J o
o
12k 4
k5
+
2 3
v sin a o sin a o
(3 - 24)
trong :
1
2 sin 2 a o
k 4 = sin a o + a o +
2
a0
1
sin 2 a o + a o ;
2
= rosinao (chiu di na nhp vm).
k5 =
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
139
e
(chiu dy tng i ca vm)
F W
(3 - 27)
.v
n
s=
trong :
F - tit din mt ct tnh ton (F = e);
e2
);
6
Mo, No - m men, lc dc do ngoi lc gy ra h lc c bn;
e - chiu dy vm.
co
ld
W - m un chng un (W =
.v
n
A=
v:
sin a o
- cos a o )
a0
sin a o
- cos a o )
ao
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
140
y1
M cv
y0
.v
n
N cv M cv N cv 6M cv
=
2
(3 - 30)
F
W
e
e
Trong cng thc du m ng vi ng sut mp bin thng lu, cn du dng
ng cho mp bin h lu.
tin li cho vic tnh ton, N. Klen a ra cng thc bin i:
co
ld
scv =
scv = ghs'
(3 - 31)
trong :
s' - ng sut dn sut: tc l tng ng khi p = gh = 1. Tc gi a ra hai th
hnh (3-18) dng tra tr s dn sut ny cho im chn vm pha h lu s'h, cn
hnh (3-19) cho im chn vm pha thng lu s't.
st'
sh'
.v
n
16
15
40
14
35
13
12
30
11
25
10
9
20
16
14
7
6
5
4
ao
12
18
10
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
9
8
7
6
5
0,05
0,1
85
90
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
= e
0,4
l
ao
2
1
90
85
80
75
70
0
-1
65
-2
60
-3
55
-4
50
-5
45
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
= e
l
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
141
(3 - 32)
.v
n
sv =
co
ld
.v
n
V Ddsn =
N et Dds t
=
N e Dds n
(3 - 33)
No
ds v Ddst = atds vi a l h s gin n nhit (b tng a = 0,00001).
EF
(3 - 34)
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
142
.v
n
(3 - 35)
N t = N et . cos a
Ta c th xc nh c ng sut bin mt ct chn vm theo cng thc bi ton
nn lch tm:
N et . cos a o
6 N et .y o
(3 - 36)
e
e2
Du dng thuc v bin thng lu. Ta thy khi nhit bn ngoi ln hn nhit
lp khe (t > 0) th chn p pha thng lu pht sinh ng sut nn, cn ngc li
sinh ko. iu ny cho thy khi nhit bn ngoi h hn nhit lp khe th c hai
bin mt ct chn p s sinh ng sut ko. l iu bt li. V vy cn ch chn
thi im lp khe cho thch hp.
co
ld
st , cv =
.v
n
ds
ttb
+ Dt
t1
Dd s
t2
Dds
sD t
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
143
Dds
1
s Dt = 2 E = EaDt
ds
2
M men do Dt gy ra:
(3 - 37)
s Dt e 2
1
1
. . e = Eae2 Dt = Ea.v 2 . 2 .Dt
(3 - 38)
2 2 3
12
2
Pha c nhit cao t1 sinh ng sut nn, cn pha c nhit thp t2 pht sinh
ng sut ko.
Bng (3-1) cho thy tnh hnh v t hp ng sut ti mt s im ca mt ct vm
do p lc nc v thay i nhit gy ra. Trong bng du dng biu th ng sut nn,
du c (*) th hin c th i du, cn du m ch ng sut ko.
.v
n
MDt =
Bng 3-1
nh vm
co
ld
Chn vm
Dng ti trng
Mt
thng lu
Mt h lu
Mt
thng lu
Mt h lu
+*
+*
- Nhit thng lu ln hn h lu
- p lc nc phn b u
.v
n
- Nhit h lu ln hn thng lu
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam
144
fiv = j(piv)
fri = yi(pir, pr2..., prn) = yi[(p1 - p1v), (p2 - p2v),...,(pn - pnv)]
A
A-A
g.h
g . hr
.v
n
hi
g . hv
g . hi
g . hv
co
ld
.v
n
..............................................................................
v
v
v
v
v
j n (p n ) = y n [(p 1 - p 1 )(p 2 - p 2 ),..., (p i - p i ),..., (p n - p n )]
(3 - 39)
sin 2a o 1 - cos 2a o
Ee a o +
2
e2
a o 1 +
2
12ro
jn (pnv = gh nv ) = f nv =
(3 - 40)
trong :
rn, ro - bn knh ngoi v bn knh trung bnh ca vm;
e - chiu dy vm;
ao - mt na gc trung tm vm.
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.v
n
g . hr v
g.h
a)
b)
co
ld
.v
n
- Phng php tnh ton c dng hin nay vn l phng php th ti trng.
u tin cn c vo kinh nghim, tham kho kt qu tnh ton cc cng trnh xy
dng m phn biu ti trng nc cho c hai h thng vm v dm. Cn c vo biu
ti trng ca vm v dm tnh bin dng ti cc im chung. Nu bin dng ti
cc im chung ca hai h thng khng bng nhau th phn b ti biu ti trng
nc v vic tnh ton lp li nh ln u, n khi bin dng ti cc im chung bng
nhau (hoc tnh gn bng nhau). Sai s cho php v bin dng ti cc im chung ca
hai h thng vo khong 5 10%. Da vo biu phn b ti trng cui cng tnh
ni lc v ng sut trong thn p.
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- Tin hnh iu chnh tr li: Khi iu chnh bin v theo hng tip tuyn v
hng quay ca mmen, ta iu chnh li bin v theo hng ng knh. n y mi
kt thc qu trnh tnh ton iu chnh tm ti trng thnh phn tc dng ln khoanh
vm v dm. Khi lng tnh ton rt ln, gim nh vic tnh ton c th ch iu
chnh bin v theo hng ng knh, v y l loi bin v ch yu.
.v
n
.v
n
co
ld
3.4. cu to ca p vm
I. Dng p vm trn bnh din v trn mt ct ng
1. Dng p vm trn bnh din
Dng thng thng ca p vm trn bnh din l cung trn v chiu dy khng
i t nh vm n chn vm. Trong trng hp ny ng p lc do ti trng nc
gy ra truyn qua tm cung trn, do m men un s bng khng hoc nh hn so vi
cc p vm khc. Vic thi cng p vm dng cung trn cng d dng hn.
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co
ld
- Dng cong theo cung trn hoc Parabn (xem hnh 3-8). Dng ny gp p
vm c bn knh thay i v gc tm thay i.
15
0
12
0
100
68
70
68
68
150
140
120
100
80
60
.v
n
130
100
70
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- Cn c vo cng thc c =
.v
n
ghr1
s b tnh chiu dy ca vm c th tnh gi
[s]
.v
n
co
ld
thit r1 trc khi tnh e v sau cha li, nhng tr s [s] ly ln hn khi tnh vm ta
t do. phn trn ca p ly bng 50 - 60 kg/cm2, cn y p ly bng 20 - 30
kg/cm2. Cn c vo cc bc c th v cc khoanh vm khc.
Mi ln v mt khoanh vm u phi tnh i tnh li nhiu ln, ng thi phi v
mt ct p i chiu.
i vi cc loi p bn knh hoc gc tm c nh th phng php v ng
vin cn n gin hn.
Ngoi ra cn ch my im sau: mp ngoi ca vm trn khng ct mp ngoi
ca vm di (k t1/3 chiu cao tr ln) tr ch chn vm, v cc vm nm trong
vm c b dy ln nht (ti 1/3 chiu cao). Mp h lu ca vm nh nn b tr tip
tuyn vi mp h lu ca cc khoanh vm di hoc bao st v ca cc cung h lu
vm di nm trong phm vi ca n.
III. Cu to p vm
1. Cu to nh p
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149
a)
c)
e)
.v
n
b)
f)
d)
h)
g)
co
ld
2. Thit b thot nc
Thng trong p vm p lc nc thm tc dng thn v nn p nh, nn
nhiu khi khng cn b tr thit b thot nc. Tuy nhin, khi p vm tng i dy,
th cng cn b tr thit b thot nc thn v nn p. Vic b tr ny cng ging nh
p b tng trng lc.
.v
n
1,35
1,04
1,3
1.48
1,0
0.9
0,6
1.0
3,0
0.8
4,1
3. Khe p
Trong p vm thng c hai loi khe: Khe chu vi v khe thi cng (hnh 3-25).
1.3
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1- dm b tng ct thp;
2- thot nc;
3- ct thp;
4- nha chng thm;
5- tm ng.
4
3
Khe chu vi, thng dng trong trng hp mt ct sng ni xy dng p khng
c hnh dng i xng hoc li lm khng u. V vy ngi ta to phn st nn nh
mt b (kim p b tng trng lc) to cho phn cn li c dng i xng. Nh vy
phn b ta vo nn v b, cn thn p ta vo b theo dng khp (hnh 3-27).
Khe chu vi c tc dng trnh cho p chu ng sut cc b, m cn ci to c trng
thi ng sut trong thn p.
b)
.v
n
4. Ni tip vi b
p vm ni tip vi b v nn cn t c hai yu cu sau: chng thm v to
iu kin truyn lc tt xung nn v sang hai b. t c yu cu chng thm cn
lm chn khay n su vo nn v di chn khay l mng chng thm bng xi mng.
Khi ni tip chn p v b cn phi no vt loi vn phong ho, sau dng tia
nc mnh hoc phun ct c tc ln lm sch. Phi x l cho mt tip gip
gia b tng chn vm v b l mt phng hng tm vm. Nu chiu dy chn vm
ln th c th lm thnh nhiu cp (hnh 3-28).
a)
r2
r1
r3
a) Chn vm mng;
b) Chn vm dy.
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Chng 3 p vm
122
122
I. c im ca p vm
II. Phn loi p vm
III. iu kin xy dng p vm
122
123
126
I. Xc nh bn knh v gc tm ca vm
II. Xc nh cao trnh nh p
III. B rng ca p
3.3. tnh ton c-ng p vm
129
129
130
131
co
ld
I. Lc tc dng
II. Phn tch n nh ca p vm
III. Cc phng php tnh ton cng p vm
3.4. cu to ca p vm
129
.v
n
146
146
147
148
.v
n
131
132
135
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Hi p ln v Pht trin ngun nc Vit Nam