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BS 8010 :
Section 2.8 :
1992
BRITISH STANDARD
Pipelines
Part 2. Pipelines on land: design, construction and
installation
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BSI B S X 8 0 1 0 : SEC*?.-8
BS 8010 : Section 2.8 : 1992
O1
1 b 2 4 b b 9 0370443 O74
British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical
Committee B/203 Pipelines, to Subcommittee E3/203/2 i Pipelines for oil and gas
on land, upon which the following bodies were represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers
British Compressed Gases Association
British Gas plc
British Steel Industry
Department of Environment (Property Services Agency)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Health and Safety Executive
Institute of Petroleum
Pipelines Industries Guild
PSE/ 17 Materials and equipment for petroleum and natural gas industries
PSE/ 17/1 Linepipe
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Amd. No.
Date
o RSI 1992
The following &SI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference 3. 20:3, 2
Draft for comment 92iiO703 IK'
ISBN O 580 20996 2
Page
Inside front cover
4
Code of practice
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
1.2 References
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Units
1.5 Application
1.6 Pipeline and plant area demarcations
1.7 Safety
1.8 Environmental protection
1.9 Quality assurance
1.10 Statutory requirements
1.11 Documentation
1.12 Abandonment
1.13 Pipeline design flowchart
Section 2. Design
2.1 Safety considerations
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Categorization of substances
Safety evaluation
Classification of location
Selection of design factor
General design considerations
Design conditions
Design criteria
Pressure, thermal and other stress criteria
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Section 3. Materials
3.1 General requirements, materials and dimensional standards
3.2 Limitations on materials
3.3 Pipe
3.4 Pipe without fuil certification
3.5 Pipe fittings, components and bends
3.6 Quality assurance
24
25
25
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1
Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112
Not for Resale, 11/22/2005 04:54:09 MST
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Committees responsible
Foreword
BSI B S x B O L O : SEC*:2.8
O1
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BSI B S X 8 O L O : S E c ~ 2 . 8 O 1 W 1 b Z 4 b b 9 0370446 8 8 3
p%e
Section 8. Pressure testing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Safety precautions
8.3 Test equipment
8.4 Test pressure
8.5 Test procedure
8.6 Test acceptance criteria
8.7 High level testing
8.8 Disposal of test water
8.9 Repairs to test failures
8.10 Tie-in welds
8.11 Pre-testing of crossings
8.12 %sting of fabricated components
8.13 Test records
Section 9. Commissioning
9.1 General
9.2 Precommissioning
9.3 Cleaning
9.4 Commissioning
9.5 Deferred commissioning
9.6 Communications
9.7 Handover procedures
lbles
1
Pipeline design flowchart
2
Substance factors
3
Pipe specified minimum yield strength (S,)
4
Factors for hoop stress variations
5
Standards for materials
Figures
1
Extent of pipeline systems for conveying oil and gas which are
covered by this Section
2
Minimum distance from normally occupied buildings for methane (a
category D substance)
3
Pressure definitions
4
Measurement of air content
5
Effect of temperature on pressure
List of references
~
~~
36
36
36
37
37
39
39
39
39
41
41
41
41
42
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BSI B S * B 0 1 0 :
SEC*2.8
O L m L b 2 4 b b 9 0370447 7 1 T m
Foreword
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This Section of BS 8010 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
Committee B/203. BS 8010 is a complete revision of all five Parts of CP 2010.
BS 8010 is to be published in four Parts as follows.
Part 1. Pipelines on land: general
Part 2. Pipelines o n land: design, construction and installation
Part 3 will include the general information relevant to subsea pipelines and the
particular information on design, construction and installation of a pipeline in
specific materials.
Part 4 will contain advice on the operation and maintenance of pipelines and will
probably be in sections related to conveyed material.
This Section of BS 8010 supersedes part of CP 2010 : Part 2 : 1970. This Section
of BS 8010 deals with oil, gas and other substances which are hazardous by
nature of being explosive, flammable, toxic or reactive, generally classified as
category B, category C and category D substances (see 2.2).
The guidance given on the design of pipelines for the transmission of methane is
based directly on the philosophy and guidance contained in the Institution of Gas
Engineeis Recommendations on transmission and distribution practice
IGE/TD/ 1 : 1984 Steel pipelinesfor high pressure gas transmission. The
Institutionsguidance is specific to 1st and 2nd family gases and can be
supported by experimental data. Copies of the Recommendations are available
from the Institution and should be consulted.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
Attention is drawn to the principal Acts of Parliament, which enable pipelines to
be constructed and regulate procedures. These are listed in appendix A of
BS 8010 : Part 1 : 1989.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from
legal obligations.
Copyright British Standards Institution
Reproduced by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
BSI BS*AOLO:
SEC.At2.8
Section 1
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
This Section of BS 8010 : Part 2 provides guidance
on the design, construction and installation of steel
pipelines on land for oil, gas and toxic fluids. It is
not intended to replace or duplicate hydraulic,
mechanical or structural design manuals.
The extent of pipeline systems on land for
conveying oil, gas and toxic fluids which are
covered by this Section is shown in figure 1.
Reference should be made to BS 8010 : Part 1 :
1989 for those aspects of land acquisition, routing,
installation, operation, maintenance and
abandonment of pipelines which affect land.
1.2 References
1.2.1 Normative references
This Section of BS 8010 incorporates, by reference,
provisions from specific editions of other
publications. These normative references are cited
at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on page 46. Subsequent
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications apply to this Section of BS 8010 only
when incorporated in it by updating or revision.
1.2.2 Informative references
This Section of BS 8010 refers to other publications
that provide information or guidance. Editions of
these publications current at the time of issue of
this standard are listed on page 48,but reference
should be made to the latest editions.
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1.3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Section of BS 8010 the
definitions given in BS 8010 : Part 1 : 1989 apply
together with the following.
1.3.1 availability
The probability that a system will be in the
operational state,
1.3.2 coating
A durable material of high electrical resistance
applied to the external surface of steel pipes and
fittings to protect the metal from corrosion.
1.3.3 component
A general term for any item that is part of a
pipeline other than a straight pipe or field bend.
NOTE. Also referred to as a fitting.
1.3.5 holiday
A flaw in the coating or lining.
1.3.6 holiday detector
A device for detecting flaws in the coating or
lining.
1.3.7 insulation joint
A fitting having high electrical resistance which
can be inserted in a pipeline to insulate electrically
one section of pipeline from another.
1.3.8 intermediate station
A pump, compressor, valve, pressure control,
heating or metering station, etc. located along the
pipeline route between the pipeline terminals.
1.3.9 internal design pressure
The pressure selected as the maximum sustained
pressure exerted by the pipeline contents for which
a pipeline is to be designed.
1.3.10 lining
A durable material applied to the internal surface
of steel pipes and fittings to protect the metal from
corrosion, erosion or chemical attack.
1.3.11 maximum operating pressure
The sum of the static head pressure, the pressure
required to overcome friction loss and any required
back pressure.
1.3.12 maximum allowable operating pressure
(MAOP)
The MAOP is that pressure, excluding surge
pressure or other variations, for which a pipeline is
qualified.
1.3.13 night cap
A temporary closure at the end of a section of
pipeline.
1.3.14 pig
A device propelled through a pipeline by fluid
pressure, for cleaning, swabbing, inspection or
batch separation.
1.3.15 pig trap
A device allowing entry to the pipeline for the
launching and receiving of pigs and other
equipment to be run through the pipeline.
1.3.16 pipe
A hollow cylinder through which fluid can flow, as
produced by the manufacturer prior to assembly
into a pipeline.
NOTE. Also known as linepipe.
Section 1
1.3.17 pipeline
1.5 Application
1.4 Units
The International System of Units (SI) (see
BS 5555) is followed in this Section. Exceptions are
pipeline diameters which are also given in inches
and the unit used for pressure which is the bar.
h'Cn'. I bar
IO' N
in'
IO.' Pa.
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BSI BS+8OLO:
SEC+2.8
01
L b 2 4 b b 9 O370450 204
Section 1
Wellheads
1
-/
\-.-//
..-0
Flow l i n e
Gathering station
-d*H-,
T
;
4
i
/
Terminal w i t h
s t o r a g e a n d pump
Distribution
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Separation p l a n t
Storage
Pump o r compressor
stat ion
D i s t r i b u t ion
Intermediate s t a t i o n
Legend
---
Process p l a n t w i t h
s t o r a g e a n d pump
o r compressor
station
+-
Piping a n d f a c i l i t i e s n o t
covered by t h i s code
Pigging facilities
intermediate s t a t i o n - p u m p ,
compressor, valve, pressure
control, h e a t i n g or metering
station etc. covered b y t h i s
code
Intermediate station
---?
I
Terminal w i t h / I
storage
II
Distribution
Storage
\-,
Figure 1. Extent of pipeline systems for conveying oil and gas which are covered by this Section
1.7 Safety
1.11 Documentation
1.12 Abandonment
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Section 1
B S I BS*8OLO:
SECx2.8
O L m L b 2 4 b b 9 0370452 087 m
BS 8010 : Section 2.8 : 1992
Section 1
Servtcehnditione
Categories of substances
Pressure,temperature, flow
QunlityAseurance
Environmental considerations
Safety considerations
Part 1
2.1,2.3
& 2.4
Crossings
Environmental considerations
Crossings design
Review of design factor
DeeignFactor
classification of location
Select design factor
2.4
2.6
Deeign criterta
Pressure: temperature design
stsesscriteria
Expansionand flexibility
2.8
2.9
2.9
Materials
Selection of materials
Selection of waii thickness
3
2.8
Internal corrosion
Part 1
2.6
2.6
4.3
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I I
6.4
2.8
2.8
6.4
6.8
2.9
2.9
External corrosion
Environmental considerations
Corrosion survey
Cathodic protection
4.2
Part 1
4.2
4.4
ri
Chosen design
BSI BS*BOLO:
m
Section 2
Section 2. Design
2.1 Safety considerations
2.1.1 General
The recommendations of this Section are
considered to be adequate for public safety under
conditions usually encountered in pipelines
including those within towns, cities, water
catchments and industrial areas. The Section is not
intended to be a design handbook and although it
contains certain recommendations it does not
replace the need for appropriate experience and
competent engineering judgement. Fundamental
principles should be followed throughout and
materials and practices not recommended in the
Section may be used providing they can be shown
to achieve comparable safety standards.
The design and location of a pipeline should take
account of the hazard potential of the substance to
be conveyed, the proximity of the pipeline to
normally occupied buildings and the density of
population in the areas through which the pipeline
passes. Potential causes of pipeline damage which
may lead to subsequent failure include the
activities of third parties carrying out agricultural
or construction works along the route of the
pipeline such as those associated with deep
working of the land, drainage, installation and
maintenance of underground services and general
road works.
Consideration should be given at the design stage
to any requirement to provide suitable and safe
access for in-service inspection.
The safety and reliability of a pipeline system may
be improved by the application of quality assurance
procedures in design. In this respect reference
should be made to section 7.
2.1.2 Extra protection
The design of a pipeline should take into account
the extra protection which may be required to
prevent damage arising from unusual conditions
such as may occur at river crossings and bridges, or
duc to exceptional traffic loads, long self-supported
spans, vibration, weight of special attachments,
ground movement, abnormal corrosive conditions,
any other abnormal forces and in areas where the
depth of cover is less than recommended.
Typical examples of extra protection are:
a) increased pipe wall thickness;
b) additional protection above the pipe;
c) application of concrete or similar protective
coating to the pipe;
d) use of thicker coatings to improve corrosion
protection;
e) increased depth of cover;
f) use of extra markers to indicate the presence
of the pipeline;
g) provision of a sleeve to protect from live loads;
h) provision of impact protection for
above-ground pipelines.
2.2.1 General
Substances to be conveyed by pipelines should be
placed in one of the following four categories
according to the hazard potential of the substance.
If the category is not clear the more hazardous
should be assumed.
10
Category A
Category B
Category C
Category D
BSI B S * B O L O :
SEC*:2=8 O 1
Section 2
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Class 2 location
SEC+2.8
O1
L b 2 4 b b 9 0370455 89b
Class 3 location
Section 2
' (m
[L
where
D
P
Q
Substance
Substance factor, Q
Ammonia
Ethylene
Hydrogen
LPG
NGL
Category C
2.5
0.8
0.45
1
1.25
12
0.3
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B S I BS*:BOLO:
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NOTE 1. Pipelines designed to operate between 7 bar and 19 bar should have an internai design pressure of 19 bar.
NOTE 2. For pipelines,designed to operate at less than 7 bar, guidance may be obtained from IGI9TW3.
Figure 2. Minimum distance &om normally occupied buildings for methane (a category D
substance)
Section 2
1 b 2 4 b b 9 0370457 669
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1:3
3 6 2 4 b b 0370458 5 T 5
Section 2
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14
E S 1 BS*8OLO:
SEC*2-8
O1
Section 2
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15
4
Section 2
(MAOP)
The MAOP is related to the test pressure
established by carrying out a hydrostatic or
pneumatic test on the pipeline in accordance with
section 8. it is essential that the MAOP does not
exceed the internal design pressure.
2.7.4 Temperature considerations
2.7.4.1 Design temperature
The design temperature should be established by
considering temperature variations resulting from
pressure changes and extreme ambient
tempera.iires, but should not include post rupture
condit ions or emergency blow-down conditions.
NOTE. (:ciiisi<ierat,ionshould be given to possible fault.
c,oridit ions whidi iiiay give rise to low temperature.
1(i
Section 2
Pressure
-7
-
Maximum operating
pressure
-t
Distance
* The MAOP may vary between these limits dependent upon the test pressure.
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17
BSI
BS+BOLO: S E C x 2 . 8 01
L b 2 4 b b 9 O370462 T26
Section 2
2.8.3.3 Flanges
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18
BSI BS*8010:
Section 2
<,/
SEC*2-8
O 1 M 1 6 2 4 b b 7 03704b3 762 M
2.8.3.11 Threadedjoints
2.8.3.9 Bends
All pipe threads on piping components should be
Changes in direction may be made by bending pipe
taper pipe threads in accordance with BS 3799 :
or installing factory-made bends or elbows. All
bends should be free from buckling, cracks or other 1974 or ANSI B16.11 : 1980. The installation of
threaded joints (including compression fittings)
evidence of mechanical damage. The nominal
should be discouraged on buried piping systems.
internal diameter of a bend should not be reduced
by ovality by more than 2.5 % at any point around
2.8.3.12 Special joints
the bend. Sufficient tangent lengths should be left
Special joints, such as insulation joints, may be
at each end of bends to ensure good alignment.
used provided they are designed in accordance
Pipes bent cold should not contain a butt weld
with good engineering practice ,and applicable
within the bent section.
requirements of this section. The design of special
The wall thickness of,finished bends, taking into
joints should take account of vibration, fatigue,
account wall thinning at the outer radius, should
cyclic conditions, low temperature, thermal
be not less than the design thickness, t , shown
expansion and construction installation stresses.
in 2.8.3.1. An indication of wall thinning as a
Before installation into the pipeline, the joint
percentage may be given by the following empirical should pass a hydrostatic pressure test without end
formula:
restraint at a pressure equal to the pipeline test
50
pressure.
wall thinning = n + l
2.8.4 Pig traps
where
Pig traps should be designed according to the
n is the inner bends radius divided by pipe
provisions of this Section. However, reference may
diameter.
be made to BS 5500 for fabrication, and for design
of details such as nozzle reinforcement, saddle
This formula does not take into account other
supports and other items not classed as standard
factors which depend on the bending process and
pipeline sections. Welding and inspection
reference should be made to the bend
requirements should be supplemented by BS 4515 :
manufacturer where wall thinning is critical.
1984. Pig traps should be tested at pressures not
Reference should be made to 3.5.2 for materials
less
than those required for the associated pipeline.
aspects of bending and to 6.6 for field bending
2.8.5 Slug catchers
during construction.
Mitred, wrinkle or gussetted bends should not be
2.8.5.1 General
used in pipeline systems covered by this Section.
Slug catchers should be installed upstream of
Account should be taken of the use of cleaning,
stations, terminals and other plant to remove slugs
scraper and internal inspection devices when
of liquid from multi-phase flow pipelines. The
specifying the radius of bends intended for
design pressure should be equal to the internal
installation in pipelines.
design pressure of the pipeline system (see 2.7.2).
Factory-made bends and factory-made wrought
Consideration should be given to thermal relief,
steel elbows may be used provided they comply
pipeline and process-related relief requirements
with 2.8.3.6 and this clause.
and measures to reduce fire exposure. The design
should take account of static loading, transients
2.8.3.10 Closures
during slug arrival, anchor and support
Closure fittings, including those designed for
repeated opening and closing, except blind flanges, requirements and the provision of sample points to
evaluate the build up of solids. When carrying out
should be designed in accordance with BS 5500 :
flexibility and stress analysis calculations account
1991 or ASME Boiler and P r m r e Vessel Code,
should
be taken of momentum and dynamic
Section VIII, Division 1 : 1989 141 and 2.8.3.6 for
effects.
bolting.
2.8.5.2 Vessel-type slug catchers
End closures for components including pig traps,
The design of vessel-type slug catchers should be in
filters and prover loops should incorporate an
accordance with RS 5500 : 1991 or ASME Boiler
interlocked vent to prevent the closure being
and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 :
opened before the release of pressure from the
1989 [4].
component. The design should ensure that the
hinges and locking mechanism are sufficiently
2.8.5.3Multipipe-type slug catchers
robust to withstand repeated use.
For buried multipipe-type slug catchers the
Flat, ellipsoidal, spherical and conical closure heads pressure design should be in accordance with this
should be designed in accordance with BS 5500 :
Section with an appropriate design factor. For
1991 or ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
above-ground multipipe-type slug catchers the
Section VIII, Division 1 : 1989 141.
pressure design should be in accordance with
ANSI B31.3 : 1987.
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Section 2
Thin wall
In both cases reference should be made to
PD
BS 5500 : 1991 or ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code Section VIII, Division 1 : 1989 [4] for nozzle
2ot
reinforcement and saddle support design and for
Thick
wall
construction quality requirements.
The thick wal formula may be used when the
2.8.6 Anchor blocks
D/t
ratio is I20. This gives the maximum hoop
Design of anchor blocks to prevent axial movement
stress
encountered at the inside face of the pipe
of a pipeline should take into account the pipeline
wall.
expansion force and any pipe to soil friction
p(@ + OF)
preventing movement. The axial compressive force
required to restrain a pipeline should be calculated
sh = lo(@ - Diz)
as follows.
where
Thin wall
F = A(Ea (rz - TI)+ 0.5 s h - vsh)
s h is the hoop stress (in N/mm2);
is the internal design pressure (in bar)
p
Thick wall
(see 2.7.2);
F = A(Ea(T2 D is the outside diameter (in mm);
is the design thickness (in mm);
t
where
Di is the inside diameter (D - at) (in mm).
is the axial force (in N);
F
+-
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20
SEC+2.B
1 b 2 4 b b 0370465 735
--
O1
Section 2
s h
where
Thick wall
k
2
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BSI B S + B O L O :
where
21
SEC*:2.8 O 1
Section 2
aRs,
where
Sah
a
e
S,
s,
Sa,
S,
Pipe specification
Pipe
yield strength
N/mm2
API 5L : 1991
B
X42
X46
X52
X56
X60
X65
X70
241
289
317
358
386
413
448
482
Stress range
Stress range
Nimm2
lbf/in2
22
Value of constant C
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BSI BS*:BOLO:
BSI BS*$OLO:
SEC*Z.B
O L m L b 2 U b b 9 03704b7 508 m
Section 2
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BSI BS*8OLO:
SECa2.8
Section 3
Section 3. Materials
3.1 General requirements, materials and dimensional standards
Pipeline materials and components should conform to the specifications listed in table 5 or should meet
the recommendations of this Section for materials not listed.
Pipe
Specification for line pipe
Steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon steel with specified room
temperature properties
Specification for steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon and
carbon manganese steel with specified elevated temperature properties
API 5L : 1991
BS 3601 : 1987
BS 3602 : Part 1 :
1987 and Part 2 :
1991
Specification for steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes: carbon and alloy BS 3603 : 1991
steel with specified low temperature properties
Flanges, fittings and gaskets
ANSI B16.5 : 1988
Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings
ANSI B16.9 : 1986
Factory-made wrought steel butt-welded fittings
ANSI B16.20 : 1973
Ring joint gaskets and grooves for steel pipe flanges
BS 1560
Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings for the petroleum industry
BS 1640
Steel butt-welded pipe fittings for the petroleum industry
BS 1832 : 1991
Oil resistant compressed asbestos fibre jointing
BS 1965 : 1963
Butt-welded pipe fittings for pressure purposes
BS 2815 : 1973
Compressed asbestos fibre jointing
BS 3293 : 1960
Carbon steel pipe flanges (over 24 in) for the petroleum industry
Metallic spiral wound gaskets for use with flanges to BS 1560
BS 3381 : 1989
Steel pipe fittings, screwed and socket welded, for the petroleum industry
BS 3799 : 1974
MSS SP-44 : 1991
Steel pipeline flanges
Specification for high test wrought welded fittings
MSS SP-75 1988
Bolting
BS 4882 : 1990
Bolting for flanges and pressure containing purposes
Values
API 6D : 1991
Pipeline valves
API 597 : 1931
Steel venturi gate valves, flanged and butt-welded end
Steel plug valves
API 599 : 1988
Steel gate valves, flanged or butt welded ends
API 600 : 1991
Small carbon steel gate valves, compact design
API 602 : 1985
BS 1414 : 1075
Steel wedge gate valves (flanged and butt welded ends) for the petroleum,
petrochemical and allied industries
Steel check valves (flanged and butt-welded ends) for the petroleum,
BS 1868 : 1975
petrochemical and allied industries
BS 1873 : 1975
Steel globe and globe stop and check valves (flanged and butt welded ends)
for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
Steel ball valves for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
BS 5351 : 1986
Specification for steel wedge gate, globe and check valves 50 mm and cmalier BS 5352 : 1981
for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries
Specification for plug valves
BS 5353 : 1989
BS 6759 : Part 3 :
Safety valves
1984
Copyright British Standards Institution
Reproduced by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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subject
Section 3
Subject
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BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
1501
1501 to BS 1504,
1506
1502 : 1982
1503 : 1989
BS 1504 : 1976
BS 4360 : 1990
None
BS 5500 : 1991
NTE. In any of the standards listed where the pressure rating is specified at 38 O C it is acceptable to use the component in the
range - 25 O C to 120 O C .
3.3 Pipe
3.3.5 Weldability
Consideration should be given to the completion of
a weldability trial on pipe selected during line pipe
production for each size and supplier of pipe.
3.3.1 Specification
Linepipe should be supplied as seamless,
longitudinally welded or spirally welded pipe.
Butt-welded pipe should not be supplied. (Refer to
API 5L).
Consideration should be given to the completion of
a manufacturing procedure qualification test on
linepipe to be specially manufactured for a specific
pipeline. This should be carried out before
significant quantities of linepipe are produced to
ensure compliance with the chemical and
mechanical properties in the specification.
3.3.3 Hardness
Hardness testing requirements should be agreed
between the purchasers and the manufacturer.
3.3.4 Post weld heat treatment
The seam weld of electrically welded line pipe
should be heat treated to ensure compliance with
the mechanical and fracture toughness
requirements in the specification.
25
Section 3
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BSI B S * 8 0 1 0 : S E C * 2 - 8 O1
Section 4
~
B S I BSUBOLO:
SECU2.B
DL
L b 2 4 b b 9 0370472 975
Section 4
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BSI B S * B O L O :
SEC*i<2.8
01 D Lb24bb9 0370473 B O L
Section 5
5.2 Location
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5.4 Piping
Above and below-ground piping should be designed
in accordance with the design conditions (see 2.7)
and design criteria (see 2.8) of this Section. Design
factors should follow the recommendations of 2.5.
However, consideration should be given to reducing
these design factors where special conditions exist
at the particular location.
Consideration should be given to the preparation of
a detailed stress analysis of piping for the design
conditions (see 2.7) to ensure that stresses within
piping and forces and displacements exerted on
equipment comply with the design criteria
(see 2.8).
For piping design, reference may be made to
ANSI B31.3 and IGE/TD/12 : 1985.
B S I BS+8010: SECa2.8
O 1 M 1 b 2 4 b b 9 0370474 748
Section 5
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30
Section 6
Section 6. Construction
6.1 General
Reference should be made to BS 8010 : h r t 1 :
1989 which considers the aspects of pipeline
projects which affect land owners and occupiers
along the route of the pipeline. Account should be
taken of the procedures and recommendations in
BS 8010 : Part 1 : 1989 to be followed before any
work on land commences.
The safety and reliability of a pipeline system may
be improved by the application of quality assurance
procedures in construction. In this respect
reference should made to section 7.
6.3 Safety
High standards of safety should be maintained at
all times and reference made to the Health and
Safety at Work Act 1974 [7]. Safety training should
be given to all employees engaged in supervision
and construction of pipelines.
Particular provisions of the Fctories Act 1961 [8]
apply to pipeiine construction and account should
be taken of the Construction (Lifting Operations)
Regulations [ 93. Reference should also be made to
the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 [ 101 and
The Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas
Containers Regulations 1989 [ 111.
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31
6.8 Welding
6.8.1 General
The welding of pipeline systems should be carried
out in accordance with BS 4515 : 1984.
Prefabricated and interconnecting pipework in
terminals may alternatively be welded in
accordance with ANSI B31.3, BS 2633, BS 4677,
BS 4870, BS 4871 or API 1104 as appropriate.
6.11 Lowering
Before the pipe is lowered care should be taken to
ensure that the bottom of the trench is clean, free
from objects likely to cause coating damage and
able to provide even support to the pipeline. Where
the trench contains rock or stones a 150 mm
thickness of sand or other suitable material should
be placed beneath the pipe. Alternatively the pipe
may be protected by a suitable coating.
Roller cradles or wide belt shgs should be used to
lift and lower the pipe into the trench using
sideboom tractors or similar machinery. Such
machinery should be certified in accordance with
the hctories Act 1961. All equipment in contact
with the pipe coating should be suitably padded to
prevent coating damage. Account should be taken
of the stresses in the pipeline during the lifting and
lowering operation to prevent overstressing of the
pipe.
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BSu8010:
Section 6
6.14 Crossings
Road and rail crossings may be constructed by
open-cut, boring or tunnelling methods. Open cut
road crossings should be carried out in a manner
which minimizes the disruption to normal traffic
flow. Particular attention should be given to the
statutory and local authority requirements for
warning signs and lights during the construction of
road crossings.
Where water crossings are installed by the open-cut
method temporary flume pipes or overpumping
should be considered to ensure that there is no
disruption to water flow during construction. l
achieve stability of the pipeline at water crossings
consideration should be given to the application of
a weight coating such as concrete to maintain
negative buoyancy of the pipe during both
construction and in service. Attention should be
given to maintaining the integrity of flood or tidal
barriers at river crossings during construction.
Consideration should be given to the possibility of
future cleaning and deepening operations on
drainage ditches. Where such operations are likely
and where the pipeline is installed by open cut
methods, protective slabs should be provided. For
large drainage ditches and dykes a reinforced
concrete slab of adequate dimensions should be
placed above the pipe and below the hard bottom
of the ditch, bedded on firm ground either side of
the pipe trench, For smaller ditches precast
concrete marker slabs should be adequate. The top
of the slab should be at least 300 mm below the
cleaned bottom of the ditch.
6.17 Pups
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BSI
33
Section 7
7. General
7.4.1 Pipe
The quality plan should specify the tests and
documented evidence required to ensure that the
pipe as delivered meets with the specification
against which it has been ordered. Each heat of
steel should be certified. Pipe mill inspection
should be specified. Each accepted pipe should be
given a unique identification number,
cross-referenced to the inspection certification so
that it can be identified and its quaiity verified.
Each pipe used for the construction of the pipeline
should be clearly marked with the unique pipe
identification number which should be maintained
and transferred to any pipe off cuts.
7.4.2 Stock material
Where material is purchased from stockholders, it
is essential that the supplier provides satisfactory
documentary certification (either of original
manufacture or by appropriate testing) that the
material supplied is in accordance with the
required specification.
7.4.3 Shop fabricated equipment
Shop-fabricated or manufactured equipment (such
as pig traps, manifolds, slug catchers, valves,
flanges, insulation joints, meters and meter
provers) should be constructed only from material
which can be identified and verified as to quality
and specification. Fbbrication should not
commence until written certification is available.
(BS 8010 :
Part 1)
(section 2)
(section 3)
(section 4)
(4.2.2)
(6.8)
(6.8)
(6.8)
(section 8)
(section 9)
7.2.3 Inspection
Inspection is the process of controlling quality by
examining, measuring, testing, gauging or
otherwise comparing the material or item with the
specified requirements. The level of inspection
should be such as to satisfy the requirements of the
quality plan. Inspection activities should be
certified by appropriately qualified personnel.
34
SEC*?-B
OL
Section 7
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BSI BS*BOLO:
35
Section 8
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36
SEC*:2-8 O 1
1 6 2 4 6 6 7 0370481 988
Section 8
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B S I BS*8OLO:
37
L b 2 4 b b 9 0370482 814
Section 8
Pressure
50% maximum
__c
operating pressure
water added
I
Volume o f air
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_BSI
_ _ BS+8010: SEC+i.B
O 1 M 1 6 2 4 6 6 7 0 3 7 0 4 8 3 7 5_ _0
Section 8
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8.6.1 General
The pressure test should be considered as
satisfactory if no observable pressure variation
occurs which cannot be accounted for by
temperature change taking into account the
accuracy and sensitivity of the measuring
equipment.
figure 5);
is the nominal pipe diameter (in m);
is the nominal wall thickness (in m).
BSI B S X 8 0 1 0 : SEC*2-8 01
2.0
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Section 8
+1.0
O
t
U
d
U-
al
L
c
3
LaJ
I-
- 1.0
10
15
20
Temperature , O C
40
25
30
BSI BSt8OLO: S E C t 2 - 8 01
Section 8
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41
BSI B S * B O L O :
SEC*:2.8 O 1
L b 2 4 b b 9 037048b 4bT
=
Section 9
Section 9. Commissioning
9.1 General
Commissioning refers to the work required to bring
a pipeline system into operation after completion of
construction. A commissioning procedure document
should be prepared which systematically sets out
the commissioning operation.
9.2 Precommissioning
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9.3 Cleaning
Consideration should be given to the degree of
cleanliness required in the operating pipeline both
at the design stage and before the introduction of
the substance to be conveyed during
commissioning. A cleaning method appropriate to
the substance being conveyed should be employed.
9.4 Commissioning
9.4.1 Commissioning of category B substance
pipelines
Commissioning of category B substance pipelines
should comprise the displacement of test medium,
if necessary, by pumping the substance to be
conveyed into the pipeline. Pigs or spheres may be
used to minimize interface mixing and to monitor
progress of the interface along the pipeline. Care
should be taken to clear trapped test medium from
valves, fittings and instruments.
B S I BSr<BOLO: S E C x 2 - B 01
L b 2 4 b b 9 0 3 7 0 4 8 7 3Tb
Section 9
9.6 Communications
During all phases of cleaning, testing, purging and
commissioning, a reliable communications system
should be in operation between field personnel.
Consideration should be given to the use of
trackable pigs during initial swabbing operations.
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43
BSI BS*8010:
S E C * 2 * 8 01
Normative references
BSI standards publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 1414 : 1975
BS 1501
BS 1502 : 1982
BS 1503 : 1983
BS 1504 : 1976
BS 1506 : 1990
BS 1560
BS 1640
BS 832 : 991
BS 868 : 975
BS 873 : 975
BS 1965
BS 1965 : Part 1 : 1963
BS 2815 : 1973
BS 3293 : 1960
BS3381 : 1989
BS3601 : 1987
BS 3602 :
BS 3602 : Part 1 : 1987
BS 3602 : Part 2 : 1991
BS 3603 : 1991
BS 3799 : 1974
BS 4:360 : 1990
BS 4508
HS 4n15 : 1984
BS4882 : 1990
BS 5306 :
BS 5306 : Part 3 : 1985
BS 5306 : Part 6 :
BS 5306 : Fart 6 : Section 6.1 :
1988
BS 5306 : Part 6 : Section 6.2 :
1989
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46
BS 5345
BS 5352 : 1981
BS 5353 : 1989
BS 5423 : 1987
BS 5493 : 1977
BS 5500 : 1991
BS 5839 :
BS 5839 : Part 1 : 1988
BS 6759
BS 6759 : Part 3 : 1984
BS 7361 :
BS 7361 : Part 1 : 1991
BS 8010 :
BS 8010 : Part 1 : 1989
BS 8010 : Part 3 : 1992
CP 3009 : 1970
ANSI publications1)
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE, N e w York
API publications')
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, USA
API 5L : 1991
API 6D : 1991
API 597 : 1991
API 599 : 1988
API 600 : 1991
API 602 : 1985
API RP 5L2
EEMUA publication
ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL USERS ASSOCIATION, London
')
47
IGE publication
INSTITUTE OF GAS ENGINEERS, London
IG/TD/
IG/TD/l : 1984
MSS publications1)
MANUFACTURERS STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY OF VALVE AND FITTINGS INDUSTRY INCORPORATED, Virginia, USA
Other references
[4] ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sections II and VIU, 1989. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York
[6] IP Model code of Safe Practice, part 2,Marketing Safety Code 1978. Institute of Petroleum, London
[ i21 HSE Guidance Note Safety in pressure testing: General series 4, 1976. Health and Safety Executive,
London
Informative references
BSI standards publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. London
BS 806 : 1990
BS 2633 : 1987
BS 3605 :
BS 3605 : Part 1 : 1991
BS 4147 : 1980
BS 4164 : 1987
BS 4677 : 1984
BS 4870
BS 4871
BS 5555 : 1981
BS 5750
BSI Handbook 22 : 1990
API publication1)
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, USA
48
BSI BS*8010: S E C * 2 - 8 O 1
= 1b24bb9
0370491 827
ASTM publication')
AMERICAN WCIETY FOR TESlINC; .\ND .Z1ATEII1ALS. USA
Standard o11 coal for protective coatings and liningsfor steel water
pipelines
IG/TD/
IGE/TD/l : 1984
IGE/rD/3 : 1993 i
IGE/TD/G : 1985
IGE/TD/12 : 1985
NACE publication')
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIOX OF CORROSION EXGIXEERS. Texas. USA
[ 11 HSE A guide to the not(ficntioti oj. installatous handling hazardous substances regulations, 1982.
Health and Safety Executive, London
[ 21 ICE Hazard definition: .\io~w)iclat?rrej r hazard atid risk nssessnient i?i the process industries, 198.
Institute of Chemical Engineeis, London
131 HSE Occiipatiowl e q ~ o s 1 c wl i m ifs: Guidance note EH40.92. Health and Safety Executive, London
151 IP Model Code Of'Snfe Anctice, Part 15, A w n Cluss~icatiotiCodef o r Petroleum Installations, 1990,
Institute of Petroleum, London
[]GREAT BRITAIN Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974. London : HMSO
[8]GREAT BRITAIN Factories Act, 1961. London : HMSO
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[ 1i] GREAT BRITAIN The Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations, 1989. London :
HMSO
')
troiii
BSI Publications.
BSI BS*8010:
BS 8010 :
Section 2.8 :
1992
SEC*:2.8
01
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British standards are responsible for their correct
application.
Revisions
British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British
Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or
editions.
Any person who finds an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British
Standard should notify BSI without delay so that the matter may be
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BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLTJS which ensures
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!<.i.<<
BSI
2 Park Street
London
W1A 2BS
BSI
Linford Wood
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MK14 6LE
9209- 8- 0.75k- B
B/203
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BSI B S * B 0 1 0 :
SECt2.B
AMD 7799
published and effective from 15 August 1993
to BS 8010 : Section 2.8 : 1992
Pipelines
Part 2. Pipelines on land design,
construction and installation
Section 2.8 Steel for oil and gas
Corrections
AMD 7799
Auguut 1993
AMD 7799
August 1993
AMD 7799
August 1993
List of references
In the informative references,list of IGE publications, insert the following new
reference after the reference to IGE/II>/L: 1984.
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BSI BS*BOLO:
SECa2.8 Olt
ltb24bb9 0 3 7 0 4 9 4 53b
120
110
100
VL
L
W
90
G 80
E
W
70
d
L
' 60
E,
.-E 50
C
._
40
30
20
10
' 10
"20
40
30
50
60
70
80
90
100
pipe iametere
NOTE 1. Pipelines designed to operate between 7 bar and 19 bar should have an internal design pressure of 19 bar.
NOTE 2. For pipelines designed tooperate at less than 7 bar, guidance may be obtained from IGJCTDB.
Figure 2. Minimum distance fiom normally occupied bulldings for methane (a category D
substance)
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BI203