Bone Development: Formation and Growth

Osteogeneis (ossification) process of

bone formation
Cranial bones develop by a method called
intramembranous ossification whereas
Other bones form by endochondral
ossification.

Intramembranous Ossification
within membrane

Forms directly from sheet like layers of

fibrous embryonic C.T.
(mesenchymal).

Step 1 mesechymal cells differentiate

into osteoblasts that secrete organic
matrix of bone
Step 2 bone forms between blood
vessels randomly. Trabeculae forms
to create spongy bone. Mesenchymal
cells condense on outer surface to
form periosteum.
Step 3 Trabeculae thicken at
periphery to form plates of compact
bone.

All bones of the skull and clavicle form

by this method.

Endochondral Ossification
within cartilage
Hyaline cartilage model
Cartilage built up in roughly the same shape of
bone, then broken down, reorganized and
hardened (mineralized) to form bone.

Step 1 hyaline cartilage formation via

chondroblasts, which are surrounded by
perichondrium, which becomes bone forming
periosteum.
Step 2 cartilage calcifies in the center of
diaphysis. Chondrocytes die due to calcification
and nutrition cut off. Ends of bone still have
healthy chondrocytes so the bone model
enlarges.

Endochondral Ossification
within cartilage
Step 3 Primary ossification center expands and
periosteal bud containing nutrients artery and vein, bone
marrow cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts invades
diaphysis.
Osteoblasts begin to deposit bone matrix forming spongy
trabeculae.
Spongy bone is broken down by osteoclasts and the
medullary cavity is formed.

Endochondral Ossification
within cartilage
Step 4 Blood vessels enter epiphysis and secondary
ossification centers develop here about time of birth.
No cavity formation here.
Hyaline cartilage remains covering the epiphysis articular
surfaces and cartilage becomes trapped between the
two ossification centers creating the epiphyseal plate.
Bone lengthens by addition of bone material at this plate.
Most bones inferior to the skull and long bones form in
this manner.

Bone Diseases
Achondroplasia
Chondrocytes fail to multiply and long
bones grow slowly and stop growing
early.
Head and trunk are normal proportions.

Osteoporosis
Bone reabsorption outpaces bone
deposition.

Osteomyelitis
Bacterial infection of bone marrow.

Fractures
Complete fracture
Break across bone
is complete
Simple fracture
Bone breaks cleanly
into 2 pieces w/ no
penetration of skin
Compound fracture
Broken bone
protrudes through
soft tissue and skin

Blood clots to form

a hematoma

Blood vessels grow

into clots

Inflammation is
apparent

Fibroblasts and
osteoprogenitor
cells invade the clot

Cell debris removed

by phagocytes and Collagen,
osteoclasts
fibrocartilage and
hyaline produced to
connect bone
3 weeks

Osteoblasts
produce spongy
bone trabeculae
joining living and
dead fragements
3-4 months

Bony callus
remodeled to
remove excess
bony material to
reshape bone and
medullary cavity.

sagittal suture
coronal suture

squamosal suture
sutural bones

lambdoidal suture

Fontanels
soft spots
Allows skull to be
compressed during birth and
allows for brain growth.
Anterior (frontal)
diamond shaped

Posterior (occipital)
diamond shaped

Sphenoid (anterior lateral)

small and irregular shaped

Mastoid (posterior lateral)

irregularly shaped

Division of the Skeleton

Axial Skeleton skull, vertebral
column, and bony thorax

Skull encloses and protects

brain. Provides attachment for
head and neck muscles. Mostly
interlocking flat bones.

Vertebrae individual bones of

the vertebral column act as a
supporting rod. Helps transfer
trunk weight to lower limbs.

Division of the Skeleton

Axial Skeleton skull,
vertebral column, and bony
thorax

Ribs Protects heart, lungs,

and other thoracic organs.
Provides attachment for
many muscles for breathing
and support, 12 pair.

Sternum breast bone

Division of the Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton the
limbs and their girdles which
append to the axial skeleton

Each limb is composed of a

girdle and 3 segments
connected by moveable joints.
Upper limbs arm, forearm,
hand
Shoulder girdle (pectoral)
clavicle, scapula. Attaches
the upper limb to the trunk
(axial skeleton)

Division of the Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton the
limbs and their girdles which
append to the axial skeleton
Lower limbs thigh, leg, foot.
Carries the entire weight of the
erect body.

Pelvic girdle consists of paired

hip bones. Attaches the lower
limbs to the spine and supports
visceral organs of pelvis. Full
weight of body passes through
this girdle to lower limbs.

Bones of the Skeleton

Bone markings
Projections that are sites of muscle and
ligament attachment.
Projections that help form joints
Depressions and openings allowing blood
vessels and nerves to pass