Arthur Schopenhauer

Born:

22 February 1788
Danzig (Gdask)
Died:
21 September 1860 (aged 72)
Frankfurt, German Confederation
Residence: Danzig, Hamburg, Frankfurt
Nationality: German
Education: Gymnasium illustre zu Gotha (de)
Alma mater:
University of Gttingen
University of Jena (PhD, 1813)
Era:
19th-century philosophy
Region:
Western philosophy
School:
Post-Kantian philosophy
German Idealism
Transcendental idealism
Metaphysical voluntarism
Philosophical pessimism
Institutions:University of Berlin
Main interests:
Metaphysics
Aesthetics
Ethics
Morality
Psychology
Notable ideas:
Will
Fourfold root of reason
Hedgehogs dilemma
Philosophical pessimism

He is best known for his 1818 work The

World as Will and Representation, in
which he characterizes the phenomenal
world as the product of a blind,
insatiable, and malignant metaphysical
will.
Proceeding from the transcendental
idealism
of
Immanuel
Kant,
Schopenhauer developed an atheistic
metaphysical and ethical system that
has been described as an exemplary
manifestation
of
philosophical
pessimism,
rejecting
the
contemporaneous
post-Kantian
philosophies of German idealism.
Schopenhauer was among the first
thinkers in Western philosophy to share
and affirm significant tenets of Eastern
philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the worldas-appearance), having initially arrived
at similar conclusions as the result of his
own philosophical work.
His writing on aesthetics, morality, and
psychology would exert important

influence on thinkers and artists

throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Though his work failed to garner
substantial attention during his life,
Schopenhauer has had a posthumous
impact
across
various
disciplines,
including philosophy, literature, and
science.

WORKS
The Art of Being Right: 38 Ways to Win an
Argument (Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst,
Recht zu behalten; 1831)
An acidulous and sarcastic treatise
written by the German philosopher
Arthur
Schopenhauer
in
sarcastic
deadpan.
In it, Schopenhauer examines a total of
thirty-eight methods of showing up
one's opponent in a debate.
He introduces his essay with the idea
that philosophers have concentrated in
ample measure on the rules of logic, but
have not (especially since the time of
Immanuel Kant) engaged with the
darker
art
of
the
dialectic,
of
controversy.
Whereas the purpose of logic is
classically said to be a method of
arriving at the truth, dialectic, says
Schopenhauer, "...on the other hand,
would treat of the intercourse between
two rational beings who, because they
are rational, ought to think in common,
but who, as soon as they cease to agree
like two clocks keeping exactly the same
time, create a disputation, or intellectual
contest."
On the Basis of Morality (Ueber
Grundlage der Moral, 1840)

die

One of Arthur Schopenhauer's major

works in ethics, in which he argues that
morality stems from compassion.
Schopenhauer begins with a criticism of
Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of
Morals, which Schopenhauer considered

to be the clearest explanation of Kantian

ethics.

On Vision and Colors (Ueber das Sehn und

die Farben)

On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of

Sufficient Reason (Ueber die vierfache
Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde)

A treatise by Arthur Schopenhauer that

was published in May 1816 when the
author was 28 years old.
Schopenhauer
had
extensive
discussions with Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe about the poet's Theory of
Colours of 1810, in the months around
the turn of the years 1813 and 1814,
and basically shared Goethe's views.

An elaboration on the classical Principle

of Sufficient Reason written by German
philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer as his
doctoral dissertation in 1813.
The principle of sufficient reason is a
powerful and controversial philosophical
principle stipulating that everything
must have a reason or cause.
Schopenhauer revised and re-published
it in 1847.
This work articulated the centerpiece of
many of Schopenhauer's arguments,
and throughout his later works he
consistently refers his readers to this
short
treatise
as
the
necessary
beginning point for a full understanding
of his further writings.
On the Freedom of the Will (Ueber die
Freiheit des menschlichen Willens)

An essay presented to the Royal

Norwegian Society of Sciences in 1839
by Arthur Schopenhauer as a response
to the academic question that they had
posed: "Is it possible to demonstrate
human
free
will
from
selfconsciousness?" It is one of the
constituent essays of his work Die
beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik.
Essentially, Schopenhauer claimed that
as phenomenal objects appearing to a
viewer, humans have absolutely no free
will. They are completely determined by
the way that their bodies react to stimuli
and causes, and their characters react
to motives.
As things that exist apart from being
appearances to observers (noumenon),
however, human life can be explained
as following from the freedom of will
(though not in a way satisfying Christian
and other theology, as he says in other
works).

Parerga and Paralipomena ("Appendices"

and "Omissions)
A collection of philosophical reflections
by Arthur Schopenhauer published in
1851.
The selection was compiled not as a
summation of or introduction to
Schopenhauer's philosophy, but as
augmentary readings for those who had
already embraced it, although the
author
maintained
it
would
be
comprehensible and of interest to the
uninitiated nevertheless.
The collection is divided into two
volumes, covering first the parerga and
thereafter the paralipomena to that
philosophy.

The parerga are six extended essays

intended as supplementary to the
author's thought.
The paralipomena, short ruminations
divided
by
topic
into
thirty-one
subheadings, cover material hitherto
unaddressed by the philosopher but
deemed by him to be complementary to
the parerga.
The World as Will and Representation (Die
Welt als Wille und Vorstellung)
The central work of the German
philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.
The first edition was published in
1818/19, the second expanded edition
in 1844, and the third expanded edition

in 1859. In 1948, an abridged version

was edited by Thomas Mann.

Anthony Quiller Couch

English author, poet, anthologist, and

literary critic.

He wrote many popular novels and

essays and was a noted lecturer at
Cambridge University.

WORKS

His legacy lives on in the grammar

school system of Cornwall. With his vast
number of short stories, Q shows his
dynamic range of style and creativity
with tales of the supernatural, Viking
tales, satires, historical fiction, romantic
adventures,
tales
of
heroic
swashbuckling, mystery and crime
fiction, and sea-going adventures.
Sir Arthur Quiller Couch was born 21
November 1863 at Bodmin in county
Cornwall in the southwest of England.
His father, Thomas Quiller Couch, a
Cornish physician, his mother Mary from
Devon. His sisters Florence Mabel and
Lilian would also become writers.
He attended Newton Abbot College in
Devon, then Clifton College before
entering Trinity College, Oxford in 1882.
22 August 1889, he married Louisa
Amelia, with whom he would have two
children.

He died in Germany during the great flu

epidemic of 1919.

He contributed to the Oxford Magazine

and wrote his adventure romance Dead
Mans Rock (Cassell, 1887) under his
"Q" pseudonym.
The

Astonishing

History

Of

Troy

Town (1888), and The Splendid Spur

(1889) followed.
Was

assistant

editor

to

Cassell

publishing's Liberal weekly The Speaker.

His collection of short stories, I Saw
Three Ships & Other Winter's Tales
was published first in 1892. His Cornish
The Delectable Duchy: Stories,
Studies, and Sketches (1893) is a
series of historical fictional sketches.
his most famous ghost (short) story,
The Roll-Call of the Reef was
published in 1895, The Blue Pavilions
in 1891
In 1895 Q published an anthology on
16th and 17th-century English lyrists,
The
Golden
Pomp.
Wandering
Heath: Stories, Studies & Sketches
(1896) contains one of his more famous

stories, the Napoleonic ghost story

Roll-Call of the Reef.
Q devoted much of his time and energy
to the Oxford Book series, including the
Oxford Book of English Verse 12501900
(1900), The Oxford Book of Ballads
(1910), and the Oxford Book of English
Prose (1923).

WORKS
English Stylistics - The textbook
discusses the general problem of style,
gives a stylistic classification of English
vocabulary, describes phonetic, lexical

He was appointed professor of English

literature at Cambridge University and
also fellow of English at Jesus College,
Cambridge.

Q would publish many of the lectures he

delivered to his students that were
extremely popular, including On the Art
of Writing (1916) and On the Art of
Reading (1920). From his Preface of his
lectures: "Literature is not a mere
Science, to be studied; but an Art, to be
practiced."
Q's

unfinished

autobiography

at

A notable linguist, professor of the

Moscow State Linguistic University.

and lexico-phraseological expressive

means
New English-Russian Dictionary
Bakut - "Novel ini telah memenangi
hadiah penghargaan Peraduan Menulis
Novel Remaja sempena 45 tahun
Bahasa Melayu dalam Perlembagaan
Negara Brunei Darussalam, 2005."

his

death was published in 1945. Q's friend

Helene Hanff wrote Q's Legacy (1986)
which would later be adapted to the
stage and film.
Henry Widdowson

Henry Widdowson (also H.G. Widdowson

and sometimes Henry G. Widdowson)
(born May 28, 1935) is an authority in
the field of applied linguistics and
language teaching, specifically English
language learning and teaching.

Articles (brief extract)

Widdowson, Henry G. (1992) "ELT and EL
Ilya Romanovich Galperin (1905 - 1984)

Teacher." ELT Journal 46/4. 333-339.

 Widdowson, Henry G. (1993) "Proper

Widdowson, Henry G. (1998a) " EIL:

Words in proper Places." ELT Journal

squaring the Circles. A Reply." World

47/4. 317-329.

Englishes 17/3 397-401.

Widdowson Henry G. (1994) "The

Widdowson, Henry G. (1998b)

Ownership of English". TESOL Quarterly

"Communication and Community. The

28/2 377-89.

Pragmatics of ESP." English for Specific

Widdowson, Henry G. (1997) "EIL, ESL,

Purposes 17/1 3-14.

EFL: global Issues and local Interests".

World Englishes 16/1. 146-53.

Widdowson, Henry G. (1998c) "The

Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse
Analysis." Applied Linguistics 19/1 136151.