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f (x )dx is the integration of f(x) w.r.t. x with x = a as lower limit and x = b as upper limit.
a
1.
Let f(x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b]. Then f ( x )dx represents the algebraic
a
Illustration 1:
4
Evaluate : (2 x 3)dx .
ww
w
.s
t
ud
ys
te
ps
.i
sum of the areas of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), xaxis and the lines x = a, x = b. Here
algebraic sum means that area which is above the xaxis will be added in this sum with + sign and
area which is below the xaxis will be added in this sum with sign. So value of the definite integral
may be positive, zero or negative.
Solution:
3
3
y = 2x 3 is a straight line, which lie below the xaxis in 1, and above in ,
2
Definite Integrals
1 5
25
Now area of ABC = 5 =
2 2
4
1 5
25
Area of CDE = 5 =
2 2
4
4
So
(2x 3)dx
25 25
0
4
4
Illustration 2:
0
Evaluate :
4 x 2 dx .
Solution:
4 x 2 , x [ 2, 0]
Represents a quarter circle in 2nd quadrant, which is above the xaxis radius of circle is 2.
so
4 x 2 dx =
FUNDAMENTALTHEOREM OF CALCULUS
ww
w
2.
1
(2) 2 = square unit
4
.s
t
ud
ys
te
ps
.i
y=
d
f ( t )dt f ( x ) ( x [a , b] )
If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, b], then
dx a
Now if we take F( x ) f ( x ) , then by the above theorem
x
d
F( x ) f ( t )dt f ( x ) f ( x ) 0
dx
a
F( x ) f ( t )dt c
a
Now
F(a ) f ( t )dt c 0 c c
a
Definite Integrals
x
F( x ) f ( t )dt F(a )
So
Illustration 3:
Evaluate :
dx
2 x2
dx
So
2x
= sin 1
ps
0 =
4
4
3.1
x 1
1
1
| sin 1
c sin (0) c
20
2
f(g(x))g(x)dx =
a
g(b)
f(t)dt
ww
w
3.
te
ys
2x
x
+c
2
1
= sin
ud
dx
.s
t
.i
Solution:
g(a)
Illustration 4:
9
Evaluate :
dx
dx .
x 1 x
Solution:
9
I=
dx
dx
x 1 x
Put
1 x t
dx
= dt
2 x
dx
= 2dt
x
Definite Integrals
Now
when x = 4, t = 1 4 = 3
when x = 9, t = 1 9 = 4
16
2dt
4
n
=
=
=
2
|
n
|
t
||
2
(
n
4
n
3
)
3 t
3
9
4
So
3.2
I=
f(x)dx g(x)dx =
(f(x) g(x))dx .
Illustration 5:
2x 2
dx .
Evaluate : 4
2
x
3
x
2
3
Solution:
In 1st put x
1
1
= t, in 2nd put x = y
x
x
.i
ud
10 / 3
dt
dy
2
I= 2
t 5 5/ 2 y 1
3/ 2
ps
.s
t
8/3
(1 (1 / x 2 ))dx
2 (x (1 / x )) 2 1
( x 2 1)dx
2 x 4 3x 2 1
3
te
(1 (1 / x 2 ))dx
=
+
( x (1 / x )) 2 5
2
3
( x 2 1)
2 x 4 3x 2 1 dx +
3
ys
2x 2
dx =
I = 4
2
x 3x 1
2
3
1 1 8
3
10
5
tan 1
tan 1 tan 1
tan
5
3
2
3 5
2 5
7 5
1
5
tan 1
tan 1
5
56
54
ww
w
DRILL EXERCISE - 1
Evaluate the following integrals :
1.
2x 3
2
0 5x 1
1
3.
cos x
dx
4 3 sin x
/ 2
5.
sin x cos5 x dx
2.
1 5x
3
4.
x 5 1 dx
3
x cos 2 x 2 dx
Definite Integrals
3.3
Illustration 6:
1 2x, x 0
Evaluate f (x)dx , where f(x) =
.
1 2x, x 0
1
1
Solution:
1
ps
f(x)dx = - f(x)dx
te
3.4
.i
= [x x 2 ]01 [x x 2 ]10 = 4
Evaluate
x
2
dx
4x 2 1
ud
ys
Illustration 7 :
I=
x
2
Put x =
dx
4x 2 1
1
dt
dx = 2
t
t
ww
w
dt
dt
I=
=
2
4
1/ 2 4 t
1/ 2 2 1
t 2 1
t t
1/ 3
So
.s
t
Solution:
1/ 2
2
= n t 4 t |
1/ 3
1/ 3
3 17 1
= n
2
37
Definite Integrals
c1
3.5
c2
Illustration 8 :
3
2
Evaluate | x 1 | dx .
2
Solution:
1
| x
| x
1 | dx =
1 | dx | x 1 | dx | x 2 1 | dx
2
So
I=
(x
f(a + b - x)dx .
x dx
.
x 9x
Solution:
x dx
x 9x
7
I=
I=
.s
t
Evaluate
ww
w
ud
Illustration 9 :
.i
te
f(x)dx =
ys
ps
2 2 2 2
2
28
6
=
3 3 3 3
3
3
1
3
x3
x3 1 x3
x | x
| x|
3
3 1 3
2
1
3.6
.........(i)
9x
dx
9 x 9 ( x)
9x
dx
9x x
.......(ii)
x
9x
dx
2I =
x 9x
x 9 x
2
7
So
I=
5
2
dx = x | = 5
2
Definite Integrals
a
3.7
f(x)dx
-a
(f(x) + f(-x)d x .
0
Illustration 10 :
3
Evaluate
dx
(1 e ) (1 x 2 ) .
3
x
Solution:
3
dx
(1 e ) (1 x 2 )
3
x
1
f(x) = (1 e x ) (1 x 2 )
ex
1
f(x) =
=
(1 e x ) (1 ( x ) 2 )
(1 e x ) (1 x 2 )
so
I =
-a f(x)dx = 0 0
if f(x) is an odd function (f(-x) = - f(x))
Illustration 12:
Evaluate
ax
dx
ax
a
= a.2
0
ww
w
Solution:
a
ud
ys
ax
dx
ax
.s
t
3.8
te
3
dx
1
tan
x
|
=
=
2
1 x
3
0
ps
.i
Here
I=
ax
a2 x2
dx
a2 x2
dx = a
0 (
dx
a2 x2
x dx
a2 x2
x
a2 x2
is an odd function)
1 x
= 2a sin
2a[sin1(1) sin1(0)] = 2a 2 0 = a
a 0
Definite Integrals
2a
3.9
f(x)dx
Illustration 13 :
x dx
1 cos
Evaluate
Solution:
I=
x dx
1 cos
( x ) dx
I=
=
1 cos 2 ( x )
0
( x ) dx
2
x
0
1 cos
I =
0
dt
t 2
2
t
2
tan 1
| =
2
20
2 2
3.10
put tan x = t
f(x)dx
ww
w
sec 2 x dx
2 tan 2 x
.s
t
ys
1 cos
ud
/ 2
dx
2
( x )
/ 2
ps
.i
dx
= 2 1 cos 2 x
0
dx
I =
2 0 1 cos 2 x
te
dx
2I =
1 cos 2 x
0
= (b - a) f((b - a)x + a) dx
Illustration 14 :
Evaluate
dx
1 2sin
0
Solution:
dx
0 1 2sin 2 x
/ 2
=2
/ 2
=2
a
2a
dx
1 2sin 2 x
sec 2 xdx
sex 2 x 2 tan 2 x
/ 2
=2
sec 2 xdx
1 3 tan 2 x
(Note that in the beginning we can not divide Nr. and Dr. by cos2x, as cosx = 0 at x = / 2 )
Definite Integrals
dt
1 3t
=2
(tan x = t)
1 1
= 2
tan
t
3
0
3
3 2
3
=2
Illustration 15 :
4
2/3
9 ( x 2 / 3)
( x 4)
dx .
e dx = 3 e
2
Prove that
1/ 3
Solution:
2/3
Let I = 3 e9( x 2 / 3) dx
2
1/ 3
2 1
1 2
dx =
Also
( x 4)2
.i
dx
dx =
Alternative :
( x 1) 2
ps
( x 1)
e dx
2
ys
x 1
9
3 3
ud
te
2 1 9 x
= 3 e 3 3 3 3 dx
3 3 0
x + 4 = 3t 2
.s
t
DRILL EXERCISE - 2
ww
w
1.
nx dx
2.
1/ e
/ 2
3.
n
x (1 x ) dx .
0
/ 2
5.
x dx
.
sin x cos x
sin x if 0 x 2
9
0 f (x )dx . If f(x) = 1 if 2 x 3
x 3
if 3 x 9
e
4.
Definite Integrals
4.
4.1
f(x)dx = n f(x)dx, n I .
0
Illustration 16 :
n v
Prove that
Solution:
v
I = | sin x | dx = | sin x | dx
v
n v
I1 = | sin x | dx sin dx
| sin x | dx I1 I 2
n v
.i
n v
te
ud
4.2
ys
So
ps
10
(n - m) f(x)dx, n, m I .
0
Evaluate
3 / 2
ww
w
Solution:
1
2
20 (1 / 2 )
10
Let I =
f(x)dx =
mp
.s
t
Illustration 17 :
np
{2x}dx
3 / 2
{2x}dx
3(1 / 2 )
1/ 2
= 23 2x dx
1/ 2
2
= 23 x | =
0
23
4
Definite Integrals
b+np
4.3
f(x)dx =
f(x)dx,
nI .
a+np
Illustration 18:
1
3 x
Find x . e dx .
4
Solution:
f (x ) dx = 0 ; or
e x dx 0
4
Evaluate
.i
10
Illustration 19:
(sin x cos x) dx .
Let
I=
10
(sin x cos x) dx =
/3
/3
/6
.s
t
3 1 1
3
=
=
2 2 2 2
te
/6
ud
10
ys
Solution:
f(x) = sin x + cos x is periodic with period 2
ps
10
6
ww
w
3 1
DRILL EXERCISE - 3
41 / 2
100
1.
2.
0
100
3.
7 / 2
x [x ]
dx
4.
p q
Show that
| cosec x | dx
0
5.
sin x dx .
p .
2
2
Definite Integrals
5.
5.1
If F(x) =
f1 (x)
Illustration 20:
4
Solution:
= 4 cos x 0 8
.i
Illustration 21 :
If a, b are variable real numbers such that a + b = 4, a < 2 and f ( x ) 0 x R , then prove that
ys
4t
4t
,a
2
2
4 t
2
g(t) =
f (x )dx f (x )dx
ww
w
Let
4 t
2
So,
ud
(b a) = t
b+a=4
.s
t
Solution:
Let
te
ps
b
a
0
0
4 t 1 4 t 1
f
g( t ) = f
2 2 2 2
1 4 t 4 t
f
f
2 2 2
Now
a < 2 and a + b = 4
a<b
4t 4t
f
f
2 2
g( t ) 0
g(t) will increases as t increases
( as f ( x ) 0 f(x) is increasing )
Definite Integrals
b
5.2
dI
= f (x, t)dx , where f (x, t) denotes the derivative of f w.r.t. t
If I(t) = f(x, t)dx , then
dt
a
a
keeping x constant.
Illustration 22:
x t 1
dx ( t 0) .
Evaluate :
n
x
a
Solution:
1
x t 1
dx
I(t) =
n x
0
1
x t n x
dI
dx
dt 0 n x
dI
Let
1
x t 1 1
t
x
dx
| =
=
0
t 1
t 1 0
dt
t 1
I = n | t 1 | c
at t = 0, I(t) = 0
c=0
I = n | t 1 |
te
but
So
Hence
ys
dI t 1
ps
.i
dt
ex
cos t
If F(x) =
dt , find F( x ) .
ww
w
1.
2.
.s
t
ud
DRILL EXERCISE - 4
2
If F(t) = sin( x t )dx , find F( t ) .
2
3.
(e
1) (2 t)dt, (x 1) is increasing.
1
x
4.
If {F(x)}101 (F(t))100
0
x
5.
If y =
dt
, then find F(x).
1 sin t
z n t dt , find dydx at x = e.
x1
Definite Integrals
6.
6.1
Illustration 23 :
1
Prove that
dx
4x x
2
4 2
Solution:
0 x 1
0 x3 x2 1
4 x2 x2 4 x2 x3 4 x2
4x x
2
dx
4 x2
4 2x 2
1
dx
4 x2 x3
dx
4 2x 2
dx
2
3
6 0 4x x
4 2
ys
ud
6.2
te
.i
4x
x 2 x 3 0
ps
Illustration 24 :
Solution:
Let
dx
3
.
3
10 5 0 x 10x 9 sin x 5 5
ww
w
Prove that
.s
t
then m (b - a) f(x)dx M (b - a) .
f(x) = x3 + 10 x + 9 sin x + 5
f ( x ) = 3x2 + 10 + 9 cos x > 0 x R
f(x) is entirely increasing
1
is decreasing in (0, )
f (x)
so
dx
3
10 5 0 x 10x 9 sin x 5 5
1
1
and absolute minimum is 3
5
10 5
Definite Integrals
7.
Suppose we have to evaluate f ( x )dx , but either f(x) is not continuous at x = c1, c2, ...., cn or it
a
is not defined at these points. In both cases we have to break the limit at c1, c2, ...., cn .
Illustration 25 :
3
3 x 3 dx
Solution:
2.2
3 x dx 2 30
3
3
or 4 3 x dx 2 30
1
ps
.i
m = minimum value of 3 13 4 2
ba=2
te
Illustration 26 :
2
1 x 2
1 x3 8
ud
Solution:
I=
[x
1]dx
[x
1
Now
31/ 3
ww
w
21/ 3
[x
1]dx
0 x3 1 7
.s
t
So
ys
[x
1]dx .......
1/ 3
1]dx
1/ 3
13
if x 1, 2 , then x 3 [1, 2) or [x3 1] = 0 and so on
therefore I =
21 / 3
31 / 3
21 / 3
71 / 3
= [31/3 21/3] + 2[41/3 31/3] + 3[51/3 41/3] + 4[61/3 41/3] + 4[61/3 51/3] + 6[2 71/3]
= 12 [71/3 + 61/3 + 51/3 + 41/3 + 31/3 + 21/3]
Definite Integrals
Illustration 27:
b
|x|
dx | b | | a | .
x
a
Prove that
Solution:
We can divide all the possible values of a and b in 3 cases
Case I :
0ab
b
|x|
dx =
I=
x
a
x dx = b a = | b | | a |
a
ab0
Case II :
|x|
dx =
I=
x
a
x
dx = a b = | a | ( | b | ) = | b | | a |
x
a<0<b
b
Case III :
ps
.i
|x|
|x|
|x|
dx =
dx
dx
I=
x
x
x
a
a
a
te
= (1)dx 1 dx = a + b = | a | + | b | = | b | | a |
1.
Show that :
2.
Show that : 2e
dx
1 x
1
4
z
2
ex
0
3.
If I =
dx
1 x
3/ 2
ud
ww
w
.s
t
ys
DRILL EXERCISE - 5
dx 2e 2
, prove that, n 2 I
.
4
4.
5.
6.
2x
sin dx
0
Definite Integrals
8.
the area bounded by the curve y = f(x) xaxis and the lines x = a and x = b i.e. the above shaded
area. Now this area can be divided into n parts.
.i
ba
Area of the rth part can be assumed a rectangle, with width equal to
and height equal to
n
ps
b a
f a r
.
n
ba
b a
f a r
but this in only approximated area. To get the actual
n
n
r 1
n
te
ys
So that area =
n
ba ba
area, take rectangle with width tends to zero, hence f ( x )dx Lim
f a
r .
n
n
r 1 n
a
ud
.s
t
This is used both ways i.e. to evaluate the definite integral as a limit of sum and also used in finding
the sum of infinite terms of some series.
ww
w
Illustration 28 :
1
1
1
1
.....
Evaluate Lim
.
n
4n 4
4n 9
3n
4n 1
Solution:
1
1
1
1
.....
L = Lim
n
4n 4
4n 9
3n
4n 1
n
= Lim
n
r 1
n
= Lim
n
r 1
1
4n 2 r 2
(1 0)
n
1 0
4 0 r
Definite Integrals
n
Lim
n
r 1
ba
b a
f a r
n
n
So
L=
dx
4 x2
1
= sin
1
4 x2
x1
| =
20
6
Illustration 29 :
n2
n2
1
.........
Evaluate Lim
.
3
3
n ( n 1)
(n 2)
64n
Solution:
.i
n2
n2
1
.........
L = Lim
n ( n 1) 3
(n 2)3
64n
n2
3
r 1 (n r)
3n
te
ps
= Lim
Put 3n = m, we get
m
r
3
ud
r 1
ww
w
m
3
1
= Lim
n
r 1 m 1 3r
m
.s
t
ys
m2 / 9
L = Lim
dx
(1 x )
1 3 15
| =
2(1 x ) 2 0 32
Illustration 30 :
1
1
1
... = ln6
Solution:
1
1
1
1
1
1
Lim
... = Lim
...
n n 1
n
n2
6n
n 5n
n 1 n 2
Definite Integrals
5n
1
1
1
lim
Lim
=
n
n n
r
r 1 n r
r 1
1
n
5n
Lower limit of r = 1
from (1)
1 x
1
0
n
5n
5
n
dx ln (1 x) 0
5
.i
ps
DRILL EXERCISE - 6
2n
r 1
1
.
nr
2.
n 1
n2
1
Lim 2 2 2
.....
2
n n 1
n
n 2
4.
Lim
ys
3.
Lim
.s
t
Lim
ud
LM 1 1 1 .......... 1 OP
nb Q
N na na 1 na 2
1.
te
n 1
2 k 4 k 6 k .. (2n ) k
, k 1 is equal to.
n k 1
6.
Lim
3
n
n
n
...........
1
n
n 3
n6
n 3(n 1)
ww
w
5.
Lim
r 0
1
n r2
2
Definite Integrals
ANSWER - KEY
Drill exercise 1
1.
3
1
log 6 +
tan1 5
5
5
2.
4 2
3
4.
5.
64
231
3.
3.
1
(n 1)(n 2)
Drill exercise 2
4.
2.
n2
4
+ e6
2
5.
2 2
n (1 +
2)
2(1e1)
.i
1.
2. 1
3. 100 (e1)
4.
5
2
ys
1. 50
te
ps
Drill exercise 3
2
2. cos( x t ) 2 t dx
.s
t
ud
Drill exercise 4
2
3. [0, 2]
4.
1
(tan x sec x 1)
101
ww
w
5. 1 + e
Drill exercise 5
4.
5.
22
3
6.
sin k. sin(k 1 / 2)
sin(1 / 2)
2
Drill exercise 6
1. log
4.
b
a
2.
1
+ n2
4 2
5.
2k
k 1
3. loge 3
6. 2
Definite Integrals
(a
Evaluate I =
xdx
cos x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2
Solution:
a
( x)dx
Applying f (x) dx f (a x)dx , I (a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
dx
(a cos x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
0
adding, 2I
/ 2
/ 2
(1
/ 2
a2
a
tan 2 ) sec 2 d
2
b
b
2
a (1 tan 2 ) 2
ud
I=
ys
ps
dx
sec4 xdx
0 (a 2 b2 tan 2 x)2
(a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
te
or
dx
(a cos x b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2
.i
/ 2
2I = 2
.s
t
= 3
ab
/ 2
(1
ww
w
a2
tan 2 )
/ 2 a(1
2
b
=
d
4
ba
sec 2
0
a2
tan 2 ) cos 2 d = 3 2
2
b
ab
/ 2
Now I1 =
(b
cos 2 a 2 sin 2 ) d
Applying f (x) dx f (a x) dx ,
/ 2
(b
0
sin 2 a 2 cos 2 )d
/ 2
(b
0
Definite Integrals
/2
adding 2I1 =
2
(a b 2 ) or
2
(a 2 b 2 )d
I1 =
2
(a b 2 )
4
2
2
2
(a
b
)
(a2 + b2)
4a 3b3
a 3 b3 4
Example 2 :
Evaluate
xdx
1 cos
Solution:
x
dx
2
1
cos
x
0
Let I
ps
dx
I
1 cos 2 x
0
dt
1 t
I =
2 =
tan
2t
2
2 0
0
ww
w
sec 2 x
dx
1 sec 2 x
dx
1 cos
.s
t
/ 2
ys
dx
2I
= 2
1 cos 2 x
0
ud
te
/ 2
22
2 2
2
I
2 2
Example 3 :
x2
Solution:
( x)
dx
xdx
0 1 cos2 ( x) dx 0 1 cos2 x 0 1 cos2 x
.i
t 2 5t 4
dt .
2 et
Definite Integrals
x2
t 2 5t 4
dt
2 et
Let f(x) =
f (x)
x 4 5x 2 4
2 ex
2x 0
(x 1) (x 1) (x 2) (x 2) 2x
2 ex
From the wavy curve, it is clear that f (x) changes its sign at x = 2, 1, 0 and hence the points
of maxima are 1, 1 and that of the minima are 2, 0, 2.
Example 4 :
4
Evaluate
({x})
[x ]
dx, where {.} and [.] denote the fractional part and the greatest integer functions
.i
respectively.
ps
Solution:
4
te
I ({x})[ x ] dx
1
ys
[x]
= (x [x]) dx
ud
.s
t
[x]
[x]
[x]
= (x [x]) dx (x [x]) dx (x [x]) dx
3
3
= (x 1) dx (x 2) dx (x 3) dx
2
ww
w
2 1 3 2 4 3
1
1 1
13
2 0 3 0 4 0 12
Example 5 :
x
If
/3
dy
.
dx
Solution:
Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. to x, we get
Definite Integrals
x
d y
d
2
3
sin
t
dt
cos t.dt 0
dx / 3
dx 0
3 sin 2 x cos y
dy
0
dx
dy
3 sin 2 x
dx
cos y
Example 6 :
2x 7 3x 6 10x 5 7x 3 12x 2 x 1
dx
Compute the integral
x2 2
2
2
3x 6 12x 2 1
2x 7 10x 5 7x 3 x
dx
dx
x2 2
x2 2
2
2
2
ps
.i
Solution:
Break the integrand as the sum of two functions, one being even and the other being odd.
te
ud
3x6 12x 2 1
3x 2 (x 4 4) 1
dx
2
0 x2 2 dx
x2 2
.s
t
I2
2
2
2
= 2 3x (x 2)dx 2
0
6x 5
3
= 5 4x
ww
w
ys
dx
x 2
2
2
x
tan 1
+
2
2
16
2
2 2 5
Example 7 :
/ 4
Prove that
x2
4
.
dx
2
(x sin x cos x)
4
Solution:
/ 4
x cos x
.x sec x dx
(x sin x cos x) 2
Definite Integrals
/ 4
x sec x
x sin x cos x 0
( / 4) 2. 2
1
4
/ 4
/ 4
1
cos x x sin x
.
dx
2
cos x x sin x cos x
/ 4
sec
xdx
2
/ 4
tan x 0 2 1 4
4
4
4
Illustration 8 :
/ 4
ln(1 tan x)
Evaluate
dx
.i
Solution:
Let f(x) = ln (1 + tanx)
ps
1 tan x
2
f x ln 1 tan x ln 1
ln
1 tan x
4
4
1 tan x
2
f(x) + f x = ln (1 + tanx) + ln
= ln2
1 tan x
4
ys
f (x) f x dx
2
4
ud
/ 4
ln2
ln2
2 4
8
/ 4
ln
0
.s
t
1
2
te
Example 9 :
ww
w
1
2
Evaluate cot (1 x x) dx
0
Solution:
1
1
dx
Let I cot (1 x x) = tan
2
1
x
0
1
1
= tan
0
1
dx =
1 x(x 1)
tan
x (x 1)
dx
1 x(x 1)
1
1
= tan xdx tan (x 1) dx
1
1
1
= tan x dx tan x dx = 2 tan x dx
2dx
Definite Integrals
1
ln 2
2 x tan 1 x ln (1 x 2 ) 2
log 2
2
2
2
4
0
1
Example 10 :
2
Evaluate
[cot
Solution:
2
Let I
cot 1
cot 1 x dx =
[cot 1 x]dx
[cot
x]dx
cot 1
cot1
0.dx = cot1
1.dx
cot1
te
1/ n
ud
n 1 n 2 n n
Let L lim
...
n n
n
n
ps
1/ n
ys
n 1 n 2 n n
...
Find nlim
n
n
n
Solution:
.i
Example 11 :
1/ n
.s
t
1 2 3
n
= nlim
1 1 1 ..... 1
n
n n n
1 1
2
n
ln 1 ln 1 ... ln 1
n n
n
n
n
= nlim
ww
w
ln L lim
1 n
r
ln 1 =
n r 1
n
ln (1 x) dx
0
1
x
1
1
= [x ln (1 x)]0 x 1 dx = ln 2 1
dx
1 x
0
0
L = 4/e
Example 12 :
x
Prove that e .e
xt
Solution:
t2
dt e
x2 / 4
t
e
0
/4
dt
Definite Integrals
x
Let I e xt .e t dt
2
xz
1
, dt dz [we want to convert t(x t) to
2
2
Let t
x
I e .e
tx
xz
(xz)
.x
1
dt e 2 e
2 x
x
t2
xz xz
]
2 2
x z
1
dz e 4 4 dz
2 x
2
x
x x
z
t
2
2
1 x2 / 4
1 4 4
1 x2 / 4 4
t2 / 4
dt = e x / 4 e t / 4 dt
e
e
dz
e
e
dt = e 2 e
=
2
2 x
2
0
0
x
x
xt
t
x
e .e dt e
2
/4
t2 / 4
dt
.i
Example 13 :
te
ps
1
dx
Evaluate ln x .
x 1 x2
Let I =
ys
Solution:
dx
ln x x . 1 x
ud
ln (tan cot )
ww
w
sec 2
d
1 tan 2
.s
t
/2
I
/2
/2
ln (tan cot )d
0
/2
/2
ln sin d
(sin 2 cos 2 )
ln
d
sin cos
ln cos d = ln 2 ln 2
2
2
ln 2
Example 14 :
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. Prove that there exists a number x [a, b] such that
x
f (t) dt f (t)dt
Solution:
Definite Integrals
x
a
a
b
It implies that g(x) will become zero at least once in [a, b]. Hence f (t) dt f (t) dt for at least one
value of x [a, b] .
Example 15 :
a
Solution:
a
ps
.i
dx
Let f(x) be a continuous function such that f(a x) + f(x) = 0 for x [0, a] . Find
1 ef (x )
0
.s
t
a
2
ud
2I 1.dx a I =
ww
w
dx
ef (x)
dx
I+I=
1 ef (x) 0 1 ef (x)
0
ys
te
dx
dx
dx
ef (x)
dx
Let I =
=
=
1 ef (x) 0 1 ef (a x)
1 ef (x)
1 ef (x)
0
0
0
Definite Integrals
If I =
cos 2 x dx then
2 1
(a)
32 4
2 1
(b)
32 4
2 1
32 8
Solution:
Integrating by parts
(c)
/ 4
(d)
2 1
32 8
/ 4
Example 2 :
ud
ys
cos 2 x
dx then
If I =
1 a x
.s
t
(a)
3
Solution:
cos 2 ( x)
1 a x dx :
adding 2I =
a x cos 2 x
1 a x dx
cos
sin 2x
= 2 cos .xdx x
2
0
0
2
2I
I = /2
Example 3 :
2
cos x dx = 2
(b)
(d)
ww
w
(c)
/ 4
2x
2
1 sin 2x
2 1
cos dx =
0
2
32
2 2 0
32 4
te
.i
/ 4
ps
/ 4
2 cos 2 x
x.
=
32
2 0
2 sin 2 x
x sin 2 xdx
I = x
2 0
Definite Integrals
1
Let f(x) = x [x], for every real number x, where [x] is integral part of x, then
f (x) dx is
(a) 0
(c) 1
Solution:
(b) 1
(d) 2
1
x2
x2
(x
[x])
dx
(x
[x])
dx
(x
1)
dx
x.dx
=
=
1
0
0
2
1 2 0
1
1
0
Example 4 :
100
[tan
x]dx
tan1
ta n 1
ps
[tan
te
100
100
0 .d x
1 .d x
ys
1
[tan x]dx
1 0 0 ta n 1
ud
tan1
.i
ta n 1
.s
t
Example 5 :
If f, g and h be continuous function on [0, a] such that f(a x) = f(x), g(a x) = g(x) and
ww
w
(a) 0
(c) 2
Solution:
(b) 1
(d) 1
I f (a x) g(a x).h (a x) dx
0
Example 6 :
Definite Integrals
3
Definite integration of
2
x
dx is
5 x x
(a)
1
3
(b)
1
4
(c)
1
2
(d) 0
Solution:
b
2 3 x
dx
5 (2 3 x) 5 x
.i
x
dx adding
5 x x
x
5 x x
dx = 1.dx 3 2 1
ys
5 x
2I
2 ( x 5 x
ps
5x
dx
x 5 x
te
I=
ud
I = 1/2
.s
t
Example 7 :
If f : R R is continuous and differentiable function such that
x
ww
w
Solution:
x
3
2
f (t) dt f (3) dt t dt f (1) t dt f (2) t.dt Differentiable w.r.t. x both side
Example 8 :
Definite Integrals
, n 1, 2,3...
0, where x
n 1
If f(x) =
1, else where
(a) 1
(c) 2
Solution:
(b) 0
(d)
1/ 2
2/3
3/ 4
1/ 2
2/3
n
n 1
...
... 1
n
n 1
as n
ps
we take n
n
... 1
n 1
1 2
1 3
2
2 3
2 4
3
.i
n 1
n
f (x) dx 11 2
te
ys
Example 9 :
ud
.s
t
(a)
(c)
Solution:
ww
w
(b) 0
(d) 2
sin2qx, cos2 px are even functions of x and cospx .sinqx is an odd function.
2
2
cos px dx 2 cos pxdx
2
2
sin qx dx 2 sin qx dx and
cos px sin qx dx = 0
I 2 cos 2 px dx 2 sin 2 qx dx 0
1 cos 2px
1 cos 2qx
2
dx 2
dx
2
2
0
0
Definite Integrals
sin 2px
sin 2qx
(1 cos 2px) dx (1 cos 2qx) dx = x
x
=
2p 0
2q 0 2
0
0
Example 10 :
/ 2
(x)
dx is
(x) ( / 2 x)
4
(c)
Solution:
2
(d) none of these
(a)
(b)
Let I
.i
x
/ 2
(x)
2
dx
dx then I
(x) x
0
x (x)
2
/ 2
ys
ps
adding 2I
(x) x
/ 2
2
dx 1.dx x / 2 =
0
I = /4
0
2
x (x)
2
te
/ 2
ud
Example 11 :
x sin x cos x dx =
4
10
(c)
ww
w
(a)
.s
t
(b)
Solution:
4
4
= ( x) sin ( x) cos ( x) dx ( x) sin x cos xdx
4
= sin x cos x dx I
0
Definite Integrals
cos5 x
2I =
= (1 1)
5
5
5
Example 12 :
tan x
The value of
1/ e
cot x
t.dt
dt
is equal to
2
1 t
t(1 t 2 )
1/ e
(a) 1
(c) / 4
Solution:
(b) 1/2
(d) none of these
1/ e
cot x
tdt
dt
2
1 t
t(1 t 2 )
1/ e
tan x
I(x)
.i
Diff. w.r.t x.
ps
dI (x)
tan x
1
2
sec 2 x
2
dx
(1 tan x)
cot x (1 cot 2 x) (cosec x) = 0
te
I(x) = constant
tdt
dt
t2 1
dt
dt [ln t]11/ e 1
Let x = Thus
= 2
2
2
t(t 1)
t
4 1/ e 1 t 1/ e t(1 t )
4
1/ e
1/ e
1
ud
ys
Example 13 :
a
(b) ln
b
(d) ln b
ww
w
b
(a) ln
a
(c) ln a
Solution:
.s
t
1
1
1
1
lim
... is equal to
n na
na 1 na 2
nb
1
1
lim
...
n na
na 1
na n(b a)
n (b a )
lim
r 1
n (b a )
1
1
1
lim
=
n
na r
r 1 a r / n n
ba
1
b
dx ln
ax
a
Example 14:
a
Definite Integrals
1
a 2
2
(a)
(b)
1
2
(c) a
1
a 2
2
(d) a 2
Solution:
a
3x 3 4x 2
3
3 2 5x a 2
a3 + 2a2 5a < a3 2
2a2 5a + 2 < 0
2a (a 2) 1 (a 2) < 0
1
a 2
2
te
ys
ud
.s
t
(c) 2
(b)
Solution:
ax
I = e dx put
2
a x = z, dx =
Ie
0
z2
ww
w
(a)
ps
If e x dx
.i
Example 15:
dz
a
dz 1
1
z2
e
dz
a
a 0
2 a 2 a
(d)
2a
1
2 a