AChuong2P PDF

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A - p b tng v b tng ct thp
Chng 2
p b tng v b tng ct thp trn nn mm
Bin son: PGS. TS. Nguyn Phng Mu
p trn b tng trn nn mm khc vi p b tng trn nn nhng im
sau: p trn nn mm thng c y rng hn, do sc khng trt ca nn nh v ti
trng n v cho php b. Do , vic xy dng cc p cao trn nn mm thng tn
km v nhiu khi khng th thc hin c (chiu cao p khng vt qu 4050 m).
V vy, khi thit k loi p ny, cn xem xt k cc c trng a k thut ca vt
liu nn.
2.1. c im a cht nn v cng tc chun b

Theo thnh phn ht, t c chia ra thnh cc loi ph thuc vo kch thc ht:
- tng: c kch thc ln hn 300 mm;
- cui v dm: c kch thc 300 150 mm;
- Si v sn: c kch thc 150 2 mm;
- Ht ct: c kch thc 20,06 mm;
- Ht bi: 0,06 0,002 mm;
- Ht st: c kch thc nh hn 0,002 mm;
- Ht mn: tp hp ca ht bi v ht st;
- Ht th: cc ht c kch thc ln hn ht bi;
- t hu c: t c di tch thc vt v ng vt;
- t ht mn: t, gm hn 50% trng lng l nhng ht c kch thc nh
hn 0,08 mm;
- t ht th: t, gm hn 50% trng lng l nhng ht c kch thc ln
hn 0,08 mm;
- t cui si: t ht th, trong thnh phn ch yu l cc cui si;
- t ct: t ht th, trong thnh phn ch yu l cc ht ct;
- t bi: t ht mn, trong hm lng st chim t hn 20% trng lng
ca thnh phn ht mn;
- t st: t ht mn, trong hm lng st chim hn 20% trng lng ca
thnh phn ht mn;
- t ri: t, trong bn chng ct ch yu ph thuc vo lc ma st gia
cc ht;
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s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2
- t dnh: t, trong bn chng ct gm lc ma st gia cc ht v lc

dnh gia cc ht:
- Tnh do: tnh cht ca vt liu c kh nng chu c bin dng tc thi
khng n hi, c bin dng th tch khng ng k v khng b rn nt;
- Tnh nn: kh nng bin dng ca t di tc ng ca lc nn;
- Gii hn chy: hm lng nc ranh gii quy c gia trng thi do v
trng thi chy ca t;
- Gii hn do: hm lng nc ranh gii quy c gia trng thi do v
trng thi cng ca t.
I. c tnh ca t dnh
i vi st, hm lng ht c ng knh d <0,002 mm chim t 3060%, nu
hm lng ny ln hn gi l st nng. H s thm K = 1,75.10-8 1,75.10-6 cm/s.
rng t 0,30,41, lc dnh t 45,2 T/m2.
i vi t cha st, hm lng ht c ng knh d < 0,002 mm chim t
2030%. H s thm K = 1,75.10-7 1,75.10-5 cm/s. rng t 0,290,44, trng lng
ca 1 m3 t ti m bnh thng l 1921 KN.
t st c c trng ni bt bi tnh do ca n. do ca t st ph thuc
vo hm lng st (d<0,002 mm) c mt trong t, m v cc c tnh ca khong
vt. Gc ma st trong ca loi t ny nh, ch t 10 180 hoc nh hn.
Khi cc mnh vn tp trung nhiu, t cha st tr thnh nhm st bt kt - in
hnh cho lp t dy ca trm tch nc bin nng. Bt kt xi mng (than bn) gi l
than bn, st b cng ha v xi mng ha st ( st).
Nn t st c nhng c trng sau y: kh nng chu nn di tc dng ca ti
trng ph thuc vo m, khi m tng th cng gim; c tnh trng n khi
m tng; h s thm rt nh, kh nng thay i c trng ca t thng qua trao i ion
vi nc trung bnh xung quanh, tn ti sc cng do lc dnh phn t ca cc ht c
ng knh rt nh.
- t bi tch b ln ln do kh nng chu ti rt nh. m trong t bi tch
c th ti 100 120%, trong t than bn l 200600%, kh nng nn ln ca t than
bn t n 20 cm/m.
- t than bn c to ra trn nn bi ly, m ly v trn t ngp nc, loi
t ny c th xp vo mt loi ring. t than bn c cc thng s nh sau: rng
0,40,8, K = 1,75.10-4 1,75.10-3 cm/s, kh nng nn l 30 cm/m hoc ln hn (kh
nng nn ca cc loi t khc khong 0,53 cm/m).
Vic xy dng cc p b tng trn nn t trm tch thng rt kh khn, do
ngi ta ch xy dng cc p c ct nc thp trn nn t loi ny vi iu kin l
phi a ra c cc gii php c bit m nn nn khi dy ca lp trm tch
mng (gii php ny c s dng trong thi cng p trn ca nh my thy in
Kakhp trn sng niep). Khi p c xy dng trn nn than bn, ngi ta cng x
l tng t nh trn.
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trnh cc bin dng v ln ln ca cc b phn ca p v ca cc tng

chuyn tip chn nc trn nn mm, bn cnh vic cn thit gim ti trng tc
dng ln nn ta cn phi gim h s phn b khng u ca ng sut ln nn xung
1,11,2 ln.
II. c tnh ca t khng dnh

t khng dnh nhn chung c chia thnh ct v t c kch thc ln. Nh
c cp trc y, t ny l t cha cc mnh v tn tch, v, mnh v,
dm v cui si.
ruaceous ca thi k k t v tin k t lun lun b xi mng ha bi
cc lp khc. v xi mng ha c gi l dm kt, cui kt. Ht cui si b xi mng
ha gi l "gravelite". ruaceous thng l v, tn tch ca cc loi khong vt
khc nhau. Chng cha hn 50% cc mnh v c d>10 mm. Cc thng s khc ca
chng l: gc ni ma st, 33350; lc dnh, 0,40,5 T/m2, K = 1,75.10-21,75.10-1 cm/s;
rng 0,350,37.
Ngi ta cng hay s dng ct c rng 3540%, gc ma st trong 30350. H
s thm ca ct l K = 1,75.10-51,75.10-2cm/s. Trng lng ca 1 m3 ct t
1519 KN.
Cc loi t khng dnh c cc t trng khc nhau ty thuc vo iu kin hnh
thnh ca chng. Tuy nhin chng c mt im chung in hnh l khng c lc dnh.
Nhm ct v ct mn hay c gi l ct chy cha cc mnh vn c kch thc
t 0,250,5 mm ti 8096% trong trng thi bo ha c cc c tnh nh sau: c th c
gc ngh nh 370 ng vi m 1314% v gim ti 00 ti m 1718% v kh
nng chu ti nh. Ct mn khng bo ha c th c rng ti 4250% v trng lng
ring 1315 KN/m3. V vy cc loi ct ny di tc dng ca ti trng ng c th b
st ti ln.
Trn nn cui si v t ri, ta c th xy dng p c ct nc cao ti 3040 m,
cn trn nn ct ta c th xy dng p c ct nc cao ti 2030 m.
Ct chy c s dng trong nn p c ct nc thp khi cc gii php sau c
tin hnh: mt bn c c b tr ton b dc theo ng vin thm, nn phi c tng
cng v gia c bng phun pht va ha hc...
2.2.Thit k p b tng trn nn mm, -ng vin thm ca p

Trong thit k p, gii php c coi l hp l nht l gii php c th tha mn
cc yu cu v cng , n nh ca p v nn, a ra c phng php thi cng c
li nht trong iu kin c th, p ng cc yu cu v mt vn hnh, c gi thnh
r nht.
p b tng trn nn t c mt ct ln nhm m bo s phn b ng sut ng
u trn ton b mt tip xc ca nn vi cng trnh.
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I. Cc b phn ca p
Cc b phn ca p c th chia lm hai phn:
1. Phn di: t su trong nn t, chng hn nh bn y mng, bn y sn thng,
h lu, b tiu nng v tng chng thm ca b tiu nng, l thot nc b tiu nng,
c chng thm v.v...
2. Phn trn: b tr pha trn bn y, chng hn nh phn trn nc, cc tr pin v cu
giao thng,v.v...
V nguyn tc p trn nn mm thng c ng vin thm pht trin theo
phng ngang v cc b phn c thit k nhm trit tiu nng lng tha x v h lu
cng trnh v m bo cho y lng sng khng b xi l v bo mn nh hng n s
n nh ca p.
Vic xy dng cc p khi ln tng i d dng (trng lng ca p c
quyt nh ph thuc vo cc iu kin n nh v sc khng ct). Cn cc p rng
(p c trng lng nh hn) cn t khi lng b tng nhng li cn hm lng thp
cao hn. m bo an ton n nh cho p rng, ta cn tin hnh thm mt s bin
php thi cng, iu ny lm cho vic xy dng p tr nn phc tp hn. V vy, khi
xy dng p, ngi ta phi so snh cc gii php thay th khc nhau tm ra gii
php ti u (xy p khi ln hay xy p rng).
a)
3
8
14
12
h3
7
1 2
10
11
13
12
b)
13
Hnh 2-1. p trn trn nn mm v cc b phn ca n

a) Mt ct dc; b) Mt bng; 1- lp bo v sn ph bng st; 2- cc tm gia c;
3- tr; 4- ca van sa cha v cu giao thng; 5- ca van chnh; 6- thn p;
7- hnh lang thot nc trong thn p; 8- bn y tiu nng; 9- sn sau;
10- h xi sn sau; 11- hc xp sn sau; 12- tng lc ngc;
13- l thot nc; 14- c thp.
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Hnh 2-2 m t cc mt ct ca p trn trn nn t c xy dng Nga trong

cc giai on khc nhau. Vi cng mt chnh lch ct nc thng h lu (25m),
cc p khi ln xy dng t nm 1929 n 1935 cn 15001600 m3 b tng trn 1m
chiu di p, ln hn t 4550% so vi khi lng b tng trn 1m chiu di p ca
cc p c xy dng nm 1954 (10001200 m3 b tng trn m). Lng thp dng
xy p nm 1929-1935 khong 35 kg/1m3 b tng, nm 1951-1954 l khong
(55 66)kg/1m3 b tng. R rng l vic la chn p khi ln hay p rng v mc
gim trng lng ca p ph thuc vo cc yu t kinh t v k thut in hnh ca
khu vc xy dng.
1949
1929
(a)
(e)
1929
(b)
1950
(f)
1935
(c)
1951
(g)
1954
1948
(d)
(h)
Hnh 2-2. Mt s p trn trn nn mm c xy dng Lin X (c)

t nm 1929 n 1954
- Nn mng cng trnh thng c thit k di dng tm: tm phng hoc tm
c tng chn khay c hai pha thng hu v h lu.
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- Tng chn khay c xy dng nhm mc ch:

(1) To lin kt tt hn gia y mng v nn cng trnh;
(2) Ngn nga thm tip xc;
(3) Tng tnh n nh chng ct ca p. Chn khay thng su 23m, chiu
rng ca bn chn khay nhn chung 3m.
Cc phn trn ca p c b tr sao cho ti trng ca kt cu phn trn cng vi
cc lc khc s phn b mt cch hp l. ng sut trn mng ca p, c c trng
bi h s K=smax/smin; trong : smax, smin l ng sut ln nht v nh nht ti y p.
H s ny cng xem xt n s phn b khng u ca ng sut. i vi nn st,
K 1,21,5; i vi nn ct K < 1,53.
14.80
7.00
7.00
14.00
12.30
Tm b tng
3.00
2.60
t st chng thm
C btng ct thp
80.60
C thp
19.70
143.30
5.00
Dm tiu nng
-2.00
C btng ct thp
13.00
15.00
15.00
Hnh 2-3. p y c xy dng tnh H Ty - Vit Nam
II. S hnh thnh -ng vin thm ca p

S ca ng vin thm di y cng trnh ph thuc vo kt cu a cht,
loi nn v cc yu cu i vi ng vin thm. Cc yu cu i vi ng vin thm
l phi m bo n nh thm cho nn, gim nh lc thm ln y p.
Khi thit k ng vin thm, thng xut pht t nhng quan im sau:
(1) Bn cnh cc thnh phn theo phng ngang nn c cc thnh phn theo
phng ng. Theo quan im ca thy lc th on ng vin thm theo phng
ng c hiu qu tiu hao ct nc thm tt hn on ng vin nm ngang. su
ca bn c thng ly t (0,51,5)H, vi H l ct nc ln nht ca p.
(2) Bn c i c s dng nhiu hn, v vic tng thm mt bn c u sn
ph thng lu l phng n tit kim hn so vi vic tng chiu di ca bn c th nht.
(3) Khi tng thm dy th khng nn ng c n tng khng thm. Trong trng
hp ny ta dng bn c v chn khay treo.
(4) Bn c theo phng ng trn t st vi h s thm nh l khng hiu qu.
(5) Mt kt cu chng thm theo phng thng ng (tng chng thm, thng
chm) c h thp ti tng khng thm s ngn chn c hon ton dng thm. Trong
trng hp ny, sn thng lu khng cn na (v trng hp ny gi l ng vin su).
(6) Chn khay h lu c dng h gradien ct nc thm ca ra. iu ny
s lm tng tnh n nh thm ca t nn, nhng s lm tng p lc y ni di y p.
1a1
2.5 0
6.0 0
hin t rng
ng mt a h nh
1a1
7.5 0
M N kit TL 9.5
80
70
100
1000
875
85
200
200
110
1080
8.9 5
Ca van p
600
6.0 0
310
Ti m ca van
235
7.5 0
1650
1a1
MN k it HL (8.50 -9.00)
120
100
50
00
5.0 0
500
1a1
6.5 0
ng mt a h nh
1000
gia c h x i
2500
1a1
1000
60
ng a hnh hi n trng
Vt th eo thit k
ng knh vin D 3 0cm
Hnh 2-4. p Lng c xy dng tnh Ngh An - Vit Nam
380
450
2.2 0
60
200
11.0 0
9.0 5
8.3 1
Ti m p
115
R =2
0
6
220
7.5 0
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350
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Khi b tr thit b thot nc (TBTN) cn ch ti cc im sau y:

(1) TBTN l mt gii php hiu qu nhm gim p lc thm tc ng ln y p.
V vy TBTN c thit k trn nn ca p v lp bo v h lu (s I, IV, V).
(2) C th sn thng lu khng cn n TBTN hoc ch mt phn ca sn cn
TBTN (S II).
(3) Trong trng hp khng cn h thp p lc y ngc ln y p hoc khi
trong nn c t bi tch thng lm tc nghn TBTN th khng cn thit k TBTN na.
(4) TBTN theo phng dc v phng ngang c thit k khi trong nn c lp
t thm nhiu nm di t thm t. Ti trng tc ng ln tng kp ca t khng
thm s to ra p lc y ngc, lc tc ng ny hng ln trn lm gim s n nh
ca p v ca nn.
II
III
1
IV
VI
Hnh 2-5. ng vin thm di t ca p trn trn nn mm

1, 2- cc phn khng thot nc v thot nc ca ng vin;
3- tng khng thm nc; 4- thot nc theo phng ng;
5- t c tnh thm tng.
III. La chn l-u l-ng x ca p trn nn mm

Lng nc c x ra qua p trn hoc ca ra ca p c quyt nh qua vic
tnh ton thy lc c tnh n s bin dng ca dng chy, s x nc qua nh my
thy in, cng v.v... Lu lng nc x trn mt n v chiu rng ca c quyt
nh bng cch so snh cc ch s kinh t, k thut ca cc phng n khc nhau ca
p. Khi so snh cc phng n, ngi ta khng ch xem xt tnh kinh t m cn xem
xt c iu kin hot ng v phng php thi cng ca cng trnh.
Lu tc bnh qun cho php sn h lu c xc nh ph thuc vo loi t
nm di sn: i vi t ct, vra = 2,53,0 m/s; i vi t st, vra = 3,03,5 m/s; i
vi t na , vra = 3,54,0 m/s; i vi t , vra = 5 m/s.
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Sau khi xc nh c cao trnh ca sn h lu v mc nc sng trong iu

kin t nhin, tc nh c hh, lu lng x ti sn sau c xc nh nh sau:
qra = Vra hh
(2 - 1)
Vi lu lng x qua p Qs v lu lng n v x qra, chiu rng ca sn sau
B = Qs/qra. Cn ch rng tng chiu rng ca trn phi nh hn tng chiu rng ca
sn h lu. Lu lng n v x ca trn xp x bng:
qx= (1,201,25).qra
(2 - 2)
i vi qx nht nh, cng thc tnh kh nng x ca trn cho php xc nh c
b rng ngng trn. Sau khi chia p thnh cc khoang, gi thit hnh dng ca u
tr, xc nh nh hng ca mc ngp ca trn th ta s xc nh c cao trnh
ngng trn.
2.3. Cc b phn ca -ng vin thm

I. Sn tr-c
Ty theo mc thm, sn trc c chia thnh cc loi nh sau: sn trc
khng thm hoc thm t vi h s thm c khong 10-6 cm/s. Loi sn trc khng
thm c dng cho nn t st hoc cha st, cn loi sn trc t thm c dng
cho nn ct hoc ct.
Chiu di sn trc phi c xc nh trn c s tnh ton bn thm ca nn.
Tt c cc loi sn trc tr sn trc bng btng th phi c ph bng mt lp t
bo v khng mng hn 0,3m; Lp t bo v ny phi c ph ln trn bng mt lp
gia c bo v chng xi l do dng nc mt.
Chiu di sn trc thng t (11,5)H, nhiu khi ln n 2,5H nhng khng
c ln hn:
l = 2.
K0
.T. ;
K
(2-3)
trong :
d - chiu dy sn trc;
T - su tng t thm nc pha di y p;
K - h s thm ca t nn;
K0 - h s thm ca sn trc.
V mt kt cu, sn ph c chia lm hai loi: sn ph n hi v sn ph cng.
Sn ph n hi l sn ph c kh nng thch ng s bin dng ca nn. Sn ph
loi ny c lm bng cc vt liu c bin dng: st, st, atphan, t st nn v
cc loi vt liu tng hp. Tnh thm ca vt liu phi nh hn 50 ln so vi nn t.
Chiu di ca sn ph c xc nh thng qua vic so snh cc gii php thay th khc
nhau ca ng vin thm.
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i vi ct nc ln n 15 m, ta thng s dng loi sn ph st, st, than bn.

i vi nhng ct nc cao hn, ta thng s dng sn ph lm bng t st nn, b
tng ct thp c qut sn ph, atphan hoc vt liu tng hp. dy ca sn ph
bng st, st v than bn trong trng hp ny c ly d DH/Jcp, trong : DH -
chnh lch p lc tc ng t pha di v pha trn sn trc; Jcp - gradien chng thm
cho php ca vt liu (i vi t st 610, st 45). Chiu dy ti thiu ca pha u
sn trc khong 0,5m; cui sn trc khong 1 2 m.
Trong khu vc s b tr sn trc, t c p ln nn c m cht theo cc
lp, dy ca cc lp ph thuc vo loi m. i vi cc loi m nh th chiu dy
ca lp l khong 1015 cm, cn i vi loi m nng hn th chiu dy ca lp l 25 cm.
Trong qu trnh m nn, t c lm m ti m ti u. mt s p, ngi
ta s dng thnh cng phng php p t st trong nc m khng cn m.
Phng php ny tit kim hn so vi phng php m kh.
Sn ph bng st m nn cha 2025% st, 3040% ct v 3540% cui si.
trn cng ca sn ph, ngi ta thng thit k mt lp b tng.
Gia sn ph v p khng c php hnh thnh khe nt, v mt khe nt rng ch
1cm cng c th lm sn ph mt tc dng. Do gia sn ph v p b tng cn c
nghing.Ngoi ra ngi ta cng dng n cc loi st, st n hi.
11
10
Hnh 2-6. S sn trc neo

1- lp bo v b tng; 2- lp khng thm nc; 3- tm cch nc; 4- bitum;
5- st; 6- b tng ca p; 7- neo sn trc; 8- tm b tng ct thp;
9- c; 10- mattic asphal; 11- dm trn c.
Sn ph bng vt liu cng thng lm bng b tng hoc b tng ct thp. Sn

ph loi ny c chia ra thnh nhiu mng c s lin kt vi nhau, c cc khi vt liu
khng thm nc trong lin kt . Khe nt c th xut hin trong cc mng, do lp
lt bitum vi cc khi vt liu c gia c bng si thy tinh hoc cc vt liu khng
thm nc c b tr trong cc lp chng ln nhau nhm ngn nc thm qua. i vi
ct nc 10 m, ngi ta s dng cc tm b tng khng cn sn chng thm. dy
ca tm trong trng hp ny thng da trn gradient ct nc ca dng thm cho
php (Jcp < 2030)
Sn ph neo c s dng khng ch lm tng ng vin thm m cn
gim cc lc gy trt cho p. Sn ph neo c dng bn b tng ct thp dy t
0,40,7m.
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II. Cc bn c
C l vt liu tiu hao ct nc: khi c c tr s ct nc trn cc on ca ng
vin di t sau c gim i v cc dc o p dc ng vin di t cng cng
gim i. Ngoi ra cc bn c cn c tc dng:
- Ngn cn s pht trin xi ngm trong vng t nn;
- Bo v nn p khi b mi xi do dng chy mt gy ra (c h lu);
- Ngn cn hin tng tri t pha di p di tc dng ca trng lng p
(iu ny ch c th xy ra trong trng hp nn t yu v khng ng nht);
- Cho php thc hin vic ni tip thn p vi tng khng thm nc v do
to thnh s su ca ng vin di t.
Vic b tr c h lu s gy ra s tng p lc y ngc ln y p. trnh
nhc im trn, c h lu trong cc trng hp ny phi c c l. Khi tnh ton thm,
cc hng c c c l khng c tnh n.
Khi b tr cc hng c, khng c dng cc hng c qu ngn (th d nh hn
23m). T chc thi cng ng cc vn c qu ngn s khng kinh t. Phi nh chiu
di vn c thp trong cc n thit k p ph hp vi chiu di vn c sn c. Phi
tnh n trong mt s trng hp c th hn c thp (theo chiu di) tng chiu su
vn c, (c th ti 30 40 m).
Trong trng hp nn khng ng nht c cc lp kp thm nc nm ngang th
ty theo kh nng m hng c phi ct qua cc lp kp .
Khng cho php gia mi c v mt ca lp khng thm c mt khong cch
tng i nh (th d, nh hn 0,5 0,1T). Trong trng hp ny trnh xy ra tc
thm ln gia mi c v tng khng thm nc, hng c phi c ng su vo tng
khng thm.
Khi tng khng thm khng phi l (loi t st) phi ng su hng c vo
tng khng thm nc vi su d. Trong trng hp ny xut pht t cc tr s ct
nc trc v sau vn c, bng tnh ton c th xc nh c tr s d. Khi tnh ton
phi xt hng c n thun c chiu su d chu tc dng ca ct nc Z.
Khi tng khng thm l , vic ni tip gia vn c vi nn s rt kh khn.
Trong trng hp ny nn thm nc c ngn trn ton b chiu su xung n tn
tng khng thm bng cc vt ngn dng tng rng su bng b tng.
Khi di p l hng c treo th khong cch gia chng khng nh hn 2s, trong
: s- chiu su c ng trong t. y cn ch vn sau: Nu ct nc tn tht
mt hng c c chiu di bng s l hf th hai hng c cng c chiu di nh vy b tr
hng n cch hng kia vi mt khong cch ln hn 2s, ct nc tn tht s bng
2hf (vi cng mt lu lng q). Nu khong cch gia hai hng c trn nh hn
(1,5 2,0)s, th tn tht tng cng v ct nc trn hai hng c trn s nh hn 2hf tc
l trong trng hp ny v mt thm hng c s c s dng khng hon ton.
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45
Khi b tr c nn p, cn phi xt n tnh thm nc ca chng do s lin kt

khng kn ca cc vn c. Khi thi cng ng c vo trong t phi nht t dnh vo
cc ngm c khe h cc lin kt gia cc vn c l nh nht.
Khi thit k ni tip u c vi phn b tng ca p, phi d kin hnh thc kt
cu ca phn ni tip sao cho cc lc thng ng t thn p khng truyn xung c.
Khi xem xt kh nng truyn lc ngang ln u c t pha cng trnh cn ch cc iu
kin sau y:
- Lc ngang hng v pha h lu c th y nghing u c v pha h lu v
phn trn ca u c v pha mt thng lu ng thm c th ngn i;
- Lc ngang truyn ln u c trong thi gian khai thc cng trnh c th c gi
tr thay i ty theo ct nc tc dng ln cng trnh;
- Khi cc hng c c chiu di kh ln (c su) v ngm ni tip gia cc vn c
c gii quyt kn nc tt, vic truyn lc ngang ln u c khng nguy him nh
trng hp c ngn;
- Trong mt s trng hp khng truyn lc ngang ln u c thng lu di
p, khng nn ni trc tip hng c ny vi chn khay thng lu p m nn ni vi
phn cui ca sn ph ni tip vi chn khay ni trn.
Vic s dng c kim loi mi trng n mn phi c lun chng ring.
Chiu di (chiu su ng c) ca c di sn ph v c thng lu di p khi
chng l c treo, phi c xc nh trn c s tnh ton bn thm ca nn. Khi tnh
10
ton phi so snh cc phng n
ng vin c kh nng chng
thm tng ng nhau nh c cc
chiu di ca sn ph v c khc
9
nhau (th d cc phng n c
8
sn ph tng i di v hng c
7
ngn v cc phng n sn ph
tng i ngn v hng c di).
6
5
Bn c thng c lm bng
thp, b tng ct thp, b tng ct
4
thp d ng lc cn bn c bng g
t c s dng.
Chiu di ca c chng thm
1
2
3
bng thp phng khong 1225m,
cn chiu di ca c hnh lm sng
Hnh 2-7. Lin kt bn c vi bn y
c th ti 50m (bng cch s dng
s dng n cht
thit b rung hoc bng tc ng
1- c; 2- giy du; 3- vn nh hng; 4, 6- vn chn;
ca vic xi t).
5- np ng t cch nhau 1 m; 7- hn hp bitum;
Tng chng thm bng b tng 8- bao ti; 9- h to sn cch nhau 4 m;
ct thp v b tng ct thp d ng 10- mc va trong h.
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lc thng c dng nhiu hn so vi tng chng thm bng thp v chng c sn

xut, thi cng ngay ti cng trng.
dy ca tng chng thm t 1050 cm.
i vi tng chng thm chn khay cc b (c treo), khong cch gia cc
tng chng thm khng c nh hn tng chiu di ca bn c, v trong mt s
trng hp ngoi l khng c nh hn 0,75 gi tr ny. Trong cc trng hp khc,
tc ng ca bn c gim mt cch ng k. Cc bn c c lin kt vi bn y theo
cc cch sau: phn trn ca bn c c gn vo cc nm (cht) khng thm c bit,
cc cht ny c nh v trong b tng bn y. S hnh thnh ca cc khe nt trong
matt ph thuc vo thi gian v s phn tch ca cc khp ni. iu ny c th gy ra
cc l hng m nc c th chy qua lm cho chn khay khng cn tc dng.V vy ta
cn phng bng cch un nng matt cho chy vo cc cht thng qua cc h d ph ng.
III. T-ng, mng chng thm v chn khay su

Ngi ta thng s dng cc kt cu ny khi cc iu kin v a cht khng cho
php xy dng mt tng tm. Chng hn trong trng hp c mt hm lng ln
tng, v.v... trong nn. Chng c to ra: (a) bng cch ct cc rnh (tng) trong
cc h o, y nhanh nc ngm ra ngoi, (b) bng cch ng cc rung hoc cm cc
tr trn c ng knh ln ni vi cc lin kt c bit hoc cm cc khun dn nhm
hnh thnh mt tng chn khay lin tc; (c) bng cch b tng di nc vo cc
rnh c o bng gu xc, my o...; (d) bng cch s dng cc thng chm, y l
mt phng php him khi c s dng trong k thut thy li; (e) bng cch bm xi
mng v xi mng st vo ct v cui ct vi h s thm khng ln hn 10-1 cm/s.
Cc chn khay b tng dng ni tip tt hn gia p v nn (nhm mc ch
ngn nga thm tip xc nguy him). Cc tng rng b tng su phi c b tr thay
cho hng c trong trng hp khng th ng c c vo t nn hoc trong trng
hp cng trnh c bit quan trng.Thng b tr chn khay hoc tng rng thng lu
di p.
Chn khay h lu di p c b tr tch thit b tiu nc di p khi h
lu v c th bm nc t thit b tiu nc di p v h lu bng my bm t
trong hnh lang kim tra b tr trong thn p. Vic bm nc khi thit b tiu nc l
cn thit, th d kim tra s lm vic ca thit b tiu nc.
Khi s dng tng rng thng lu, c th b tr tng rng h lu cm su
xung di tn tng khng thm nc nhng phi b tr cc l thot nc tng ny
nhm m bo ct nc di p ng vi mc nc h lu.
Cc tng rng su chng thm bng b tng thng thng cn c tch khi
phn mng p bng khp ni bin dng c vt chn nc tng ng.
Khi b tr c h lu do c khe h gia cc vn c, chiu su chn khay h lu d,
phi tha mn iu kin d 2b, trong l chiu rng vn c.
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Mng pht chng thm: cc mng chng thm ny c thc hin vi nn khng
phi l bng cch pht vo khong rng ca t nn va xi mng, va t st c ph
gia ha do, va xi mng-plime, va plime, v.v... Chiu dy
II
III
ca mng chng thm k t trn xung di phi gim dn.
C th s b coi nh i vi mng chng thm, gradien
chng thm ln nht cho php (khi nc thm qua mng chng
thm theo hng ngang) bng 2 3. Trong t bi tch cc
d
I
A
mng chng thm c th b tr n su bt k.
IV. mng p
su tm y p trong nn c xc nh bng tnh
ton tnh hc v tnh thm. V mt n nh ca p, nu c th
phi b tr mng p ln tng t tt, c tr s h s ma st
trong ln.
Trong trng hp s p khng c thit b tiu nc
(hnh 2-9) xut pht t tr s d=Sra xc nh theo cng thc:
Hnh 2-8. Chn khay

thng lu di p
I- b tng st;
II- thit b tiu nc;
III- tng lc ngc;
A - t c m nn
cht.
Sra = (0,05 0,10)T,

nhng khng ln hn:
(2-4)
Sra = (0,05 0,10)lo ,
(2-5)
ng vin ca p c th thit k theo mt trong hai phng n sau y:

- p c cc chn khay (hnh 2-9a)
- p khng c chn khay (hnh 2-9b).
a)
b)
Mc nc TL
Mc nc TL
Mc nc HL
N
d'
lo
Mc nc HL
I
T
lo
I
T
Hnh 2-9. Thit k mng p

I- tng lc ngc.
V l do kinh t, nn p dng phng n th nht (hnh 2-9a), n nh tr s d vi

tnh ton lm sao on MN ca p nm trn t tt v t thm nc. Ch
trong trng hp gp loi t kh o ho cho chn khay th mi loi b phng n
(hnh 2-9a) v chuyn sang phng n p khng c chn khay (hnh 2-9b).
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Cu to ch i ra ca dng thm h lu. Trong vng mt ct t ch dng thm

i ra bao gi cng phi b tr thit b tiu nc lc ngc bo v.
Lc ngc cn phi c thit k theo tiu chun thit k tng lc ngc cng
trnh thy cng.
Thit b tiu nc nm ngang b tr di sn tiu nng, di p v di sn ph
phi c lm bng vt liu ht ln. Chiu dy nh nht ca thit b tiu nc theo yu
cu v cu to v thi cng quy nh bng 0,2m. Vic dn nc t thit b tiu nc v
h lu cng nh kh nng tiu nc ca n (c xt n kh nng cho nc qua lc
ngc) thng thng phi c thit k sao cho tn tht ct nc khi chuyn ng dc
thit b tiu nc l khng ng k. Vi iu kin trn, ct nc dc theo ton on
ng vin di t thc di cc b phn thm nc ca cng trnh, thc t s ng
vi mc nc h lu.
Thit b tiu nc cng vi lc ngc phi c p cht xung nn bi trng
lng cc b phn bn trn ca cng trnh. iu ny c bit quan trng trong trng
hp nn l loi t st c kh nng mt dn bn b mt khi khng c ti trng.
Nn chn cu to ch ra ca dng thm nh gii thiu hnh 2-10 a, vi tr s Sra
ln. Thng thng khng c php s dng s b tr thit b tiu nc nh hnh
2-10 b, vi Sra=0; s b tr thit b tiu nc nh hnh 2-10 c, vi tr s d ln c
th chp nhn c.
a)
S ra
c)
d= -S ra
b)
S ra=0
Hnh 2-10. Cu to ch ra ca dng thm h lu
2.4. Tnh ton Thm vng quanh, thm vai p b tng ni tip
vi b
I. M t dng thm vng quanh tr bin
Trong trng hp chung, khi mng tr bin khng t trn tng khng thm (tng
khng thm nm kh su) v c thm vng quanh tr bin, s chuyn ng ca nc
ngm s c dng khng gian. Khi , cng vi dng thm c p di p, cn c c
dng thm khng p vng quanh tr bin.
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a)
b)
A-B
MNTL
C
3
h1
C-D
MNHL
h1
h2
T
III
Mt bng
c)
C
II
IV
Hnh 2-11. Tr bin c tng cnh thng gc

I- p trn; II- tng dc ca tr bin; III- tng khng thm;
IV- cc ng dng; V- ng ng p.
hnh 2-11 nhng ng dng l ca phn dng chy khng p v cc ng

ng p l ca dng thm. Tit din t ca dng vo l mi dc v y thng lu; ca
dng ra l mi dc v y h lu.
Nu nh mng ca tr bin khng tip gip vi tng khng thm nm su, th
c th xut hin thm dng thm bn p di cc tng ca tr bin.
Trong mt s trng hp, c th xy ra dng thm b sung, t b ra h lu.
C th coi nh ng bo ha bao quanh mt trong ca tr bin (ng vin di
t 1-2-3-4-5-6, hnh 2-11c); phn bo ha chy theo tng dc ca tr bin c biu
th trn hnh 2-11a (ng 3-4). R rng l phn ng bo ha ny quyt nh tr s p
lc ca nc ngm ln tng dc ca tr bin.
Nu nh v ng dng thm theo ng 1-2-3-4-5-6 (hnh 2-11c) ri trin khai
n ra trn mt mt phng, th ta nhn c hnh nh nh hnh 2-12. Hnh nh ny tng
t nh hnh nh dng thm qua p t trn nn thm nc.
2
MNTL
h1
Z MNTL
I
6
Hnh 2-12. ng bo ha quanh tr bin-I
h2
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Nh vy, khi tnh ton thm vng quanh tr bin, ta c th p dng phng php
ging nh khi tnh ton thm qua p t trn nn thm nc.
II. Tnh ton dng thm qua p trn nn thm n-c

(theo ph-ng php ca S.N. Numrp)
1. Trng hp p t ng cht
Khi trnh by phng php tnh ton ny, ta s dng hnh 2-13 biu th mt ct
ngang p t khng c thit b tiu nc, trn nn thm nc.
L0
0,4h1
1"
1'
4'
A'
MNTL
m1
4"
a
h1
0,4h2
B' MNHL
B
h2
N
M
2'
3'
2"
3"
Hnh 2-13. S tnh ton thm ca p t

Ta k hiu v tr mp nc tng ng thng lu v h lu A v B. t v pha
phi ca A v B nhng on tng ng bng 0,4h1 v 0,4h2, y h1 v h2 l chiu cao
mc nc thng lu v h lu so vi mt tng khng thm MN. Kt qu l ta nhn
c mt khi t hnh ch nht 4' - 4" - 3" - 3' nm trn tng khng thm MN. Bit
chiu su nc thng lu, h lu khi t ny (h1, h2), ta tm c lu lng n v ca
dng thm qua p t ang xt theo cng thc ca Duypuy:
q=
h 12 - h 22
K
2L o
(2-6)
trong : Lo = Lyp + 0,4h1 + 0,4h2;

(2-7)
Lyp - khong cch theo mt nm ngang gia cc im mp nc A v B;
Lo - chiu rng ca khi t p ch nht m ta thay th cho p t.
Nh bit, khi thay th nh trn, ta coi tn tht nc nm thng lu p v
nn ca n bng tn tht nc trong khi t hnh ch nht 1" - 2" - 3" - 4", rng 0,4h2.
Bit lu lng q - xc nh theo cng thc (2 - 6) ta thit lp ng bo ha A"-B"
i vi khi t hnh ch nht quy c 4' - 4" - 3" - 3' bng cch dng cng thc ca Duypuy:
h = h 12 -
x 2
h 1 - h 22
Lo
trong : x v h - cc kch thc nh biu th hnh 2-13.
(2-8)
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Cui cng, ta la bng mt un thm cc on cong cha bit A - a v B - b

sao cho A - a vung gc vi mi dc thng lu ti A, b - B tip tuyn vi mi dc h
lu ti B ( y b qua on dng thm i ra mi dc h lu).
Kt qu ta s c ng bo ha A - a, b - B i vi p trn nn thm nc.
Khi phn nm h lu ca p c b tr thit b tiu nc th theo quan im thy
lc ta s c p t c mi dc h lu thng ng a - b t theo trc thit b tiu nc.
Khi quy i p t loi ny thnh khi t ch nht, ta s c hnh dng ng bo ha
nh hnh 2-14.
Ghi ch: Trong trng hp nm h lu khng c thit b tiu nc, tr s 0,4h2
khng phi tnh t ng thng ng 1" - 2" i qua mp nc h lu nh hnh 2-13,
m l t ng thng ng k qua im gia on dng thm i qua mi dc h lu.
Chiu cao So ca on dng chy i qua mi dc h lu trong trng hp mi dc
h lu kh (khi h2 = T) c th xc nh theo cng thc:
S o = (0,7 + m 2 )
trong :
qo
K
qo
h 12 - T 2
=
K 2 L'o + 0,4h 1
y, L'o - khong cch nm ngang t mp nc mi thng lu ti chn dc h lu.

0,4h2
0,4h1
MNTL
m1
h1
b
T h2
Hnh 2-14. S tnh ton thm ca p t c "mi dc" h lu thng ng

2. Trng hp p c li gia
y cng nh trng hp trn, nm thng lu v h lu p (cng vi nn ca
n) c thay th bng cc khi t hnh ch nht (hnh 2-15, ch gch cho). Kt qu
nhn c mt khi t hnh ch nht 4' - 4" - 3" - 3' c li gia.
Ta xt khi t hnh ch nht ny theo phng php quy c m nhiu ngi
bit ca N.N. Paplpxki. Sau ta hiu chnh ng bo ha nhn c t khi t
hnh ch nht ny v tim ng bo ha cn bit.
Ghi ch: y ta khng xt trng hp m li gia khng t ti tng khng thm.
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0,4h1
MNTL
4'
0,4h2
4"
A
B
MNTL
h1
Li gia
h2
3'
3"
Hnh 2-15. S tnh ton thm ca p t c li gia

3. Vng hot ng thm nn p
p dng phng php nu trn, c th dng ng bo ha i vi p t
theo phng trnh Duypuy trong iu kin khng thm mt su hu hn. Tuy
nhin, tng khng thm trn thc t c th nm su v hn. Trong trng hp ny,
dng ng bo ha, phi s dng khi nim vng hot ng thm nn p.
Nu tng khng thm nm su th chiu dy vng hot ng thm ly bng:
Thng = 0,5L",
(2-9)
trong :
L' - chiu rng p mt nn;
Thng - chiu su vng hot ng thm di mt y h lu.
Sau khi tnh Thng theo (2-9), ta xc nh v tr tnh ton ca tng khng thm (
v ng bo ha) nh sau:
a) Nu:
Tthc Thng
th tr s Ttt ly bng:
Ttt = T;
b) Nu nh
Tthc > Thng
th tr s Ttt ly bng:
Ttt = Thng = 0,5L'
trong :
Tthc - chiu su thc ca tng khng thm;
Ttt - chiu su tnh ton ca tng khng thm.
Cc tr s Tthc v Ttt o t mt y h lu.
(2-10)
(2-11)
(2-12)
(2-13)
Cn xt n cc trng hp sau:
a) Khi Tthc > Thng th v tr ng bo ha thc t khng ph thuc vo v tr ca
tng khng thm;
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b) Khi 0 < Tthc < Thng

(2-14)
th khi Tthc tng, ng bo ha ca p t s gim mt cht.
c) Khi tha mn iu kin (2-14) th v tr ng bo ha du sao cng t ph
thuc vo v tr ca tng khng thm. Do , khi tnh ton s b, thin v an ton, tr
s T i khi ly bng 0, tc l s v ng bo ha i vi p xy dng trn nn thm
nc vi gi thit rng nn khng thm nc (lc ny tt nhin phi p dng phng
php trnh by trn).
III. n gin ha vic lp -ng bo ha khi thm vng quanh tr bin

chuyn dng thm, nh m t im 1, sang dng gi l "dng thm
phng", (Khi tnh ton c th p dng phng php gii bi ton thm phng ca
F. Forkhgym), ta thc hin gi thit n gin ha nh sau:
1. Ph hp vi im 2, 3 nu, ta coi rng:
Tthc 0,5%
(2-15)
th tng khng thm tnh ton trng vi tng khng thm thc;
nu nh: Tthc > 0,5%
(2-16)
v tng khng thm tnh ton nm su di y h lu bng:
khi:
Ttt = 0,5 l 'o
(2-17)
y: l 'o - chiu di hnh chiu ca tr bin theo hng trc tng dc.
2. Ph hp vi 2 im bn trn ta thay cc mi dc thng lu, h lu ca khi t tip
gip vi tr bin bng cc mi dc thng ng chm tng khng thm.
a)
b)
l o'
l o'
a2
a1
A2
A1
I
Mp nc
a1
B1
c)
Mp nc
II
II
a2
B2
Mp nc
d)
zv
z
1
z
2 c
Mp nc
a1
e)
a2
f)
a1
I
a1
Mp nc
II
Tiu nc
2
3
Hnh 2-16. n gin ha cc dng hnh hc ca tr bin
a2
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Ta hy v nhng mi dc thng ng tnh ton ny cch mp nc 1 khong nh

sau (hnh 2-16):
a) i vi mi dc thng lu:
a1 = 0,4h1;
(2-18)
b) i vi h lu:
a2 = 0,4h2 ;
(2-19)
trong : h1 v h2 - vt cao ca mc nc thng lu v h lu trn tng khng
thm tnh ton.
Bng kt qu ca s n gin ha ny, ty theo hnh dng kt cu ca tr bin, ta
c th nhn c cc s khc nhau ca dng thm trn mt bng. Hnh 2-16 gii
thiu mt vi v d v cc s nh vy.
3. Ta hy quy c rng tt cc cc tng ca tr bin c chn su ti mt bng khng
thm tnh ton.
4. t p sau lng tr bin c coi l ng nht v ng hng.
5. B qua dng thm ngm chy t b ra, ch xt nc thm t thng lu v h lu
(xem hnh 2-11).
6. Cui cng, b qua on nc chy ra t mi dc thng ng (tnh ton) h lu; tr
s ny trong trng hp ny s rt nh.
Khi s dng nhng gi thit nu ta nhn c dng thm tnh ton c c
trng mt cch gn ng bi cc tit din t hnh tr vi cc ng sinh thng ng;
cc ng dn hng ca nhng tit din t ny s l cc ng ng p ca mt gim
p (mt bo ha).
IV. Lp -ng bo ha quanh tr bin theo ph-ng php ca F. Forkhgym - Tm y

t-ng t-ng
Theo phng php ca F. Forkhgym, xc nh chiu su ct nc h (tnh t
ng bo ha n tng khng thm tnh ton) mt im m no y trn ng bo
ha (xem hnh 2-11), c th vit phng trnh sau:
h 2 = h 12 - h 22 h r + h 22
(2-20)
trong :
hr - ct nc tnh i im tng ng ca tm y tng tng c ng vin
di t ging nh ng vin di t ca tr bin (hnh 2-16) khi tng khng thm
su v hn T = v khi mt chun 0 - 0 nm ngang vi mc nc h lu. Tm y
tng tng dng cho cc s tr bin hnh 2-11 v hnh 2-16a, c trnh by
trn hnh 2-17. Hnh 2-17 ch ra im m tng ng cng nh mt chun 0 - 0.
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Mc nc TL
P
P
a'
Mc nc HL
m
T=
hf
0
b'
Hnh 2-17. Tm y tng tng

(c bn thm tng ng vi tr bin ang xt)
ng vi mt chun nu, tr s hr i vi im m ca s hnh 2-17 (c
c trng bi dng thm p lc), bng:
hr =
hf
Z
(2-21)
trong :
Z - ct nc trc tm y tng tng, ly bng ct nc Z tr bin (bng
chnh lch mc nc thng h lu, hnh 2-11);
hf - ct nc im m ca tm y tng tng hoc bng chnh tn tht ct
nc t im m n h lu (hnh 2-17).
Xt rng (hnh 2-11):
h 1 - h2 = Z
(2-22)
Th t (2-20) v (2-21), ta c cng thc tnh ton dng v ng bo ha
quanh tr bin nh sau:
h=
(h 1 + h 2 )h f
+ h 22
(2-23)
y, tr s hf i vi im m cho phi c xc nh t s xem xt y tng

tng ng vi ct nc Z, bng ct nc tc dng ln tr bin.
Tr s hf i vi im m bt k ca mt s s tr bin no nu trong hnh 2-17,
c tm theo phng php h s sc khng. Bit hf i vi cc im khc nhau ca
ng vin di t ca tr bin, theo cng thc (2-23), c th tm chiu su h cc
im y v theo v c ng bo ha quanh tr bin.
V. Cc nhn xt b sung v cch lp -ng bo ha quanh tr bin

1. Gi thit ch yu nht trong s nhng gi thit nu im 3 l gi thit thay cc
phn mng "treo" ca tr bin (nu c) bng cc phn mng quy c cm xung ti
tng khng thm tnh ton (im III.3).
Gi thit ny khng thin v tnh ton.
V l do trn, cng nh xt nh hng ca tng khng thm tnh ton i vi v tr
ng bo ha (im 2) khi c cc phn mng ca tr bin khng cm xung ti tng
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khng thm, nn bo m an ton, ta n nh tng khng thm tnh ton nm ngang

mc y h lu (gi thit T = 0). Lm nh vy vic tnh ton s n gin hn phn no.
2. Khi tnh tr bin, c th gp trng hp tng dc AB ca tr bin tip xc vi li
gia bng t loi st t thm nc hoc vi hng c (hnh 2-18) khi , tnh ton, tr
bin thc cn c thay th bng "tr bin quy c".
a)
b)
B
Li gia
C
Hnh 2-18. Trng hp tr bin ni tip vi li gia bng t st

hocmng ngn di dng hng c
Khi chuyn t tr bin thc sang tr bin quy c cn b li gia (hoc bng c
thng ng) ri ko di tng dc ca tr bin thm mt on l B nh sau:
a) Trng hp khi b li gia:
l B = ( l - 1) + tx
K
K1
(2-24)
b) Trng hp khi b tng c

lB = l + f
(2-25)
trong :
l - chiu di thc ca tng dc tr bin;
t - chiu dy trung bnh ca li gia;
K1 - h s thm ca t lm li gia;
K - h s thm ca t cn li;
f - chiu dy quy i ca hng c.
3. giai on tnh ton nht nh, cc s tr bin (hnh 2-16), cn xem nh cc s
tm y tng tng vi T = , vi ct nc trn chng l Z bng ct nc tc dng
vo tr bin, chnh t vic xem xt cc s nh vy m ta xc nh c cc tr s hf
trong cng thc (2-23).
Trn hnh 2-17 trnh by mt tm y tng tng tng ng vi s tr bin
trn hnh 2-16a, s tm y tng tng ny d dng gii c theo phng php h
s sc khng.
Ta hy gii thch thm cch tin hnh gii mt s s c th trnh by trong
hnh 2-16b, c, d, e, f theo phng php h s sc khng:
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a) S hnh 2-16b:
Khi xt s ny, ta cn bit h s sc khng i vi on nn ca tm y tng
tng I v II b gii hn thng v h lu khng phi bng cc ng nm ngang m
bng cc ng cong A1B1 v A2B2.
V i vi nhng on nh vy, ta khng c cc tr s h s sc khng z, nn c
th tin hnh nh sau i vi trng hp ny:
Vch tit din thng ng I - II (hnh 2-16b). Trong tit din ny ta nhn c
khi t hnh ch nht. Tnh ton ng bo ha cho khi t ny theo phng trnh
ca Duypuy (vi gi thit l bi ton phng), ta d dng c th tm c tn tht ct
nc Dh1 trn chiu di 1-2 ca khi t v tn tht ct nc Dh2 trn on 3-4.
Sau , khi tnh ton tr s hf ta xt tm y tng tng (hnh 2-19a), coi ct
nc tc dng trn n bng Z = Dh1 - Dh2.
Ghi ch: nh thy r trn hnh 2-19a, nn ca tm y ny c gii hn bi
cc ng thng, ng 1-1 v 2-2.
T vic xem xt tm y tng tng nh vy, ta nh c tr s hf i vi cc
im khc nhau ca ng vin di t theo phng php h s sc khng.
a)
b)
l
MNTL
Z=D h1 - D h2
MNHL
S
1'
Tiu nc
2'
II'
I'
1
c)
l
B
Tiu nc
Hnh 2-19. Cc s b sung ca tr bin

Hin nhin l h s sc khng i vi cc on I v II s bng 0,5zc, y zc l
h s sc khng i vi hng c thng thng bn trong.
b) S hnh 2-16 c, e:
Cc s ny c th tnh ton theo phng php h s h s sc khng bng cch
gii nu im trn.
i vi s hnh 2-16c, cng c th lm nh sau: n nh tit din t quy c
ch vo, tit din nm ngang v thng ng (ng nt t trong hnh v).
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i vi tit in vo nm ngang, ta tm tr s zvo; i vi tit din t vo thng

ng, ta tm h s sc khng bng 0,5zc.
Tr s cha bit z i vi tit din t vo thc (tit din nghing) tm c bng
cch ni suy gia tr s zvo v 0,5zc'
c) S hnh 2-16d:
y, ta cn xc nh tr s z i vi cc b phn hi nghing (khng phi nm
ngang) ca ng vin, v d nh b phn 1-2 ca ng vin.
R rng l khi xc nh z trong trng hp ny cn phi s dng cng thc i
vi h s sc khng ca b phn ng vin nm ngang zng, sau khi thay l bng hnh
chiu ca ng 1-2 trn ng nm ngang v thay T bng gi tr trung bnh no ca
tr s ny.
Ghi ch: trng hp ny cng thc nu, cc i lng S = 0.
d) S hnh 2-16f:
Trong trng hp ny cn v thm ng thng, ng 1-2-3. i vi on nn
nm bn tri ca ng 1-2-3, h s sc khng phi ly bng na tr s h s
sc khng i vi hng c n (0,5zc), coi chiu su ca hng c ny bng chiu
di ca on 1-2. B phn nghing 2-4 ca ng vin di t cn xt nh nu
im trc.
e) S hnh 2-19b:
S ny ca tr bin c bin i thnh tm y tng tng, c trng bng
ng vin di t BED; tit din t ch vo l ng thng ng AB, ch ra l
ng thng ng vch theo trc thit b tiu nc ca tr bin.
Tng h s sc khng ca s ny bng:
Sz =
1
z c + z ng
2
(2-26)
trong :
zc - h s sc khng i vi hng c thng thng bn trong;
zng- h s sc khng ca on nm ngang, tnh theo cng thc:
l - S/ 2
z ng =
Thng
(2-27)
Cc kch thc l v S ch ra trong hnh v;

Thng - chiu su vng hot ng thm.
g) S hnh 2-19c:
S ca tr bin c bin i thnh tm y tng tng c trng bng
ng vin di t AEFC; tit din t ch vo l AB, ch ra l CD (vch theo trc
thit b tiu nc ca tr bin).
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Tr s Sz i vi s ny bng:
Sz = z c +
l -S/ 2
+ 0, 44
Thng
(2-28)
y, cc k hiu l v S ch ra trong hnh v; cc k hiu cn li trnh by

trn.
2.5. Cu to p v b tr ni tip h l-u

I. Cu to p
p c chia thnh nhiu phn bi cc khe ln trnh nt ngang p do hin
tng ln khng u v cc bin dng do nhit.
p thng c chia cng vi ton b cc lin kt nm ngang theo dc tr pin
trnh hin tng ln khng u gia cc tr (hnh 2-20e) dn n kt ca van.
Bn cnh cc khe ln c nh, trong thi gian thi cng ngi ta cng thng chia
p thnh cc khi khc nhau bi cc khe thi cng.
Chiu rng ca cc khe ln c nh c la chn sao cho khng mt b phn
no b y chng ln nhau do s ln khng u v s bin dng ca cc b phn.
Thng thng, khe lin kt c thit k nh sau: gn bn y, chiu rng ca
khe l 12cm pha h lu v 34cm pha thng lu, phn trn ca bn y mng l
1015cm. Chiu rng ca khe lin kt ph thuc vo c trng a cht ca nn mng
v s thay i nhit ca mi trng (hnh 2-20).
2
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(e)
Hnh 2- 20. Phn chia p thnh cc n nguyn

(a) Mt khoang; (b) Hai khoang; (c) Ba khoang;
(d) Tr pin ct ri trn; (e) Phn chia dc theo tr pin;
1- khe rnh; 2- ngng trn;3- tr; 4-bn y;
5-khe ni gia cc n nguyn.
Tnh khng thm nc ca cc khe c m bo bng cc thit b chn nc

dc, ngang, n v kp (hnh 2-21). Cc thit b chn nc c b tr di p di
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dng bao ti nha ng. phn trn, cc khp ni c lm bng thp khng g,
cao su, cc tm b tng ct thp c t trong cc h ng y atphan.
Hnh 2-21. V tr ca vt chn nc trong cc khe
gia cc b phn ca p
1-lp lt y; 2- cht ng vin thm trong;
3- ng phn cch gia phn rng v hp ca khe;
4- cht ti b phn hp nht ca lin kt;
5- cht ti b phn rng nht ca khe;
6- vt chn nc pha bn ngoi; 7- ging nha ng.
7
6
5
4
2
II. B tr ni tip h l-u

Khi thit k p x nc trn nn mm, phi dng ch chy y lm ni tip
thng h lu ch yu, khi vng dng chy b co hp, trn on tiu nng phi d
kin cc kt cu tiu nng v phn dng.
Trong b tiu nng nn s dng cc kiu vt tiu nng chnh sau y:
- Tng tiu nng lin, t cch mt ct co hp mt on bng 0,8 chiu di ca
nc nhy (chiu di ca nc nhy xc nh bng tnh ton vi b tiu nng) hoc
T
cch mt khong 3h khi c tr s e 0 = 0 bin i trong phm vi 0,2 12 (trong h
hK
l chiu su dng chy cui on nc nhy).
T0 - t nng ca dng chy trc cng trnh chu p bng hiu ca mc nc
thng lu c xt lu tc n gn v mt b tiu nng;
hK - chiu su phn gii ca dng chy.
- Tng tiu nng t qung, b tr cch mt ct co hp mt khong 3h khi tr s
e0 = 2 6.
- Tng tiu nng phn dng, gm hai tng to thnh mt gc hng ngc
dng chy, gc t cc tng phn dng c th bin i trn chiu rng ca b tiu
nng, cn bn thn tng phn dng c th c chiu cao thay i.
- Vt tiu nng c dng kt hp hai m hnh thang v tng tiu nng pha h lu.
Chiu di sn sau (nm ngang, nm ngang c mt on nghing hoc nm
nghing) phi c xc nh t iu kin lm cho cc biu lu tc ca dng chy
c san bng dn trn ton b chiu di ca sn sau hoc trn mt phn ca n (sn
sau rt ngn).
i vi nhng p cp I, II v III thng thng phi thit k sn sau dng cc
tm btng hoc btng ct thp ti ch.
i vi nhng p cp IV v V cho php d kin sn sau dng hoc r ,
tm btng hoc btng ct thp lp ghp.
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Trng hp dng cc tm btng v btng ct thp c sn lm sn sau, phi d

kin lin kt chng bng ct thp m bo tnh n nh ca chng chng li tc dng
thy ng ca dng chy.
Chiu dy ca cc tm btng b tiu nng v sn sau phi c xc nh bng
tnh ton, xut pht t iu kin m bo cng v n nh ca chng. Phi xem xt
kh nng gim chiu dy cc tm b tiu nng v sn sau bng cch phn nh nh cc
khp ni nhit-ln v b tr cc ging tiu nc.
Kch thc trn mt bng ca cc tm phi c xc nh t iu kin m bo s
n nh chng trt v y ni, cng nh m bo kh nng btng mi tm thnh
mt khi.
Ging tiu nc phi c tit din trn mt bng t 0,25x0,25 n 1x1m ty theo
b dy ca tm b tiu nng v sn sau, cng nh iu kin thi cng.
Trn mt bng cn b tr cc ging theo kiu hoa th trong mt hng c cch
5 10m lm mt ging (ty theo kch thc ca cc tm) v cc hng ging khng nh
hn 5m, ng thi din tch cc ging tiu nc khng c nh hn 1,5% din tch
ton b cc tm gia c.
Khi dng cc tm btng hoc btng ct thp lm sn sau, cho php khng lm
ging nc.
cui sn sau phi d kin b tr mt kt cu c dng tng thng ng, hoc
rnh phng xi, hoc phn gia c chuyn tip c th bin dng c, hoc t hp cc
kt cu bo v cho sn sau, cc m bin v tng phn cch khi b xi l.
Tng thng ng cui sn sau (c dng tng btng hoc btng ct thp,
tng c kt cu phng hoc t ong, ci g trong b v.v...) phi c thit k cm
xung ht chiu su ca lp t c kh nng b xi l. Khi chiu su xi l qu ln, c
th lm tng ng khng cm xung ht chiu su xi l, nhng phi lm thm mt
on gia c chuyn tip mm c kh nng bin dng sau tng .
Khi dng chy c t lu ln v t nn l loi t d b xi l, phi d kin b tr
rng phng xi cui sn sau, cng vi phn gia c chuyn tip mm mi dc pha
thng lu v y rnh phng xi.
Vic xc nh mi dc pha h lu ca rnh phng xi phi xut pht t iu kin
n nh ca n trong thi gian thi cng.
Mi dc pha thng lu ca rnh phng xi phi c quyt nh c xt n iu
kin thy lc ca s tn dng, n s b tr mt on sn sau nm nghing hoc on
gia c chuyn tip mm c kh nng bin dng.
on gia c chuyn tip mm c kh nng bin dng phi c thit k di dng
cc tm btng v btng ct thp ring r lin kt bn l (khp) vi nhau, di dng
si hoc , r , rng , rng cy hoc m cnh cy trn c hoc si, hoc
di dng t hp cc kiu gia c trn.
Cn phi la chn kiu gia c trn c s so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca
cc phng n nu ra, c xt n cc iu kin thy lc, chiu su xi cho php v cc
yu t khc.
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2.6. Tnh ton n nh ca p trn nn mm theo s

tr-t phng
Khi tnh n nh p b tng trn nn mm, ta thng tnh ton theo 3 s : trt
phng, trt su v trt hn hp. Trong mc ny ta xt s trt phng.
Mt trt c th l mt nm ngang hoc mt nghing. Trt theo mt nm
nghing xy ra khi y p nm nghing hoc khi c tng chng thm (hnh 2-22b),
n nh c tnh ton da trn mt trt . Nu mt lp c cc c trng trt nng
nm khng qu su trong nn th n nh c tnh ton c i vi trt trn mt phng
ca y p v trt trn mt tip xc ca t, c xem xt tha ng n trng lng
ca khi t gia mt ct 1-1 v 2-2.
1
Ea
a)
Eb
0
0
2
Eb
Ea
b)
c)
2
Ea
Eb
Ea
0
0
d)
Hnh 2-22. S tnh ton n nh ca p theo s trt phng

a), c), d) Mt phng trt nm ngang;
b) Mt phng trt nm nghing;
0-0 - mt trt.
Hnh 2-22 m t cc trng hp khc nhau, c xem xt n trng lng khi t.

Khi mt trt xy ra trn mt phng nm ngang, h s an ton n nh Kt c
biu din ph hp vi iu kin cn bng gii hn:
K t=
m.R ( V - Wth - Wn ) .tgj + E i + c.F .m

=
,
n c .N
n c .Q
(2 - 29)
trong :
V- tng cc lc tc dng theo phng ng (trng lng bn thn, nc);
Wth, Wn - p lc thm v y ngc;
c - lc dnh n v; F - din tch y mng;
Ei - p lc t ch ng trc tip ln thng lu;
Q- tng cc lc theo phng ngang;
j - gc ma st trong; nc- h s t hp ti trng; m - h s iu kin lm vic
(i vi kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp trn nn t thng ly m=1).
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Khi mt trt nghing v thng lu, h s n nh ca p tng. Trong trng

hp ny y p c thit k nghing hoc y ca chn khay h lu cn phi nng
ln (hnh 2-23). Khi , h s m bo n nh trt c xc nh nh sau:
Ks =
( V.cos + Q.sin - Wth - Wn ) .tgj + c.F

( Q.cos - V.sin ) .n c
(2 - 30)
trong : F - din tch mt trt.
W3
W4
W2
W1
0
Ea
Wth+ Wdn
Hnh 2-23. S tnh ton n nh ca p, trt phng trn mt nghing

Sn trc neo c tc dng lm gim ti trng y ngang nh lc ma st v lc
dnh gia sn v nn. Cc lc tc dng gm: p lc nc W1 bng trng lng nc
tng ng vi s a, b, c, d (hnh 2-24); trng lng G ca sn trc v phn t pha
di tm y thng lu; p lc y ngc Wn v p lc thm Wth tc ng hng ln
trn. Ma st sinh ra di y ca mt on p l:
Ts = (W1t+G-Wth-Wn).m.tgj
trong : m - h s xt n iu kin lm vic ca sn trc (m = 0,8).
Cng thc ny c s dng xc nh s n nh ca p c sn trc neo vo
p v ch khc vi cng thc (2 - 29) bi c thm lc chng trt Ts.
c
b
W1
a
A
d
G
L
D
Wn
4 3
7
5
6
Wth
Hnh 2-24. S tnh ton ti trng ln sn trc neo

A- sn trc neo; S- c; D- thot nc.
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( V - Wth - Wn ) .tgj + E i + c.F .m + TS

Ks =
.
n c .Q
(2 - 31)
Trong cng thc trn, ly m = 1.
2.7. n nh ca p vi s tr-t su v tr-t hn hp

I. Sc chu ti ca nn
Hnh 2-26 minh ha cc ti trng theo phng ng v phng ngang tc ng
ln bn y p. Cc ti trng ny bao gm ng sut php s v ng sut tip t ti y
mng p. i vi s ct phng, mi quan h gia s v t trng thi gii hn c
biu din di dng: t = s.tgj + c.
T suy ra gii hn ca ng sut tip t ng bin vi ng sut php s (hnh 225, ng OD).
a
a1 a2
g
tan D
a)
A2
2
0
A1
1
3
gh
b)
Hnh 2-25. S tnh ton trt su v trt hn hp

a) Cung trt; b) S thay i gii hn ng sut ph thuc vo ng sut php.
Do cc ng sut tng, quan st mt trt phng ta thy n mt lc no ng

sut t ti gi tr ti hn. Khi s > sgh s xy ra trt do mt n nh nn. Trong trng
hp ny, khi s tng, thot u sc chng trt tip tc tng (phn AB ca ng ABC
trong hnh 2-25b) v sau gim. V tr ca im A trn ng thng t = s.tgj + c ph
thuc vo loi t v lch tm ca hp lc tc dng ln y mng. Khi hp lc
ny gn nh st mt thng lu ca y p th ng trt nm v tr su nht
(hnh 2-25b).
ng cong trt 1, 2 v 3 tng ng vi cc im a, a1, a2 ca hp lc. Cc im
A, A1, A2 trn th biu din quan h t = f(s) xc nh sgh v ph hp vi kh nng
chu ti ca nn v sgh tng.
Trt hn hp (hnh 2-26a), trong trng hp ny, trt phng xy ra ti mt
mng AB v phn trt cn li s xy ra cng vi s y tri ca t dc theo ng
cong BCD - l trt su. Trong hnh 2-26, nn cng trnh c phn ra 3 vng r rt:
vng I - vng bin dng do, vng II - vng dch chuyn c bn, vng III - vng trng
thi ng sut b ng.
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B
2
45A
II
III
C1 C
a)
A,B
2
D
45-
III
II
b)
Hnh 2-26. S s dch chuyn cung trt su v trt hn hp

Trt su v trt hn hp c quan st trong nhng trng hp khi cc iu
kin sau y khng tha mn:
- i vi nn cha ct ht th, rn v lp t st na rn.
max
<N ,
B.g 1
(2 - 32)
- i vi nn bao gm t st phn tng, cng v mm do, bn cnh cc iu

kin c cp phn trc:
c
> 0.45 ,
tb
K.(1 + ).t o
>4 ,
..h o2
tgj +
(2 - 33)
(2 - 34)
trong :
smax, stb - cc gi tr ng sut php ln nht v trung bnh ti y p;
B- chiu rng y p;
g1, g - dung trng ca t nn (y ni) v trng lng nc;
N - ch s m hnh ha, khi khng c ti liu th nghim ly N = 3;
K - h s thm ca t nn;
j - gc ma st trong; c- lc dnh n v ca t;
t0 - thi gian thi cng; e - rng ban u ca t;
-
a - h s nn ln, a = 1 2 ;
2 - 1
(e1, e2 - rng tng ng vi s1 v s2);
h + h2
h0 - chiu dy ca lp t c kt, h0 = 1
(h1 - chiu dy lp t cha st,
2
h2 - chiu dy lp t gia y p v lp cha st, h0 khng ln hn B,
khi h2 =0, h1 ly khng ln hn B).
Hin nay c mt s phng php tnh ton n nh cng trnh theo s trt
su v s trt hn hp.
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II. Tr-t su vi mt tr-t tr trn trn nn ng nht

Khi tnh ton n nh ca p b tng theo s mt trt tr trn, mt trt gi
thit l mt cung trn (hnh 2-27) i qua im bin pha thng lu ca y p hoc
chn khay thng lu, n nh ca p cng vi nn c quyt nh bi h s an ton
Kt - t s gia tng m men cc lc chng trt v tng m men cc lc gy trt.
O
R
B
V
T1
N1
Wth
R
S1
S2
T3 N2
O1
T2
G
Hnh 2-27. S tnh ton n nh i vi mt trt trn gii hn, nn ng nht
Kt =
M ct
M gt
(cc gi tr m men ly vi tm O ca cung trt).
Hp lc R theo phng ng (trng lng p, sn, nc pha trn v di

khoang p, trng lng ca t pha trn mt phng i qua bin ca chn khay) v
phng ngang (p lc nc tc dng t pha trn v pha di khoang trn) c di
tng ng v mt phng nn AB v c phn tch thnh cc lc theo phng ng V
v lc theo phng ngang Q. Cc lc V v Q c p dng cho cung trt v phn tch
thnh cc thnh phn php tuyn v tip tuyn:
N1=V.cosb, S1=V.sinb; N2=Q.sina, S2= Q.cosa.
Trn cung trt, trng lng ca phn t trt b y ni trong nc bng:
.
G = gn.
- sin a. cos .r 2 ,
180
trong : gn=gbh - (1 - n).gn - dung trng y ni ca t. Gc a, b v bn knh r

c ch ra trong hnh 2-27. Cc lc S1 v S2 c hng v pha di khoang p v
c xu hng quay mt phn ca nn v kt cu xung quanh im O. Cc lc ma st
T1 = V.cosb.tgj; T2 = G.tgj v T3 = Q.sina.tgj s c tc dng chng trt. Trong
trng hp t dnh, lc dnh tc dng ln tng phn ca y cung trt ly bng
c = 2arc cng c tc dng chng trt. Trong biu thc ny, c l lc dnh n v. Ngoi
ra lc thm tc ng ln mt phn ca nn. Lc ny c xc nh thng qua li thm
(hnh 2-28). Phng ca lc th tch g.J.w tc dng ln mi mt li trng vi phng
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ca ng dng trung bnh trong . Lc thm tng cng s bng tng cc vect biu
din lc thm thnh phn trong tng li.
B
a
Hnh 2-28. S tnh ton lc thm Wth

Khi nc = 1, m = 1, h s Kt bng:
Kt =
(V. cos b + Q. sin + G ).tgj + 2..r.c
a
V. sin + Q. cos + Wth .
r
trong : a - cnh tay n ca lc thm.
(2 - 35)
III. Tr-ng hp nn khng ng nht

Nu nn bao gm cc lp c cc ch tiu c l khc nhau (gi, ci, ji) (hnh 2 -29)
th tnh ton n nh c th hin vi cc tiu chun khc nhau ca cc ch tiu c l
t nn. Vng t nn, s th hin cc ng sut sinh ra do trng lng ca kt cu v
ti trng theo phng ng ln y p, sn v sn sau c chia thnh cc thi t
theo phng ng c chiu rng b. Cc lc theo phng ng tc ng trong phm vi
ca mt thi c cng li v di n cung trt. Chng hn, Vn=Vno+Vn1+Vn2+Vn3 tc
dng ln thi th n. y, Vno l ti trng do trng lng ca kt cu v nc tng
ng vi s ca cc ng sut (do cc lc theo phng ng) tc dng theo chiu dc
ca thi t, Vn1, Vn2, Vn3 l trng lng ca cc lp t bo ha 1, 2 v 3 trong mi thi
t .
Thi t c ng tm OO k hiu l thi s 0, cc thi pha bn tri ca thi s
0 c k hiu du + gi l thi +I, +II, +III,..., +n,...v cc thi pha bn phi k
hiu l - gi l -I, -II, -III,..., -n,...
Lc Vn gy nn m men quanh tm O: M (Vn) = an.Vn = n.b.Vn
Lc Vn nm y cung trt ca thi vi du "+" gy ra m men trt, vi du
"-" gy nn m men chng trt.
Cc lc ma st v lc dnh c tc dng chng trt. Thnh phn php tuyn ca
Vn l Nn = Vn.cosbn.
Lc thm tc dng ln t, lm gim thnh phn php tuyn Nn bi gi tr:
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Wtn = n .h n .
b
,
cos n
trong hn l ct nc p lc thm ti tm ca y thi.

0'
q
V
Q
A
M
Vno
III
n
Nn
Wsn
b
2
1
Vn1
Vn2
Vn3
II
Vn
C1
C2
C3
-I
an=n.b
B
-III
Ta Q sin
-II
li
Hnh 2-29. S tnh ton n nh ca p theo mt trt tr trn gii hn,

nn khng ng nht
M men ca lc ma st tc dng ln cung trt v m men ca lc dnh chng li
s trt:
M(Tn ) = (N n - Wtn ).tgj n .r ;

M(C ) = c .l .r ;
n
trong : l 1 , l 2 , l 3 l chiu di ca y cung trt ca thi ang xt.

Chng ta thay th cc thnh phn theo phng ngang W1 v W2 ca p lc ct
nc thng lu v h lu bi Q. Bng vic p dng cc lc trc i Q ti im B,
chng ta c m men ca cc cp lc Q.(r.cosa - q) = Qh v lc Q ti im B hng v
pha thng lu. M men ca lc ma st M (TQ ) = Q. sin a.tgj tb .r s xut hin do kt
qu ca s phn tch trn. Gc ma st trong ca tng lp t nh hng ti cc gi tr
ng sut tip trn phn y cung trt OB. V vy, ta thng biu din gi tr trung bnh
ca gc ma st:
tgjtb =
l 1 .tgj1 + l 2 .tgj2 + l 3 .tgj3 + ... + l n .tgjn

l 1 + l 2 + l 3 + ... + l n
(2 - 36)
trong : l 1 , l 2 , l 3 ..., l n l chiu di y cung trt ca cc thi trong on OB c cha
cc gi tr ji khc nhau. H s an ton chng trt ca p m bo chng li s trt

cng vi t nn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
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Kt =
r. ( Vn .cos b n - Wtn ) tgjn + C n .l n + Q.sin .tgjtb

r. Vn .sin n + Q.h
(2 - 37)
Nu mt lp t c gc ni ma st v h s trt nh (v d, lp 2 vi b mt MP
trn hnh 2-29) nm v tr nng, th s mt n nh ca nn c th xy ra khng ch
khi trt dc theo cung trt m cn trt dc theo mt lp t yu .
S tnh ton nh trn hnh 2-22d. Khi trt c gii hn t pha trc v
pha sau bi cc mt thng ng 1-1 v 2-2.
2.8. Tnh ton ng sut y p

Vic tnh ton ng sut ti mt tip xc gia y p v nn p l nhm xc nh
kh nng chu ti ca nn v tnh ton n nh ca cng trnh.
Hnh dng ca s ng sut php y p (hnh yn nga, parabol) ph thuc
vo cng, chiu su ca nn v cc vng truyn ti. i vi nn c tnh n hi thay
i, s ng sut php y c ch ra trong hnh 2-30 cho trng hp nn bin
dng v ti trng tp trung. i vi nn c tnh n hi cao, s ng sut php c
li ln th gi tr ng sut cc bin y nh. Tnh n hi ca nn c xc nh qua
cng thc: (M.I. Gorbunp-Posadp)
t 10
E 0 l3
,
E1 h 3
(2 - 38)
vi: E0 v E1 - m un n hi ca nn v ca vt liu thn p; l = 1/2 chiu rng hoc

1/2 chiu di ca nn; h = chiu cao ca dm.
Khi t th nn cng tuyt i; khi t 0 th nn l n hi hon ton.
ng sut y p tng ng vi cc
P
trng hp bin dng phng c tnh ton
h
nh sau:
2l
(a) Nu nn gm cc loi t khng dnh
c cht tng i JD 0,5, th ng sut php
0.2
c tnh t cng thc nn lch tm.
t=0
0.4
(b) Trong trng hp t dnh v khng
0.6
dnh c JD > 0,5; ng sut y p c tnh t
t=1
0.8
cng thc nn lch tm v s dng phng
P/l
t=5
1.0
php l thuyt n hi, chiu su ca tng t
nn b gii hn l: 0,3B i vi t ct v 0,7B
Hnh 2-30. Cc s ng sut tip
i vi t st. y, B l kch thc y p xc php tuyn i vi cc loi nn
(t thng lu v h lu).
c tnh do khc nhau
i vi cng trnh cp III v cp IV trn
t khng dnh v i vi cng trnh cp IV trn t dnh, ng sut y p ch c
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xc nh t cng thc nn lch tm. ng sut php cc im gc ca mt mt ct p

hoc vai p sa, sb, sc, sd, c xc nh bng cng thc nn lch tm:
si =
V Mx My
,
F Wx Wy
(2-39)
vi: V- lc php tuyn (c xt n p lc ngc); F- din tch y; Mx, My, Wx, Wym men un v m men chng un vi cc trc qun tnh ch yu ca y p.
Trong trng hp ti trng tc ng i xng i vi mt trong cc trc th:
Mx = 0 hoc My = 0.
2.9. Tnh ton bn ca thn p

I. Lun im chung
p b tng c chiu di ln thng c phn thnh nhiu on (n nguyn)
lm vic c lp. Cc on ny tip gip vi nhau ti v tr khp ni. Khp ni thng
c t ti tr pin, n c chia thnh hai na gi l bn tr. Mi bn tr gn vi mt
on ca p. Mi on ca p c th c mt hay nhiu khoang (ca) trn. u mi
on c th l tr bin (khi tip gip vi b) hay bn tr (khi tip gip vi on khc).
Ngn cch gia cc khoang (ca) trong mi on l cc tr pin. Khi tnh ton bn
ca p, ngi ta xt ring cho tng on.
Ni dung ca tnh ton bn l xc nh cc tr s ng sut ti cc v tr khc
nhau trong thn p, trn c s tin hnh kim tra bn v cng v b tr ct
thp khi cn thit.
Do c im cu to ca p, khi tnh ton bn ca mi on p cn phi xt
theo kt cu khng gian. Vic gii bi ton khng gian tm gi tr ng sut ti cc
im khc nhau trong mt on p thng gp nhiu kh khn v thng phi p dng
mt s gi thit lm n gin ha bi ton v hnh dng kt cu, phn b ti trng, quan
h vi nn... Do tnh gn ng ca cc kt qu tnh ton, vic kim tra iu kin bn
ca kt cu cn phi m bo mt mc d tr cn thit.
Mc chnh xc ca s bi ton cng thng c phn bit theo tm quan
trng (cp) cng trnh v giai on thit k.
1- Tnh ton bn chung ca cc on p cc cp ni chung v c bit khi
cng trnh l cp I v II c tin hnh nh i vi kt cu khng gian trn nn n hi
v c tnh theo cc phng php c hc kt cu hay l thuyt n hi. c ng
dng ph bin nht hin nay l cc phng php s - phng php sai phn hu hn hay
phn t hu hn.
2- Tnh ton bn ca p khi cng trnh l cp III, IV v V cng nh khi thit
k s b cc p cp I, II c th tin hnh bng cc phng php c hc kt cu. Khi
ngi ta xt ring cc bi ton kt cu theo phng dc (dc theo dng chy) v
phng ngang (vung gc vi dng chy).
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II. Tnh ton bn ca p theo ph-ng php c hc kt cu

1. Tnh ton on p c ngng trn thc dng
Trng hp ny cc on p c xem nh kt cu c sn chng l tr hay bn
tr (xem hnh 2-26a, b). Cc p hai tng v p c l x su c tnh ton nh kt cu
hp. Khi trong mt ct tnh ton ch a vo mt phn theo chiu cao ca cc tr v
bn tr gii hn bi mt phng nghing 450 so vi phng ngang v i qua im u v
cui ca bn mng (hnh 2-31a).
a)
b)
c)
B-B
A-A
A
45
45
II
III
d)
Hnh 2-31. S tnh ton mt on p trn

c ngng thc dng
S1
1
2
S2
1
S1
a) Mt ct dc dng chy; b) Mt ct ngang;

c) Biu ng sut trn mt ct B - B khi xt un chung (I),
un cc b (II) v un tng cng (III); d) Mt bng;
p- phn lc nn tnh theo phng php nn lch tm.
S2
Ty theo c im kt cu ca on p m c th xut cc s tnh ton

khc nhau v phng php tnh ton gn ng tng ng. Chng hn ta xt vic tnh
ton tm mng ca mt on p c hai khoang. on p (hnh 2-31b) c xem nh
vt cng tuyt i so vi t nn. Ngoi s un chung th trong tm mng cn pht sinh
s un cc b trn cc din tch S1 v S2. Vic tnh ton tm mng v un cc b c th
thc hin nh i vi tm gi ln ba cnh, v c mt cnh t do thng hay h lu.
Cc ti trng cn tnh n l: trng lng bn thn, phn lc nn, ti trng nc, p lc
thm v y ni t pha di...
Mt trong nhng phng php gii bi ton ny l phng php dm trc giao.
Cc tm c chia thnh nhng dm dc c ngm cng l tr gia v gi t do l bn
tr (hnh 2-31d). Khi cn phi thc hin iu kin cn bng v un ca dm ngang
v un ca dm cng xn trung tm I-I ti cc im trn mt ct ngang ca chng.
Theo kt qu tnh ton s xy dng c cc biu ng sut tng cng bao gm ng
sut khi tnh un chung v un cc b.
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2. Tnh ton p c ngng trn nh rng

y l trng hp thng gp i vi cc p dng ngng thp v cc cng l
thin trn h thng ti, tiu, phn l... Tm y ca p thng c chiu dy khng
ln v khng c chnh lch nhiu v chiu dy cc phn khc nhau ca mt on p.
Vic tnh ton kim tra iu kin bn v b tr ct thp cho bn y thng c tin
hnh theo phng ngang, cn ct thp theo phng dc th b tr theo cu to. C th p
dng cc phng php tnh ton sau:
a- Phng php dm o ngc: phng php ny p dng vi cc cng trnh nh,
nn t cng. Khi , coi rng phn lc nn tc dng ln y p phn b tuyn tnh
theo phng dc dng chy v phn b u theo phng ngang.
Khi xt chung cho c p, dng cng thc nn lch tm xc nh phn lc nn.
Sau xt ring tng di ngang ca on p c chiu rng n v (hnh 2-32).
a)
B-B
b)
1m
p c)
y'
y"
-
d)+
Hnh 2-32. S tnh ton bn y p theo phng php dm o ngc

a) Ct dc p; b) Ct ngang on p (theo B-B);
c) S dm o ngc; d) Biu m men un (o ngc).
Xem bn y l mt dm lin tc gi ln cc ph v bn tr, c ti trng tc dng

l phn lc nn p ti v tr ca di trn mt ct dc. Dng phng php c hc kt cu
xc nh ni lc (M, Q), t tnh ton c ct thp theo phng ngang ca p.
Phng php ny c nhc im l cha xt c quan h gia vng ca bn
y v tr s phn lc nn; khi tnh mi ch xt ring tng di m cha k n tnh ton
khi ca on p.
b- Phng php dm trn nn n hi: phng php ny cng xt n ni lc trn
tng di theo phng ngang, nhng c k n tnh ton khi ca on p v quan h
gia vng ca di vi cng phn lc nn ti cc im tng ng.
u tin cng xt ton b on p, dng cng thc nn lch tm xc nh s
b phn lc nn (tc l coi phn lc nn phn b tuyn tnh theo phng dc v u
theo phng ngang).
Ngoi lc tc dng ln mt di ngang bao gm:
- Lc t cc tr truyn xung a v lc tp trung t tm y tr Pi';
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- Cc lc phn b u trn di: trng lng nc pha trn y q0, trng lng
tm y q1, p lc nc y ngc q2;
- S b xem phn lc nn trn di l phn b u (q3).
- Lc ct khng cn bng Q t cc di bn cnh. Tr s ca Q c xc nh
t phng trnh cn bng tnh theo phng thng ng:
Q + SPi' + 2l.Sqj = 0 ,
(2-40)
trong :
SPi'- tng cc lc tp trung t m truyn xung;
Sqj- tng (i s) cc lc phn b u:
Sqj = q0 + q1 + q2 +q3 ;
2l- chiu di ca di.
Sau khi xc nh c Q t phng trnh (2-40), ta cn phn phi Q cho cc phn
(tr v bn y) ca mt bn thuc di ang xt. rng, quy lut phn b ng sut
ct trn mt bn nh sau(cng thc Jurapxki):
t.bc =
Q
.Sc ,
J
(2-41)
trong :
t - cng ng sut ct;
b - chiu rng lt ct theo mt phng nm ngang;
J - m men qun tnh ca mt bn;
Sc - m men tnh ca phn mt bn b ct ly i vi trc trung ha ca ton
mt bn.
Tr s Q v J ca mt bn c xc nh nn biu phn b ca t.bc ng
dng vi biu phn b Sc. Tin hnh v biu Sc (hnh 2-33), xc nh phn din
tch A1, A2 tng ng vi phn tr v bn y, t tnh c cc phn lc ct Q phn
cho tr v bn y:
Sc
Trc
trung ho
A1
A2
Hnh 2-33. S mt bn ca di tnh ton v biu Sc
- Cho tr: Q1 = Q.
A1
;
A1 + A 2
- Cho bn y: Q2 = Q - Q1.
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Phn lc ct Q1 c phn cho cc tr theo t l din tch:

Pi" =Q1 .
Fi
,
Fi
(2-42)
trong : Pi" l phn lc ct phn cho tr th i c din tch Fi.

Phn lc ct Q2 c phn u cho bn y:
Q2
(2-43)
2l
Ngoi ra khi phn tch lc cn phi xt n nh hng ca ti trng bn nh trng
lng t p sau lng tr bin, hay p lc y mng bnh qun ca on p bn cnh,
ti trng t mt ng giao thng truyn ti, m men do cc lc ngang gy ra...
S ti trng cui cng ln di nh hnh 2-34
q4 =
Tr bin
M
i
h
Bn tr
Khp ni
m
n
g
q5
P1
S
Mb
P2
P3
q3
2l
Hnh 2-34. S ngoi lc cui cng tc dng ln di bn y

Trong s :
- Lc tp trung truyn t m Pi = Pi' + Pi";
- Lc phn b trn di: q = q0 + q1 + q2 + q4;
- Cng ti trng bn, pha gip t: S; pha gip vi on khc: q3;
- Mo men do lc ngang ti tr bin: Mb;
- Lc truyn t xe chy trn ng: q5.
Ni lc trong di ca bn y c xc nh theo phng php dm trn nn n
hi. C th gii theo cc phng php ca Winkler, Jenmonskin hay phng php tra
bng ca Gocbunp - Poxadp.
Khi xt nh hng ca ti trng bn cn lu :
- Nu ti trng bn lm tng m men un bn y th xt nh hng hon
ton.
- Nu ti trng bn lm gim m men un bn y vi t p bn l st th
khng xt n nh hng ny, nu l t ct th xt 30-50% nh hng ca ti trng bn.
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- Ch xt nh hng ca ti trng bn phn b trong phm vi chiu di 2l tnh t

mp bin ca on p ang tnh.
3. Tnh ton tr v bn tr
Tr hay bn tr chu tc dng ca ngoi lc nh p lc nc truyn t ca van,
trng lng bn thn tr v cc b phn t ln n (cc cu v ti trng trn cu)... Tr
bin cn chu tc dng ca p lc t. Cch thc truyn p lc nc t ca van ph
thuc vo loi ca van (van phng, van cung, van trc ng...)
Khi tnh ton thng xt cc trng hp sau:
- Trng hp thi cng: tr chu tc dng ca trng lng bn thn v cc my
mc, thit b thi cng truyn xung. Tr lm vic nh cu kin chu nn lch tm.
- Trng hp lm vic, ca van ng: tr chu tc dng ca p lc nc rt ln t
ca van truyn n. V th cn kim tra n nh trt ca tr (khi tr lm tch ri bn
y), hoc kim tra kh nng b ct mt lin kt tr v bn y. i vi ca van phng
cn kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tr ti mt ct c khe van. Nu l van cung th cn
phn tch ng sut ca tr di tc dng ca p lc nc truyn tp trung b phn b
t cng van, v kim tra bn cc b ca khu vc xung quanh b t.
- Trng hp sa cha, khi dng phai chn nc thng v h lu khoang p
v bm ht nc trong khoang ra kim tra sa cha, v khoang bn cnh vn m
bnh thng (hnh 2-35). Lc ny tr lm vic nh mt kt cu chu nn v un hai
phng. ng sut ln nht v nh nht pht sinh ti mt mt ct ngang ca tr c xc
nh theo cng thc:
s max =
min
P Mx My ,
F
Wx
(2-44)
Wy
trong :
SP - tng cc lc thng ng tc dng
ln m;
SMx, SMy - tng m men i vi trc x
v y ti mt ct xt (hnh 2-21);
Wx, Wy- mun chng un i vi trc x
v trc y;
F - din tch mt ct tnh ton.
Hnh 2-35. S lc tc dng ln

tr, trng hp kim tra, sa cha
Ngoi ra, ty theo c im cng trnh v tnh hnh lm vic, c th xt thm mt

s trng hp tnh ton khc. Kt qu tnh ton s xc nh c cc trng hp lm
vic bt li nht b tr ct thp, hoc la chn kch thc tr cho thch hp.
i vi p c ca van phng, mt ct xung yu ca tr l mt ng i qua khe
van. Khi ca van ng, p lc nc truyn vo tr c th ko t tr theo mt ct xung
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yu ny. Trong tnh ton, thng xem b tng khng tham gia chu ko; khi
din tch ct thp Fa t hai bn khe van theo phng ca p lc nc c tnh theo
cng thc:
Fa =
W
,
m.R a
(2-45)
trong :
W- tr s tnh ton ca p lc ngang ca nc truyn qua ca van tc dng vo
mt tr;
m - h s iu kin lm vic;
Ra - cng chu nn tnh ton ca ct thp.
i vi tr p c ca van cung, cn xt bi ton tr chu lc phc tp l nn, un
theo hai phng v chu lc y tp trung vo tai tr.
Bi ton phn tch ng sut tr khi chu lc y t cng van c th gii theo m
hnh nm v hn chu lc tp trung ti nh, c th dn n cc bng tra (xem ph lc
I1 I6, Thit k cng ca tc gi Trnh Bn - L Ha Xng). Tuy nhin ngy nay, cc
bi ton loi ny thng c gii bng phng php phn t hu hn.
III. Tnh ton bn ca p hay cc b phn ca n bng ph-ng php phn t hu hn

(PTHH)
Nh trn ni, khi tnh ton cc on p thuc cng trnh cc cp, nht l cp
I, II ni ring, hay khi phn tch ng sut tr van cung ca cc p ni chung th
phng php tin cy hin nay l phng php PTHH. Nguyn l c bn ca phng
php ny c trnh by trong chng 1- p b tng trng lc. Vic tnh ton p
b tng trn nn mm c tin hnh c xt n lc tng tc gia cng trnh v nn.
Cn bi ton phn tch ng sut tr van cung thng c xt theo s tm ngm
vo bn y.
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Ti liu tham kho chng 2

1) TCXDVN 285-2002. Cng trnh thy li. Cc quy nh ch yu v thit k, NXB
Xy dng H Ni, nm 2002.
2) ng vin di t ca p trn nn khng phi l - Quy trnh thit k 14TCN
58-88, B Thy li, nm 1988.
3) TCVN 5747-1993 t xy dng v phn loi. NXB xy dng, 1993
4) TCVN 4235-86. Nn cc cng trnh thy cng. Tiu chun thit k. NXB Xy dng,
H Ni, 1988.
5) 14TCN 123-2002. Tiu chun nghnh. t xy dng cng trnh thy li - phn loi,
B Nng Nghip v PTNN, 2002.
6) 14TCN 56-88. Thit k p b tng v b tng ct thp. Tiu chun thit k, B thy
li 1988.
7) Trnh Bn, L Ha Xng. Thit k cng - NXB Nng nghip, H Ni, 1988.
8) Gio trnh thy cng- B mn thy cng - i hc Thy Li. Thy cng tp II, NXB
Nng nghip, H Ni, 1989.
9) L.N.Raxxcarop v Nak. Cng trnh thy li phn I (Bn ting Nga), NXB xy dng,
Matxcova, 1996.
10) Hydraulic Structures - Vol1 - Edited by N.M.Grishin - Mir PublishersMoscow
(Bn ting Anh)
11) Jezy Hydrostatick A Jezy Automatick S Vyvenm (Bn ting Tip Khc).
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123
Chng 2 p b tng v b tng ct thp trn
nn mm
79
2..1. c im a cht nn v cng tc chun b
79
I. c tnh ca t dnh
II. c tnh ca t khng dnh
80
81
2.2.Thit k p b tng trn nn mm, -ng vin thm ca p
81
I. Cc b phn ca p
II. S hnh thnh ng vin thm ca p
III. La chn lu lng x ca p trn nn mm
82
84
86
2.3. Cc b phn ca -ng vin thm
87
I. Sn trc
II. Cc bn c
III. Tng, mng chng thm v chn khay su
IV. mng p
87
89
91
92
2.4. Tnh ton Thm vng quanh, thm vai p b tng ni tip vi b
93
I. M t dng thm vng quanh tr bin

93
II. Tnh ton dng thm qua p trn nn thm nc (theo phng php ca S.N.
Numrp)
95
III. n gin ha vic lp ng bo ha khi thm vng quanh tr bin
98
IV. Lp ng bo ha quanh tr bin theo phng php ca F. Forkhgym. Tm y
tng tng.
99
V. Cc nhn xt b xung v cch lp ng bo ha quanh tr bin
100
2.5. Cu to p v b tr ni tip h l-u
104
I. Cu to p
II. B tr ni tip h lu
104
105
2.6. Tnh ton n nh ca p trn nn mm theo s tr-t phng
107
2.7. n nh ca p vi s tr-t su v tr-t hn hp
109
I. Sc chu ti ca nn
II. Trt su vi mt trt tr trn trn nn ng nht
III. Trng hp nn khng ng nht
109
111
112
2.8. Tnh ton ng sut y p
114
2.9. Tnh ton bn ca thn p
115
I. Lun im chung
II. Tnh ton bn ca p theo phng php c hc kt cu
III. Tnh ton bn ca p hay cc b phn ca n bng phng php PTHH
115
116
121
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124
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A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

2.1. c im a cht nn v cng tc chun b

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

- t dnh: t, trong bn chng ct gm lc ma st gia cc ht v lc

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

trnh cc bin dng v ln ln ca cc b phn ca p v ca cc tng

II. c tnh ca t khng dnh

2.2.Thit k p b tng trn nn mm, -ng vin thm ca p

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

Hnh 2-1. p trn trn nn mm v cc b phn ca n

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

Hnh 2-2 m t cc mt ct ca p trn trn nn t c xy dng Nga trong

Hnh 2-2. Mt s p trn trn nn mm c xy dng Lin X (c)

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

- Tng chn khay c xy dng nhm mc ch:

Hnh 2-3. p y c xy dng tnh H Ty - Vit Nam

II. S hnh thnh -ng vin thm ca p

ng knh vin D 3 0cm

Hnh 2-4. p Lng c xy dng tnh Ngh An - Vit Nam

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

Khi b tr thit b thot nc (TBTN) cn ch ti cc im sau y:

Hnh 2-5. ng vin thm di t ca p trn trn nn mm

III. La chn l-u l-ng x ca p trn nn mm

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

Sau khi xc nh c cao trnh ca sn h lu v mc nc sng trong iu

2.3. Cc b phn ca -ng vin thm

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

i vi ct nc ln n 15 m, ta thng s dng loi sn ph st, st, than bn.

Hnh 2-6. S sn trc neo

Sn ph bng vt liu cng thng lm bng b tng hoc b tng ct thp. Sn

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

Khi b tr c nn p, cn phi xt n tnh thm nc ca chng do s lin kt

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

lc thng c dng nhiu hn so vi tng chng thm bng thp v chng c sn

III. T-ng, mng chng thm v chn khay su

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

Hnh 2-8. Chn khay

Sra = (0,05 0,10)T,

Sra = (0,05 0,10)lo ,

ng vin ca p c th thit k theo mt trong hai phng n sau y:

Hnh 2-9. Thit k mng p

V l do kinh t, nn p dng phng n th nht (hnh 2-9a), n nh tr s d vi

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

Cu to ch i ra ca dng thm h lu. Trong vng mt ct t ch dng thm

Hnh 2-10. Cu to ch ra ca dng thm h lu

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

Hnh 2-11. Tr bin c tng cnh thng gc

hnh 2-11 nhng ng dng l ca phn dng chy khng p v cc ng

Hnh 2-12. ng bo ha quanh tr bin-I

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

II. Tnh ton dng thm qua p trn nn thm n-c

Hnh 2-13. S tnh ton thm ca p t

trong : Lo = Lyp + 0,4h1 + 0,4h2;

trong : x v h - cc kch thc nh biu th hnh 2-13.

s tay KTTL * Phn 2 - cng trnh thy li * Tp 2

Cui cng, ta la bng mt un thm cc on cong cha bit A - a v B - b

y, L'o - khong cch nm ngang t mp nc mi thng lu ti chn dc h lu.

Hnh 2-14. S tnh ton thm ca p t c "mi dc" h lu thng ng

A - p b tng v b tng ct thp

Hnh 2-15. S tnh ton thm ca p t c li gia