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Unless otherwise stated, all images in this file have been reproduced from:
Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille,
Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. 2008
ISBN: 9 78047081 0866
Particle size
Classification of colloids
Stability of colloids
Steric interactions
Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino & Wille: Ch. 7, 22
Lecture 36 - 3
What is a Colloid?
Solution
homogeneous
mixture, e.g.
sugar in water,
single molecules
Suspension
heterogeneous
mixture, e.g
sand in water,
particles visible,
settle out
Colloid
size 1-1000 nm
particles invisible,
remain suspended
Lecture 36 - 4
What is a Colloid?
n
n
No simple definition
Intermediate between a suspension and a solution
Dispersed phase
q At least one dimension is >1 nm and <1 micron
Thermodynamically unstable
Huge total surface area
Lecture 36 - 5
Surface Effect
The surface area has increased by 1 million times but the volume is the same.
This means most of the substance is now on the surface.
Lecture 36 - 6
Nano Scale
M. Dresselhaus, MIT
Lecture 36 - 7
Colloidal Dimensions
(a) kaolinite
(b) Plaster of Paris, cement, asbestos
(c) polymer lattices
(d) network structures, e.g. porous glass, gels
Lecture 36 - 8
Classification of Colloids
Dispersed
Phase
Liquid
Dispersing
Medium
Gas
Name
of
Colloidal
System
Liquid
Aerosol
Common Examples
Solid
Gas
Aerosol
Gas
Liquid
Foam
Liquid
Liquid
Emulsion
Solid
Liquid
Sol
Gas
Solid
Solid Foam
Liquid
Solid
Solid Emulsion
Solid
Solid
Solid Sol
Lecture 36 - 9
Examples
Identify the following types of colloids:
Example
Class
Mist
Milk
Blood
Bone
Asphalt
Mayonnaise
Toothpaste
Smoke
Opal
Paint
Foams
Cement
Soap
Silica gel
liquid aerosol
emulsion
bio-colloid (sol)
bio-colloid (solid sol)
emulsion (asphaltene dispersed phase and maltene contin.)
emulsion
slurry/paste (solid in liquid)
liquid and solid aerosol
solid suspension or dispersion (solid sol)
sol or colloidal suspension
gas dispersed in liquid
sol
liquid emulsion
gel
Lecture 36 - 10
Flocculation
We can break the colloid stability problem into a series of steps.
particles
dimers
flocs gravity-effected
separation
Lecture 36 - 12
Colloid Stability
n
Time = t
Time = t + t
However we know that some colloids are stable, e.g rivers are muddy,
so the clay/s and particles must be stabilised by some force.
n Therefore a repulsive force is required to obtain stable colloids.
n This repulsion can be of different nature:
q
q
electrostatic
steric
Lecture 36 - 13
Charged Surfaces
n
1.
3.
Electrostatic Repulsion
n
Electrical
Double
layer
+ -+- -+ +
+ -+- -+ +
--+
++
+ +
++
+ ++- +
- + ++-+
-+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Lecture 36 - 15
Electrostatic Interactions
n
D =
n
0.304
[salt]
For a 1:1 electrolyte, the Debye length is KD-1= 1 nm for 0.1 M NaCl.
Lecture 36 - 16
Debye Length
The Debye Length is a measure of the
thickness of the diffuse layer.
This table shows that the diffuse layer
extends into solution by several
nanometers.
[NaCl] /M
-1 /nm
1.0 x 10-4
1.0 x 10-3
1.0 x 10-2
1.0 x 10-1
1.0
Lecture 36 - 17
Laser
Split Photodiode
Cantilever spring
F = -kx
where k is cantilever
spring constant.
Sample
Piezoelectric
element
Lecture 36 - 19
Hardy-Schulze Rule
n
+ +
+
+
+- +
+
- +
+ +
+
- - - +
+ +
+
+
-2+ - - 2+
2+
-2+
- 2+
2+- - 2+
2+
3+3+-
- -
3+-
3+
- 3+
Lecture 36 - 20
Steric Interactions
Solvent flowing in
Lecture 36 - 22
Steric Stabilisation
Lecture 36 - 23
Destruction of Colloids
Coagulation and flocculation are the destabilisation of a colloid to form
macroscopic lumps.
Factors that induce coagulation and flocculation are:
q Heating: increases the velocities of the colloidal particles, causing
them to collide with enough energy that the energetic barriers are
penetrated and the particles can aggregate. The particles grows
to a point where they settle out.
q Stirring: also increases velocities.
q Changing pH: can flatten/desorb electrosteric stabilisers
q Adding an electrolyte: neutralises the surface of the particle
allowing coagulation and settlement
Lecture 36 - 24
n
n
Lecture 36 - 25