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Book Title: Invitation to Psychology

Book Wade/Tarvis/Poole
Author:
Location on Chapter 9 > Study Guide >
Site: Chapter Exam
Date/Time October 3, 2016 at 6:25 AM
Submitted: (UTC/GMT)

1.

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Six-year-old Charlie has been seeing his pediatrician for checkups every year
and fears the shots he receives each time. Now, even when he is not going to
receive a shot, Charlie cries when the pediatrician enters the room because
he associates the pediatrician with shots. What type of learning/conditioning
has taken place?
Your Answer: classical conditioning

2.

Tolman and Honzik (1930) tested three groups of rats in a learning maze. For
all groups, the reinforcement conditions were different. Which group
demonstrated latent learning?
Your Answer: the rats that received no reinforcement until the eleventh day
of practice; and after that, they were reinforced for every
maze solution

3.

Which of the following statements regarding punishment is true?

Your Answer: An action intended to punish may instead be reinforcing
because it brings attention.

4.

Jane is a middle-aged woman who has always been afraid of heights. What
technique would best help her overcome her phobia?
Your Answer: systematic desensitization

5.

One-year-old Hannah is learning how to build blocks. At first, her father hands
her a block, lets her place it down, and praises her. The next time, he puts
one block on top of another, and she does the same thing. Soon, she is able

to stack blocks without any help. What learning process did Hannah's father
use to teach her how to build blocks?
Your Answer: shaping

6.

A study of the criminal records of all Danish men born between 1944 and
1947 focused on repeated arrests through age 26. After any given arrest,
punishment reduced rates of subsequent arrests. What factor made a
difference in the rate of recidivism?
Your Answer: consistency of punishment

7.

If you take an aspirin to relieve a headache and the headache disappears, you
are likely to take aspirin again the next time you have a headache. Your relief
from the headache serves as a __________.
Your Answer: negative reinforcer

8.

If a pigeon learns to peck at a red key for food pellets, the bird will also peck
at a green key. This is called __________.
Your Answer: stimulus generalization

9.

Snowball the cat always got her dinner right after the clock chimed at five
o'clock. As a result, she began to salivate as soon as the clock chimed five
times. Her owner recently switched jobs and is no longer feeding Snowball at
five o'clock. Now, Snowball does not salivate when the clock chimes at five
o'clock. Snowball's response has been __________.
Your Answer: extinguished

10.

You have volunteered for a psychology experiment. During the study, the
experimenter presses a buzzer and then shoots a puff of air into your eyes,
making you blink. After a few trials, you blink as soon as you hear the sound
of the buzzer. The buzzer has become the __________ and the puff of air is
the __________.
Your Answer: CS; US

11.

Extreme heat is an example of a __________.

Your Answer: primary punisher

12.

Frank looks at his watch and sees that it is noon. He decides he is hungry and
goes to the kitchen to make lunch. This association between noon and
lunchtime is called __________.
Your Answer: operant conditioning

13.

A student nurse is fearful of administering shots. She learns how to

administer shots by inserting the needle in an orange. Through this learning
process, the orange came to be associated with administering shots and
elicited fear and apprehension for her. The orange became a(n)
___________.
Your Answer: CS

14.

Even though it was a big job, Joel volunteered to edit the church cookbook
just for the enjoyment of editing, something he loved. This an example of
a(n) __________.
Your Answer: intrinsic reinforcer

15.

Six-year-old Emily learns that she needs to look both ways before crossing
the street on which she lives. From this experience, she learns that she
should look both ways before crossing all streets. This is an example of
__________.
Your Answer: stimulus generalization

16.

Dick taught his daughter how to change a tire. Her knowledge remained
dormant until the day she got a flat tire and had to change it. This illustrates
the concept of __________.
Your Answer: latent learning

17.

Shelter is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Your Answer: False
See the section "Operant Conditioning."

18.

A young girl being able to skip her chores after receiving a good report would
be an example of positive punishment.
Your Answer: False
See the section on "Operant Conditioning."

19.

Based on the principle of operant conditioning, if you want a particular

response to persist, you must reinforce it continuously.
Your Answer: False
See the section "Operant Conditioning."

20.

Explain the process of classical conditioning. How does classical conditioning

account for the existence of phobias? How does classical conditioning help us
understand how a "placebo" can actually have therapeutic effects?
Your Answer:
Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned
stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned
stimulus (US) in order to produce a behavioral response known as
a conditioned response (CR). The conditioned response is the
learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

See the section "Classical Conditioning in Real Life."

21.

Identify and describe four reasons why punishment is likely to fail. Under
what conditions is punishment most likely to be effective?
Your Answer:
Pain-Induced Aggression Punishment often leads to aggressive
behavior. At least in humans, such pain-induced aggression

apparently occurs because punishment elicits anger, and anger

leads to aggression. The Modeling of Aggression Experiments show
that children often mimic other peoples' behavior, a phenomenon
called modeling. After observing a model's aggressive behavior,
children's aggressiveness increases. More specifically, children tend
to use the same type of punishment that they have received. In
addition, children often model punishment that is delivered to
them, and there is a correlation between the use of punishment by
parents and the level of aggressive behavior in their children. The
Aversive Quality of a Punisher Humans and nonhumans learn,
through classical conditioning, about cues that accompany
punishment, and those cues become capable of eliciting fear. Such
cues, which may include a parent who delivers punishment to a
child, may motivate behaviors to escape those cues. Additional
Negative Effects of Punishment Delivery of aversive stimulation
(punishment) can be problematic for other reasons. First,
suppressing one behavior through punishment can lead to
suppression of similar behaviors through generalization. Second,
subjects may not perceive the contingency between the punishing
event and the behavior it is intended to suppress, and this can lead
to helplessness and depression. Operant Conditioning Theory This
concept was used in B.F. Skinners theory of Operant Conditioning,
which was the theory that certain behaviors are more or less likely
to be repeated based on how we respond to that behavior.What
positive punishment is meant to achieve is the lessening of a
negative behavior by pairing it with something negative. Ideally,
the person will dislike the added negative outcome enough where
they will stop exhibiting the undesirable behavior.

See the section "Operant Conditioning."