1

6 [^
OZ
7 J
- **
Z F,
VZ **
F,
)l
11 Vq
-Z
17

l X O

23 [Z Nz y

27o q
-Z }n z
34 t
a
40 m[[
49 i Z0
+Zq
-Z ]o
55 m
d
i M $
64 i kZ Zzg
70 J
-yg 0*
yZ0
+
i

-4X

79 J
- E)G
3

85 y k
Hg W
93VzIxsZy*Z
98 [zZ ~ F
,
106 O Q"zeO S
112W~g Z MZ
121
144 yzgzZ

148]g @
*
Vz
/]g @
154 { i Zzg *
158 }g )yg ; y
163 a VY
168 g ZgzZ 8I
173 23 ^zg
180 ? ]wZzi
186 ]0*
Zz'
,
g.
24yW0
+
iy Z W']z
200 J
-
209} Z WgzZ Y pZ
214y W0
+
iy W]z
221 VZza
z
4

232 '3
241 +
$Y wjZ uF,
u0*

+!iq
-Z

244

248 QZ
# gzZ
255 Zz s A
261 V*Z Vr$
+
267 g"
273 wVq
-Z ~IZ
279tgz uZPg @
*
sZ
286~h WVzw
293z}? g
CyY
301 $Pg @
*
309WzF
,
'?c*
0*
y 0*
322 $&b)&

)l

-**
J
ZF,
VZ **
uF,
*
@Y c*
0*
~ w yC
6, F,76, F,
m F,
% Z }g WZ
V FgzZ V ~ gZ0
+
y LE
# X
q
-z ' X }gzZ ~ * '0*
**
g
gzZe
$ 6
L L yZw zggq
-gzZ]ZF,
-
q
X 7,
gzZ]!*
.y!*
_
yWzw yYzwakZ

G
:(
F,
~V1 X'
,
Zr
#
# Zz]| ?WgZ
#
y{ ~i ygzZ J 7,g !*
XZX [q
-Z6,
g @*

]<ygzZ xgu h
+m,
!*
y y
yy
E
{!
uF,
@*
Z L La w W X {g ~ **
g gzZ ] }
.
~g Zz ZZ0
+
i {zax VZ **
uF,
kZ V Zz{
{6,q
-g @*
E
xgzZ yp Vzg *Vzg ZD

A "7,
L ^I VE!*
g Z%g U*
WH~ ^yg Z qQ yg Z *Z gzZ Z ue
6

X Wq :Z
? H N*
I 6,VE
/Z
Za H C Z g ZD
yp
}w^ ]Z|uF,
X [ qzr yZgz kZ
$
d
wD Z+ZzK~g ~cZ~ ZX Sg C]5yZgz
X Wa ZxZ ZeY 0
zZ wZ L LD
F,
-Z
q
KZ7Z ZX e073gzZ;gp
HZyZ c*
C
w F ~h yZQX Z

x ~}vq
-ZK
G
E
+
F,
L LOg x **
7Z
X H{BX}g Z
/
B}g
F,
# X Tg Dx]q )g f yZ X
Z
0*
lg Z L LVE 0*
uF,
g Z +
$Y) c*
g Z + Zx Z **
Y
W Cc*
t ]!*
XC
{z ] 6,Z kZ X
6, .gzZ ]c*
76,
Cy!*
i c*
8
-g]LZ
454Xe
G
wjZ uF,
u0*
L L~ ~uz kz7,}g ~+ t ZX G
xX **
Y**
Wk0*
}g yZX ` M Zzc
*
VF,**
Z L L Zz g }g _g Zz VF,
yZ **
L Lt
H
X ~4z]
.
p
H7 B
c*
W L LJ
- ` WpV[Y{ c*
i%q
-ZF,
1 <yBc*
Wtzz ?] mg}uz<Y
D6,VZ Zi M ~
L L
0*
w uF,!*
!*
L LX
7

 {g !*
zZXgz<y[ZX ~ ~0*
6,i V
t ? g` i 6,.gzZ i Z0
+Z Cc*
ba
)VS @*
Z<
w M, Z6,
Vlg ZX ]gz
i ~Bc*
WkZ, Z **
g kZ uF,
@*
Z L L} 9 b (
X
x y
KZ V; z c*
sp~ { L L{g!*
zZI

{)z o Cg] m F,
}\W~**
^kZ Z
[gzZ lZ s\W~ kZX e Y6,V+ZM: A 7{E
+
E
E
{!
G
gue kZue D
L uF,
@*
Z w W }
X gx Z c*
bx Z VF,
**
Z L a
L
G
Y" X Vzy } GE$gzZ [KZ Zg yZgz kZ
~wX C: {:z Vz(,}g : pWIc*
$
e
gzZ @*
YZg yp
6,yZ @*
W
z bC
6,VrY ?H
^ VF,**
Z L
L a QX CY ZZ cL
L yZ
Zz W V\W F,
Wx a kZ X 7
-Y 7
-Y e
$.
~ F,
{zX @*
0*
7D]q Zz W: V\W|]q
Vc*
g6x ~g*!,Ng ZZz k]! fOC
bsZ
Ic*
u(,VzIxsZV!*
0VOV;zgzZ @*
0*
7
CZ3 Zg yxgWw5gzZe
$ MIY"akZX g Z

gzZ]Z@x~^KqQ^}p X
Y fuF,
P~y
WX q
-Z VzgzZX ] CZ W,
@*
~
8

t [~ T ( $&b)&) y*{z - zZ
X >
IgzZB^ Z eV Og?@WtZ
gB;6,
B;?M
h H~* ~g v~]q,
:
ceX D F,
Zy-7
6,
V ZzY
y
KZp7
**
Z uF,
X g: k
B s y- F
kZ ! *
*KV@yZX g~ i Z0
+Z4
W
X q**
^Zzg)
///

a iZyjZ L L ]Zg Z( Y 2012c ) V

/
%NgzZ W,
gzZ F,
tZzX bgZ Z gF
yZ /z F,
yj
jZgzZ y 0*
o: Zg Z'
, Zzp
pg w+Z Vz [~:
~
C~ d
$
]%Z ggzZ Vc*
gz zz g Z'
,z
gzZ ]z [z <
yj
jZgzZ y 0*
X M
h Z Zg Z
~Vg}B}uzq
-ZV ZjF{z]Z @z
yzZ~V*!*
Za}uzq

-Z VzX } a

Vza J
-#
B { i @*
c*
]z ]gzZ sZ ]p Z
Z (, ]g @* F,
s~uz X c*
z6,~ g q
-Z V c*
V
~LLYKr!*
xi Z{z~ d
$
X g Z0
+

|
# -Z KZB
Z
z gzZ z,jgzZ ZgZ
X ;g g z'
,/z KZa]uz ~g Z'
,gzZ Us
10

 w zg g q
-L LgzZ ]ZuF,
-L L
q
q
-L La 0*
y ` ZZ ~gzZ "
$
x ZuF,
gzZ F,
a kZ _g Zz
_g @*
!
/kZaKt Zz ` Z'
F,
X 7
9NigzZg & VI xsZ ~ } F,{B
'<XE
~
0]!*
sgzZU
/
{ .ZkZX ~gz
X Y}
~kz7,6,z: pTx : Z,
'Ys! 70~F,
%~ *gzZ
6,gizZ Y +Z CZ OH
6,t
KZ \g-
VrZgzZ ?~g* H6,VzI xsZ V;z yZgz g l{
~ W:Zz~}g J CgCggzZg <
z + LZ b
X, ZF ,t: Zg ZY)
/Z akZ ?q! x
gV;z
zu~ yZX Za ]q Z
ZyZ V@
E8~,W]|vg )
zg
z kZ X vZ E
,t&gzZ +
Viz{ Oakr
# y{zZp]|yZpzZp6,}i
c **
]|%z }g q
-Z X x Z ~ [z tt&M
(
:XG
G

0 Z '
~,W ]|}uz gzZ G
,#
Z ~&r
# Z g3Zzf
E

:t
C+ Z ~Z
~ * vZ ]|}g bTX X A#
Z ~ OE
~&bZ 1x kPH,
gzZ Vz
)
Z + ~ VZ'
, !*
Wx
~okZ~F,
vZ vg )
,
}uzyZe
F,
\WX 1x + Z zh
+
H` ~ xi Z ~
11

E
g8E
E

.
B
VZg Z EZ gZ]|i W~ ZgZ]|vg)
,
g
M Y { Oak ~&{ **
]| YWt X ~ Y #
mvZ G
*9g y**
Y1Zi%]| SZ gzZ WR'
, x
c*

z ]i YZ{g~ #
}
. ( | 1240 -| 1106)mvZ G
*9g Zx {

)gX sz^~
)
Z ekZ Y :Zz0*
Hae

$z
o4Z!gq
-Z~V g 30mvZ G
*9g
XXpf] ^ ^ p] ^v] ZZx **
T
X
Zz kZ mvZ G
*9gVxZ]|~( 368/4)uz] g @*
X H{E
+
N
w 83 /yZ
z kZX Za ~ Y 1929 ~,W]|

bt X je
$.{z Zqs ]g c*
i yZ Z
# MX n
i **
Zg kZ p ;g ~q6,{ #
Z y Z J
-y z
]|[VZ yZ y}X e: s ]g c*
i
G
:(
#Z]|X B}pgzZ
.6,{ X'
,#
Z ~,W
~ yZ X B ~,W
[ g Z)f gZ (
B; g
e6,
^zy%]|X Zqs ~q~}v]|
]gzZ ]g c*
ik
,
lp ~g X #
z Z f ~
YK LY #+F,
Yz \WX 5 q] X
X bJe
$.] ZZ]|
X F,Zz sx
gzZ g Y m \W
12

X W p=wZ~
/
%JZ~uu}gtyZ\W
**
WZ L L~ <L L [ <yV
mvZ G
*9g ~,WWZ]|xsZ ~kZX @*
g ~Vl7
X Y x sZ L L~ i6 K
al
*q
-Z d
$
KkZ Z ~ i<y
gz V|X
rg wxB c*
Wq
- 4,
]Z||
Zz ~ xzg ;zL Lx ~
/
%
~ V

{E
+
6,
zZ T q al
Zx q
- 4,

eg WX G
ZsVzg e~^6,
zZTg fw!zWzq
-Z~kZX Z
W~kZZ
# ]|X yZzggzZVH9]gzpazggzZ
kZ]Z||
eg Wtq
-ZX7g z
z\W
**

c*
g | ~i Z ;zh
+y

]Zg qx Zz
/ al

V- g? V
kZ~ *ankZX T e
~ V+F,
gzZ d
$
yg ; y L Lt X g w
y~~,g
Ht ~kZK ]|tZuzX q
-Z
._ezg0
+Z ~: {w; zg0
+ZkZXK]g @*
-Z
q
& Vc*
/G
G
g { nxi ZpKxsZ
z LZtgzZ
Hc*

c*
X @*
W: ~K~i w 18 Dx V \W
X_ZKZ'
,
Vz) 7g6,
gzg0
+Z\W Zuz
hg<
{z
/ZY HzbVyLZB
13

/g c*
:g gzZ?k <
Z }uz*7t kZ
I LZ Zz c*
c*
hg<
CZ Tg u" a
~Z {z(LZx
{zX `gZS
n V1
zL LZuz~( w1xsZ ) wZ bLZuZ~ {gzZ
X Y0: ;
#
Z w 30 ~KkZ #Z]| D
Y #]|
gzZ D Y y yp]|X @*
W: KJ
-w 18 Xb x Z Z

c*
=Y7,x
/ZX V @*
~K
z! ~Dy)
vZvZ w {gVZ X 0*
qB LZ ~ C
x { g
i
) )!*
~KgzZ N8
-g N gzZ ] qG,
s'
,
)qgzZ Sh Z e V 7(Z y~kZ t ` WX qz
/7 y%
]|X Vg: YWy{~ }6,gzZ%~ G
ZG Y yk X Og~
/6,}g7 kZN @*
Vzh
+% LZ
]|X KgzZq
-Z d
$
al
{gX ,U~ h
+y

Z
kZ Z w= Z kgt Cg CgX c*
qzkg p~L L~ kZ
X ! x6,Vzf Vz\W \vZX
H7,: { ~L L x **
K
gzZg { {xB kZ} a
, ZK yLZ \W
{g 7Z xsZ Z qg c*
xsZ Z ~o ` W Z ey{g Z Z k#
& al
@*
Dh
+y
Hd
$
]Z||X @*
Y#
z
] #VZz]|~4z]
.kZp
/ZX Tg D'!*
J
14

E
lZ 0*
xw00*
Vx**
yZ H{g
Z6,
zZ { 6X 0*
M
lp gzZ ;g ;g p'Z eL **
~
L L+]|Xg D
tg t ~kZ
z}Y

c*
g |L L\W7ZzzkZ
%N
C: yZ f Z~KTZ eF
/
%k#gzZ { {kg Z]
.)g e
N Zfi gzZ C ~K yZ f Z - ` WV;z
p e
$.{E
+ T W kZ x ]| X C
\vZY
yZX
) !*

15

y*Zi Zw ^l sx q
-Z
/
q O]Z|yZ @*
N YZ
dZF,
kg Z 0*
XnYZez: Zg Z'
,
~4z]
.! c*
i !*
X
///

:tE
x gz X A#
Z ~,W]|B !*
WK
p W ~i B~KX { c*
i } s@ 6,
g Z)f6,
g
W f y ` V ~ o Zz y q
-Z
~Vz c*
gu{h
+g**
i W c*
g
C{
Hc*

c*
}g Z Z~Y 1924m<!*
X s ZyQ
sZ} ~ Y 1926 Zz c Z {!*
b Z
Z gx g z ! F,
QX ~ VpZy
zz y Z i ~g uVgzZ 6~ m,
Zsp
16

]|X x VY6"m
6,yZze VQy"~g i W
"7,g ~g YJ
-{q
-Zh
+'
wqgt t {X ~g ; :
KLY f} (,} (,X : Zz J 7,{gW7, z Zz
0
+
p Z L L g t X ~0*
6, ~,W L LX X ` Y
~ wEZp [ r
# L Lx|X Z d
$
p Z
^ WL Lzzg: ~g YdnZX m{BY xzY f
-Z]| **
q
WZ .L
L vZvZy
WX gYCZa wqg
RL L~ y!*
i F, WZ L LX g 6,%~ {yLZh
+%
yZ Z (,c*
N*
gC
akZ idgzZ~}g7 a sX
qz}ik
,
ikZX
H0zx **
yZ tgzZ H WZ L L
}ik
,
i X [ Re ~ ^ kg Z } (,} (,vZ Y
` W Zz
kZ X iW$gzZ iz
Z yZZ y*Z ^ J
-}iu'
,
E8~,W]|Q V rg }E
c*
x Zc }vZE
+
X D Ws6,
6Cc*
h
+]
.
eug IkZ V e: y c*
: {{z b
kZ
a Z+DVr{zY zc*
Y #]|pX Zi W
B ]gzZ V KZ ]|XA G
g F,
Z G ]Z@W Zz YK
VBY ZZgXf
ex
Z
zZgw
{ Zg F,
X Lg ~g Yx ZZ +ZzyZgzZx Z dZ
kZ X Z ug I
} (,q
-Z e~&{z X Z t Z
17

E
" L
yZ f
e c*
yZ
/ 3G
L X C qz! }
kZ ]|
8| 7, `

szwL LD
X aZ
ZzL L ?D

:@*
n{zX, $ Z Q J 7,`
szw6,} Y[Z ?
7Z DV; }g L L:D
]| ?V J 7,gzZ V J 7,H]|
?XY f: @*
Wx Z: Dt X z
M F,
gzZ J 7,s7Z ?X Z VgzZ
0 U% J 7,hB DZ 1Js A
6,` ZZ @ sz c*
M F,

z x F,` W X Y
{!*
]!*
~
yuZ U*
Z]|!*
gx Z~kZX
4]
kZ X D
z Z f x Zo!*
z { E
+Z x X D Y J 7,SGE
gzZ { c*
i ]uvZ Y
qJz e
$ Z kZ p D ]'
,
X Vz
Zizg
7,~ / w 8 yZ
/
q
-Z i ZZ ]|
*Z L
L V;zvZY
[Z {zX Z rg~/w 16 gzZ H qz
VrZ X g { c*
i q
-ZB yZ { X n
pg x 6 Z
5Zg yZ 7C~ ikZ c*
C%q
-Z
kZ ?7c*
;g Y wjZ^ Dg 9Y ZzvgzZ :7 X :
wjZwZ {z 7,
x
k0*
}g ^tN @*
-Z ]|a
q
a~g Zl{ c*
igzZyW~
zVrZ}uzX}:**
)g f}g
ZygZz],
eJ
-V a yW
Sa% J e6,{g
ZankZX
18

0*
a gzZ > 2i e { izgi :ygZ 0*
xsZ :}X
3 yg Zx )g fVzg
Z= sX KgH]Zg
Z
~r zwgzZ CYyW]!*
bkZ I]| c*

gzZ
"7,6,VZ VrZa V Z
/z sX C~ i Z0
+Z 0*
,
k

ntZ
# ZX | 7,
yZ
/ qg p gzZ c*
Cim{q
-Z
! ~g7~T c*
ZK
M F,
[q
-ZV;b
kZ\vZ H
$. VrZkZX ~ Vzg
e
ZnJ MgzZp Zng e y!*
i
{?M
h}
M F,
Y f}g \WH H QX pgzZz
y ZX Z hgZzV;VrZ1 HgX \N*
~: [: k0*

!*
i}g
Z c*
{ X W p=x Zf6,
z {gH
[gzZ ~ !
M F,
X KZ Zz
M F,
Z W,
Zt kZX x !Z kge
$ Zx \vZ1 :B {)z
t Y fh
+'
~
/
% Zg ZZ i Zz6,3Zz Zizg Z
'5 Z z q
-ZgzZ ~g Zh
+y
V1 ~g 3Zz X T e **
kg
5 kz&

+ZgzZ ]Z| ~ Y fyZ Zxp

\vZX ~ 7,
~qV;zn
pgt]Z|W{)z
X q] X7lzHq
-ZgzZ ;gwq
a
u **
Vzg Zb t
KZ ~gz kZz X gz ]!*
LZ V*!*
0Z ]x Zf~g Ygzgzi}g7

~g
{zD J 7,
V~]]Z|X BVzg
19

c*
(zZC
!*
V X n
pgg ]W~h !*
kBV1gzZ k]
hgx CWCW
A YX @*
Yc*
Vz6,|
# g
X D Y~
# ~Zg ZzZa gi RwgzZ D Y V~E
l^ sg b\g- ~ F,
X Hg (Zi { E
+Z
Vz
/
X f
e x6,
7:]Z|tX {x Zg WgzZ
^
FigzZ Lg ~g Y^X qz^m/e q
-Z ~h sg
*ZQgzZ D lk
,
vtF,
Q6,w2~y
WX Lg ^dB
M zgzZ CYg Z6,sg Zz 3Zz
) )t Vz
)L L6,Vz
/
gzZ
gz kZ X D Y Vye
$x
Dt Z Zz
(~^ ^
g^L
L 6,
} 6M bZVM,Z
XKiZ%
V}g X ~0*
bZ 6,i ! s H6,+ D
q T
0*
w ~ X S7,i Vzg
ZJ
-wA
6,$
+gzZ r" KZ H6,g Z- k
,
g ~0*
6,s$
+t
V0
+
i
x Zz{>~Vzg ZgzZSgV)t
/
$
E
Bgu
X Tg D E
~Vzg
ZVzg
Zt LZ~

ZZ L Lw 0*
V- K
M F,
x {F,
"ZxE~ kZX @*
L Lwq
-ZyZX Dg
G
E
+
kZ X D Y J 7,6,
g
X D x **
{B L Lw 0*
z e
$Z { E
+Z Zz J 7,X @*
Y c*
Z~ kZ
20

gz Vz} (,gzZ #
|Zg Z ~ F,w c*
w VM
| 7,y 0*
Zq
-ZX qb: 6,V
wq X H { .Z kg Z x
]Z| X
N YZ
dZF,
~kg Z 0*
]gz
XnYZ ez: Zg Z'
,
~4z]
.! c*
i !*
Xq O]Z|yZ @*

21

x Z L L:
Lq
-Z ~ Zg : ~ x ( F,
~:V; }g& K 6,bkZ wjZt X wjZ z
uq
-Z ~ qz @*
Y Hy 6,g sg J e x (
TVZi Z X Y ~ o
p Z o}g7 J
-
) ) , }J

$ Z G
~ Z G
G
0L L:
W Y~ GG
0L L{z
C+ L
G
0L LZzp
bkZ~ F,
X {)z {)z~
:Z G
pg ` Z'
8
-bZgzZ
G
xz . c*
xznkg Z ZzgA Z {Z
+t )g f VjZ

zx Z L L 6 X ;g Pr Zl
+ L ~ ^: z!*

z6,p
pg e7 ` )g f kZgzZ 1 g" VKZ wjZ
t{Z
+q
-ZV;zD YWxzx Zt]
.)VkZX ~
E
eJ
-u
M F,
L h$ Zz Y~V-gE- gzZ W @*

+Z Z~(, VzIxsZ WZk

,
izF,
z kZX CY

22


z$
+;VyZV;zQgzZ J 7,
~VjZyZ~qzT
Kzpap
pgzg r Zl
@*
U<
z +~S0
+W!xi Z
V F,
+]
h
.{z ` WgzZ B asZgzZf 7Z
X } a
~zCc*
Bx Z] }
.~
xi ZF,
# sm,
r
z6,[ sg&
+}g !l c*
]g @*
~g Z'
,L L Zz **
~E
L%xi ZkZgzZ { Z} (,

x Z G
`gL
L yZX{h
+z
/
} (,
r
#
0*
w ,
E

y 0*
/Z #

}
. L Lt X Y ~g o~ y 0*
we EG3B Z z
~E F,
]!*
H Ca6,(x (~E
pX 0*
Vzg Z Z (! fhgVbgE- q
-ZP~g LZ
4g kZ aj @*
&x dZy 0*
t
V ZzZx @]+Z[gvZ ZzZX Y6
gzZVzg Z- Y fOM+
M( YY ` WX @*

b ~~: { ~x LZ y
((g Zz VW{1
9
B HYq cZ y i L <XE
1Z Zz Z%
6,+
M qzg 7 X g w1 OZ ~
g we L Ly!Z x
V ~'
,KZ Z
#
6,e
$ X mZ bzg x
~g 6,
yZ7KyZ N W~yZykZB
X CY
7F
/F
g {E
+
'
,
)z Zz"7,V;zgzZ]Y ~E F,
! G
23

 F,q
-Z ]g Zpe
$.Nt X 5
&
z k%Z \g- zz 0*
}g X ~g J
-upLE
-ZPV;zDZ- V-gE- L L6,Vz#P 7W
q
g.r
# [; ZZ eX wq wZhgV-gE- g**
}g c*
C ~g q
-Z ;gE- b Ze ZzDqgzZ} Z ! W
6,Vz#P}g Z Z (! f Zz BVbgE- x~]Zg 3ZV
0*
sq
-Z ~ F,
X Dgg 0*
~ { ]g
& L gLzZ
& L LX CY w@Wz w6,xxa]Z|
LG
LG
lg Z L LX BgzZ lg Z L LVE 0*
uF,
zz w zgg
} 5"" \W Zi R kZ~ y!*
iuF,
p
J
-y T
gzZ VzgZge .X 6,pg Zz Zz 1 gzZ
]zZ gzZ Du|ZZ ]Z| 0*

H
~g Zz I xsZ Cc*
X D7wz 7 c*
]`
Z yZ
6,ay
~g u A D
;gq
-Z ZcZb
kZX @*
Y
{z ` gzZ ;g 7Z #
F,
X gq dZ
~ \g- X '
,
Z'
,9zg52 Z8 q
-Z X g} ay

A : ; }8500
~g Z zgzZ R$
++Z6,x **
gzZ CY ?E
+z$~g
W~WLZ :ZzD Y{gzyZ }g CY2
V;zgzZ ~g F,
~kZX @*
I**

& 4 u|
Y {gz| 7,
/ZX @*
LE
24

Z ez~ y>
Vg qzggzZ d
$
Vg Z'
,z X 7Z'
,
X ]!*
Zz [Z Nz y

L Lc*
zg cu *z+
{w {z HVV;z wj ~g Z'
, 0*
wZ
y
KZ !*
w gzZ lp (Z yz yZ V uF,
gzZ Zz h
e
X 4kC6,
0*

25

xi Z& {n g ZZ Zu {z q
-ZX }n zF,
{
]|& {n g Z$
+@*
gzZzg {z ZuzgzZ Z16,kOF,
~
E8~,W
gGy Z #$
+) Y xz Y f}uzyZgzZ)ZzvZ E
yZgzZ (
wJ)
\vZ X {)z
0*
g\
0*
y
]Z|yZ X g yI xsZ Zz 0*
M F,

V;
KZt gW7
~ ; uF,
!*
!*
LL
o kZB~g !*
'
,z6,D1 .

Z
zD
+
gzZ +
M qzgz ]
` ~T ouZz * F,
sq
-Zt])X g
wX
Hc*
gzi6,pg~ wqC
M W ogzZ M W
}g yy kZ ` gzZy ox OZ uF,
@*
Z
uF,
g u'
,~yj
jZ ` uF,` WzzX Yc*
: w$
+Z
V yjZ ~ x Zc*
V~ #
{z e w VzI xsZ
Cc*
]Z%gzZ yZ
(s~uz X PBV.P
26

LZuZgzZ8{ VM) V!{h

+ **
SV!@
**
VxgzZ1zg3 Zg VzIxsZ ( c*
i W/wC
ax
X 7YB;%$
+
pkZ o LZ o yz {z C V Zz zi !*
N !*
* C
!*
{zX g Y Cg;
~ F,
p[R N Zzkzg *
ZzZz V26,H Zz 6,Vv ],
ZjZL L
WZ L L~ D
g XL L <L LX DkCsgzZ~
-Z o }g X 7 W +
q
M Zgz +
M qzg **
~zg Q`Vzi 0q
-F,
Z ~Z g ZY
yZX g Zj^x vX 3+**
v
tu~g V7~h Zzg zyCg i ZLZuZ]Z|nVz
z y 0*
6 g Zg {i 0 F,
gzZ ^ !*
W LZuZ ~g
C4yZgzZ gz V Zzpg f sZ yj
jZ
:zVw{" bkZX ~[Zy

gz!*
t 7Z V lp ! x VzI xsZo kZ ]Z| (1)
akZX~c*
$
d
L z` WoVztYc*
Zz
~ w Z ;g Za ~Zg
/Z mc*
$
"
y Z
Xg: RyQhZ~~g Z'
,
sZ@X z
DZ F,
gzZ ^ **
Zgz!*
t V Zz pg f 4 (2)
I g {z: g 3\W {z pz d
$VsZ
27

Z [Z [f?q T ZX D C? ~
{"gzZ}nKr!*
X CZd
$V~^c*
uF,
xsZ Zz g
/ e {s V- ZzryY
4E
& Zq~" VzI
/F
@y M
m V; }g ~ kZ E
~ F,
C yMg c*
+**
0*
}g [Z X sz^
Y xz Y fV;z X ug @*
~ m,
z* x guL LgzZ <L L
yZX sz^~ g g @*
E
L j8gzZ4z]
.g k#z (gzZ
c*
#
}
.It **
{Z
+ 7Z Vg '~g gzZ { .Z ]!*

? ~Z **
2x u7Z} G,
7}nVe
V/}uz c*
` ZZ Vk#gzZ
( VzI xsZ F,
G
kZ ?CZ i
L .7"(,
Wx/xb)g f
(k#~
s Z e ~y
Wq
-Z6,x ~z* z ~ F,
I Y s
YYc*
X
1 r Zl
~S0
+W!]Zg ~0
+Znx @*
gzZ Cc*
$ [fX YY 3g ~g Y x CZ ~ kZ
e
2Z + K**
6,
D 1.
zs6{gz6,+
M=
z kgZ X ~0*
6,{/z egzZ 8 IuF,
y!*
i ! i z yZ f Z Z
# ~gz
bz c*
LY fX Ng D l ]
.) {
] g ~y
WX 7, Z
Z aj}% c*
W(Z
zq
-Z
:g_
OZ (Z Z {#
6,kZX
H7,w V Zz + Y[Z W
Vce^gZ eVrZX Y0:
L g} (,

28

1}g ngzZ : g ~ ` X g ] g C c*
I
wjZ z x Z L L6, Zz a nkZ ZX:C
!*

? Hw Zz "7,~ VjZ yZX K qz~ Z~gu

&L L~X ~} ]i YZ ] G
yc*
Z LE
5O;XWZ L LaikZ
Z ]Z|I + X Iq ] }
. :C
L 6,
L q
i%z6, 7 ` )g f VjZ yZ VrZ X **
Y
ZVkg 0*
(~uz {gq
-Z VzIxsZZ
# ~; ,X ~
zS6,gzZ kZ
H0 WZk
,
iz T
$**

{ c*
i { c*
i D VZ {Z
+ ]i YZ wjZ z x Z L LB
bkZ: 7]i YZ Vg X wjZ z x Z L L
]
W f kZ x Za kZ YY 6,gVjZ sZ
g ugzZ N 'g qK}P Xz , ZGY6,
gLZX c*
Bg7
O !
VV;zgzZg Vg qVjZ~ F,
XK qzwjZ
X CY ZkZgzZ @*
4g Vp ZzY Z

D wjZ, Z ay
gMx ZX D]YZy
Z { c*
i 6,
kZakZ
bkZX z~} ],
Zy ~g u7ZgzZ
~g7 ]gz W + X qz
W wjZ,Z((
X Za yQq
-Z
~ 5 Zg kZ VrZ X : Wq
-Z g 7t 6 +
: Z e y bza% Z e^zg
29

v ~Z6,X i J
-~Z6,s~ VjZ ~g u (1)
E8VLZ
6,X f
eVZVjZa*y M
LE
{zgzZ Y /a @*
~J
-w J (,] a
wjZ ~g uOa X} F,
"7,wjZ O
e| 7,! ~V &yZ/gzZD YW~ wjZzx Z L
f
L
x Z L
L
Hc*
y t(2) X
Hc*
3 Zg yZ )g f y kZ

z X n | 7,~ ] G
5O;XWZ L LsZz "7,~ wjZ z
kZX b6,kZ{)z8
-bZ%O]]((
z Z kZ H: z w wjZ z x Z L L y
H~Z V Z
( gy tt]!*
}'
X ~qz
%gzZ ~ } 6 I + ` Zz ZzgkZ p
V Z
(a [!*
O] yZgzZ g { ^
,Y [Z 0*
s ` Xgx ~ 0
+
i%C
I xsZX Sg CwEZ
F,
gzZ Z yZ ~ ` %Z **
6,yZ ~ V}uz
X ~qz h
+'
azD
~EX VFX NgzZsy*Z kZnZ
i kZVzIxsZ ~ VzgZ Z (
! 70 1X o ]){ c*
z ? @*
Y Hx ~ wj Z**
c*
27Z gz
ZgZ'

,ykZ VrZX ;g ~g Y^yZBD

+
zgzZ ~g !*
'
,
~i f% ~{^zg bgzZ ~ W7"
$x
30

G
~zBi
L .7g D
+
X 3g ~g Y ~i {gzZ ~i Z
Z
LZB
w x Z)g f V Z z b #gzZ ] }
.dZ
WZk
,
izzg` WX D]6,VzZ Z
ZCc*
M F,

7,
VjZzx Z L L4Zg Zh
+#
IxsZgzZY Zgiz
BBX 0*
M F,

V; { E
+Z Cc*
V gzZ
~g Y
eZV-gE- g dZF,
a sZ
X
HHyZ
eZ g ZD
0*
w kZ X
g \g- ~F,
7DkZqZp~E dZ~y 0*
Z X
HHgH
Zz a y 0*
V gzZ X CY ~
ZI xsZ~ V-gE- V X $
)gf~ Z Zzg
wj Cc*
ze
$.gzZ
8B; V; 6 )gzZ

& ZB
(k# ~gzgpb kZ~y
WX @*
h ~
xsZ Z 48g- 4kZ q Z {zH,
z sgzZ wZjZ
@g Zh
E
+( dZ X Ci VrsZV!*
I
X x Z ~0*
wZ z g f Z x e~&B i Pz
zg0
+Z B Zg ~ ]) z 7Z ZgzZz `z
tbkZgzZ ;gxl6,
]Z t
'
,
yZX 3gX])
X ;g @*
i Z0
+Z3!^y!Zx
Vr g^Zg s Z ct~F,
zTtZ

sZ { ^
,Y x yZ WC
!*
: e
$n7Z
31

`6,yZxIxsZ {X ~g Y ZctX H{ W~g Z'

,
,Z 7ZgzZ
]k x gzZ ] x \vZ X
[fz ty
s !*
X CF,
Qz ]SkZ X} =wqZ
GG
4OhI!@\vZ v{z lpX **

!*
w1h~
X N YwEZ ~^~z

32

g ; gzZ
A Xce xg D Z Z n
CZXce $ 7g ; 6,ut s
X **
gzZ}7V
/
G
*By
Z aTgzZ ~y
Wk,

EL"
Xce**
Y*ByW ZgzZ xg~
///

O& X 6,`z
Z e zg Z X qz **
WC
!*
E
z L LsX
HHs Zg yZ~}gY 2013~g
Zg zskZ r
# X
HH{g
Zg~ x q
-Z}n
kZ 6k
,
)gzZ +zX ,Zj{g
x
Zg Z'
, V5Vz ~g Y ~ F,
p { }h
+`

X
HL7Ec*
Z]!*
}}6,
/Zz
$
d
gzZ g p Z q
- qgs ~F,
aZ
33

gzZ: kZ Z { Zg Z a kZ X 5 _
;g Y gzZ g p uF,
& 'g p uF,
~ y 0*
Z ezg Z Zg~y
WkZX Y]!*
6,];z '
X }7B]%=ZZ 3
gzZ r Z b #t X r
# vZ q
-q
-Z ~ F,
gzZ k
,
+x ~ k%Z{ Z'
5
,
ukZX Cx
z ~]g
ayZ 6 Z7]gztX n
pgx3,
aVZuZ
K wjZ~ * q
-kZX *
@Y c*
0*
tu cgzZx3,
{ c*
i
J
CY ~g
@ E
@+Zg e
$g/O6g\ } (,V X
X ;g_wY Vzg Z Z yZ x **
wjZ uF,
u0*
L LV; }g X
KZ ~zK8gzZ g Zg ea
M F,
~)ZVrZ
J
-x Z a #
uF,
@*
L L : V Z e zg Q X
gzZ a#
IxsZ {akZtt |Z
# X nY
X YYbzg~;"Q~a6+ *

ng
q
-Z6,xguh
+m,
!*
y
) ) ZzygZqt
2!Z e
.E
zZy
yy~kZ\z
/kZX ~H
kZ y
L Lx ] }
.]g@*
wV"T'yZxx+Z
LZp~ kZ X c*
)Zg e q i p
Z q
-Z Zj'
H0z x **
B
bg ]o VF,* sZ ~g7 6, X~}g !*
s sZ
gzZ 6 e
$. WZk
,
iz uF,` Z'
3 Zu{ iC
+Z
34

.6Xq
V Z 3E
-ZX
H7,**
g Z h
+I**
V/A g^
ZP[e~zg Q`
@*
M 0*
yZ **
}g ZZg e {z
$
d
gzZ[Zy

Cwb #
IxsZ {gzZg ` P

A a} 0*
t Z F
B e * sZ CW
X g Z'
I xsZ ` Z'
3 Zz
( k#yg Z qs~uz
)**
Z xz Y f
0*
y ~,WgzZ g O
yZX g;p+
M qzg EgzZ
(: Z'
,
~]q
6,
RC
J
-Ka
C~C
]g gzZ
(zb #V
^gx7
-Y7
-YagzZo Zzx x
ZX g yY
VrZ}nkZXg**
w 8wZyg ZqWZk
,
izX g
w VrZ yZgz ZX c*
]g[p V LZ
{LZ ?} H Hyy H[NZ V LZ gzZ ~
/]g
~q=#
~x Zzz V
vZX { c*
i51 g !*
X g
Z
zgzZ/_
. qgs+ k0*
yZ y

V R'
,
gzZa4sZ F,
VrZ
- ` WuF,
J
x '~s Z ZVE!*
wV" ~aD

] }
.z ] ~
**
**
]|xsZ ' 7
KZ s #
* c*
Zz q Z Z Z q
-Z ~ s Z Z
X x ZZuZzh
+
gzZ
35

~ m,
z* ng Z0
+
6,V70
+
i xgu h
+m,
!*
y gzZ < y
E
4&L Lq
F
~ T c*
Z Zg 3G
-Z ~ wZ X N Z K
M F,]
g
/
%kZX
Hc*
3~[|Zgz6,bzggzZiz
ZyZZ Z Zz
\W * L L: Z DgrZ Z x {q
-ZV;z
z D
^ Wx q
-Z ,g X ~g OZ gzZ q
-Z
^
,6,} x gzZ q) ._ s}g ]gz
qt q
-Z~ 'X
yZZ ~ Z]
.Zz !*
W}g L L:H'
, kZ
X M
h (ZQvZY
yZ YW
}~ r Z Zg f kzggzZi
Z z [c*
~ y 0*
Vzq
yZ
u @*
gzZzg F,
)gfVzq yZ VM
m sZX 7f
s %ZgkZt x=X 3x Z}g {nZ@*

#
Z p @*
Y c*
0*
Zj r Z ~k
,
aV; }g W
V Le It s@*
7g ZZ6,kZ~X Cg wq~ s %Z
b we ~C
6sVVzIxsZuF,
?V Zzq kZX : Z
g
g !}h
+`

kZp hZ ~(,
Z ezg Z L L
: /Zz R
C4z ~g Y ~ F,
gzZ s
# z x w ~
/
%
gzZg Xz a: 5{zX
HigzZ k
8Zx Z}}:
L
V'!*
z%K {@x}F,
f
ex } ^
,Y~Wz
:M
hpi Z {g
36

bkZ Vz yg Z qWZk
,
izgzZ vZgF,
t q
-Z (1)
a F,
ZgzZ HgZ h
+I**
6,Y `Zg e
kZ M WkZ ` gzZ M Wa X c*
C { yvh
+
~g7 Z7t kZp M
h VZ 7x {zW uq
-Za
X Yc*
}g Z
p{gx uF,
VF,
x t
/ZX q NZg ebkZ6,c*
z~g uF,
(2)
~ c*
z~g uV;z ]Zy
yZ C a#
{i Z c*
a
: 3 y*kZ } Z ! T X ce ]i YZ
{ i Z0
+Z kZX Vj7V~ ,%]m=
o}g7gzg}uzq
-Z gzZ Z
ZIBgzZIxsZ
k
8Z Z
# gzZ g X 7uIz gzZ Zz {zgzZ CWk
,
q
-Z
g? V !*
$**
gzZ V !*
$BWgzZ Wz ]gzX
'
,x ZZ
Zg ._kZgzZK2
z vZX Y
X

Zz=
a y!*
i gzZ x T }h
+`
bz@gzZ
}g \W[Z
N
5B ]Z m=z F,
gk
,
d ] }
.
Zg euF,
X Z W,
O b~'
, Z L L F,
qNGL L:
z ( !
W
~(,, F,2013 X wZ Z 0Z6,q=
~fgzZ yZ~
/
% ?8
-g Hg DpuF,
6,*x PZ
X
BVu
37

F,
X Hq F,
yzg Q [)Zg e: ix **
+ **
$
]qNGL L
V X , JP @ M V Zz Zg e kZ Zz M
L6,]X X ~ **
P gzZ i *
* JP Xce **
, P
Vz6,] @*
f LX Y7{ M6,]!*
g ZZ+

g 2
Z7f LM
m TX izg6,+hZ ~z Kf {z ~
kZ ] x Z yDg 6 Zg e Z Zg e q
-Z 7~
@*
qN GX c*
[ 7
g wEZ ~ x|c k
,
i kl
5 Zg Zz gzZ D Y Zz IZ ]!*
Zt X
6,ugz *
ZgzZ ] { c*
igZ
CVzVX f
e w
1 :6fX D~p ZqN)gzZ qN~T C
wF
C
/
6,x **
Zg e 0*
@*
7 Z 7, ^ Zz
L ZX
H` MB; q
-Z kZ qNGL LX 3gwex h u
7{V* LLa ?E
+ Vg x HG ~ R
,u F qNG1 C { q
-Z $
+gzZ ^z '7,
X , h

38

m[[
( 3k* )
{ M6,h zuKZg ZC
C
Zg e
HH7V- $
+L L
(Z Vzuz n : h p *Z{ gzZ t Z e
$Zzgh
+
X g
X
H0c q(C
Zg et zzX C D
g Z e ~X @*
gF, Zg et H @*
Za t wZV
~ @gzZ ;gE- [ M g wZ {z HZg
/

:1{zX { Z'
,
uzg

T Zget X g Zl c*
ZkZ1 " (Z~ F,
LL
LZ ~ X 6,kZ X **
Z6,w{z F
F6,wz**
g ZZ yZX Zz IkZp;g @*
IV Zz + Y
Zz ZX
W
) !*
[Zy

} Zz Zg e, Z
F,
X @*
t
Zz Z (,~V ZzI**
gzZI1Dgz"
kZ ZL L: k\Z g Z e X ggzZ t
t~
39

 0*
t]!*
X HW,
Ob~'
,Z F,
Zg e kZ
kZ [7 [J
-g !h
+
]g Zq
-Zs~c*
z.
$6,
qNG !*
:gz X , , q]Z W,
Z t6,} Zge
&ZpXg ,q={ C " gzZ Cgzpz z
" +
.2E
~
k
,
C Zj ~
GG
G6 q
-Z
"gzZw6
2E
Zz M Zj8 pZ} ZX z6y 0*
` M G.G
X 1F Zg e kZ vZguF,

V;}g q
-Z
0F,
:gzZ{]g \uF,
: {6,
f kZkZ
[] q
-Z qNGX c*
Mt y Z ~g !*
zg c*
Y(

1zZ M{gwz**
~ i `z xi Z G
c*
3 CgzpgkZwj gzZ ~i g Zez6,kZX fp wz**
g 6dZF,
X
H@*
~g Hq
-Z
HVV Zget
H
Dqzig M~wj kZvX @*
Fascinate V
0
+
i4 yZ v~ F,
t aY Z%ZV; }g X
F,
c*
zX ;ggZ0
+
g Zg6,! xZg e kZX
+y
h

gX Y}h
+y

Zg eh
+'
Vzg Z Z 4Z @*
X ~ hz s
X HI2gzZ Io ZX [w=u" V;z 1
~zi- e:6 F~} i q
-Z~gX ],
Zy M
zkZZg e 5
A e F,
-ZX } ZA e VZg e F,
q
sV;zX M
~gM
mq
-ZF,
x **
(STV) zg Q ~z K ZX _
40

X
7ZX Vk ;ez6,
gzZVzg Z ZggzZcZg Zuz
F,
gzZ m~ 6 5 mq
-Z Zg e }g Z ]!*
kZ
E4F
76,gX [
Y 7 ME5G
7~q
-Z mZge Zz
V Zg e }'
,iZC
* yDgt ~ V Zz M V- X
w eX yv yZV- X
C3A egzZ
0*
x ZV; yZ1eg ZZ c*
] d
$o Zz
+
&
e 7(Ilp M X @*
akZ {z ;g
zz]gzpgzZ6 7ZX w Z" {zgzZ Zg ZX C0*
CgzpgzZ {a gzZ
Hqa(Gossip)
F^ X
?D:VY eg kg6q=X Zg e Z
~g t ~ Dp Z ]!*
-Z ~ wq ]g~g kZ
q

/Z V:p { Mg yZX g x
~
KZ *gzZ D6,`zx !*
` M C~4x zo
}X D g ^ [ )OGzg ] }g }X D g Z kzg p
X Dck
,
igZZz ` Z'
}g}'g YI[V* ]
H `g(p ZNz1yY Zgp Z b Z ~
1 @*
yEZ G ' g 0*
zVgzpgzZ Vpp ~g
p HKZ x g~ V'
,
65 yZt wZ+F,
Z ` M
XgzZ 56,X VgzpgzZ VpypKZ ?
41

K }g0*
>X\I ~
}g 0*
[ Z &QgzZ Zk
,
+
5
gzZ spp Z ~g6z1 Zg V X }g Z Z X
7,k
,
6,
p 0*
tu~i *"gzZW X Hsv
.
7[ e {zaq
-Z Zz Vzk
,
&z ;Z ;
gzZ1 px z o V'
,gzZ Z IZ 7IZ z DIZX Q
~ iY MwX x **
b~'
,g 2 Zz
W {g 7Z
? qiZ Xn 7J
- Zg e ]g @*
y" ~y
M L L

/8F
X C CZ g ZZgzZg ZZ p KZ x C
7 G
Z ` Z'
<
x X C F,
[pZ
~ kZ ]c*
ZzggzZp
V D }g qZ 7(ZX ~
W ]gwJ
X ` Zrg !*
g !*

z| (
,
MgzZKWV; X `

c*
Z Z n
CZ Bt gzZ D Y rg > Z'
,Ug c*
z
~ Replacement q }X t c*

%N :X HF
%N: g
F
/k'
,60~ x ZZ >Z'
,X C
+zYg Z];C
h
szcX e0s z ;g M6,c*
z[ZX e
~ m,
Z V2 D M !%yZ , Z k0*
}L L :
mB~ M c*
~i Zg
?Vg klgzZx HV;zX 7,wz**
(zBVgq LZxgz$QgzZ S7,
D Z ` CZ V'
,Q0!%6f ~ VgVz **
gzZ ! xX
X D 0*
7qkZ1
42

kZ ?8
-g Hg DpuF,[]6,*x PZ z (
F,
~y 0*
Zgzt1V~bq
-Z]Z W,
Z
i * " zuz ]Z qNGx Z ZgzZ a
Vx " X W,
OgzZ Zbz
) !*
Vzg Z
Z X 1wJ M VZg e Zz M kZgzZZg e kZ
c*
gN*

V ZzZg e F,
V- X q=gzZ g 3Z
gzZ L LZg!*
VVZg e [ZX [ Zg7 M wq {z
X nZz ~
V5gezN Y
m gzZ Zg e ~ |gX K eg kg 6 q= Zg e kZ
M
F,
6 XXgz uF,
@*
Zw7*F,
tF,
6 X M }
Zg e Y Y ~ **
W Z L L wZ
~a
M u T Zi M g Dp <
+Zq
-ZX c*
h
nt qN Y M Vz LZ VZaZX
X } h J
-u} y M yZ7
]!*
6,X O]yZ k ; ez6,C
Y~ Zi M c*
z
z "gzZ ~I
0 zX
_VZ V L D
,
C V ]6f K V
KZ ^lp ~
X Z Z
]c{z V pzfgzZ 6,_q
-ZY X 'Y Z

gzZ d
W LZ ~kZg Zq
-ZZge w=?x **
Zg e
JZ {C
X Dx Zg M ~} #[Z :~
43

, Y~} # ~gz It ._wLZ O

G$E
a[c*
gZ
# [c*
L V
Le ?x Zg MZ
X @*
7[c*

| 7, Zzgt \ M Vs 7Zz**
}g7 kZ
/Z\ M
aLZ gzZ 4 ` M Zg X Y M w
XZzgzZX q Z : X 7:
y q
-Z t ? Hg
} i { }g kZ J
-Z
# C 7k
,
q
-Z ~ w8,d

7t k
,
V: gBN Ya: D} i
F,[ hg `~ m,
z* g Z0
+
VzI xsZ ] X C M
)**
g Zsg d
$kZx kZgzZ [eyZ Zge
q M ~ kZ 7ZXV M 7 ogzZ Zz
6,
kZ ?5Hx ~[ZkZX qVrZ My M Zz
&
dZ? Z'
,
uM
mC
o /GG
gz
L kZ D7]!*
0*
Opportunity q
-ZZg~g V
Zg e 6 F,
gzZ c*
LZ }n F,
6,M
mC
~z Kx
X} 7,a
X Dg ~j
~zgQBV V]
q
-Z Y F,
y 0*
% 38 ~c
g ti
~F,L L:I yZX C3Zq
-Z!*
Zg yZX n
pgi Z Z
M'
, yZ X g Vc*
r KZ ~ * Zg e [w Zi M ] Zz
W
zq
-Z ZX ;gZ eV1g Z {zLZ c*
zuF,

44

z X g [f XN M gzZQ M Zge
1zg& Zzqzg VZg e*`
[Z X ~
Cgz$6,gCc*
gzZ ~d~ ^ Z: {g Z Z ~g u Zz
~ [ ZgzZ ~
X Sgg e z ]Z ]c*
z {z
V1gzZVF,
?KZa y gzZgzZzgKZa/
7.
LZ X F,
~ ~
gzZ [ Z
Psychological

~ Z ? , H ]c*
X

~ m,
Z {z J 7,{ c*
i
V; }g X g D Colonialism
qX1 ! @*
{z| 7,yZgzZ1 zg Q @*
{z J 7,1
~ m,
Z M : ~ m,
Z eWZk
,
izZg Z
# m1~F,
yg Z
7~ F,
WV; }gsyg Z :}Z Zg X @*
~
m1]! y%WgzZ @*
W~ y!*
i KZ~ * m1
C uIzgzZ
Zg { Z'
,+Z qW._Vzg t2X
X
Hc*
(z+
==~ t,z yy!*
i c*

/]vZ ~
~1 &7f Extra ordinary p~ X V gZ
gzZ J 7,F,
[X {@xgzZ_zz kZX Clarity of ideas
~ X V 0*
~ pVgz
z VF,
~ X M
a]g V Leay 0*
4z ]g ~ ~ ]g
L L ? D z LZ 5 V1VF,
~X 7
VF,
~ mG VE 0*
X BF,
i q
-
45

i ZWZk
,
iz Zg X H^g7] Z6,k VE 0*
X e
$
F,
~ [Z kZ X
HB~ i p c*
M!i~ F,
# p
Z
**
.
~ i !*
W Z Z W L L^k#gzZ #
I xsZ
M F,

e ZVduF,
Z
# X , x Z ] }
.lZ

Xgsz^~
V\ M kZ1
k~kZ",a
TF,
` M
Kg Dp [6] kZX [Zpgz ~
$
d
~g Y ~ F,
a kZ X ~gzu" F,
6
% iX ~gz/Zz
Zg { Z'
,
gzZ_
X KkZ~k
,
LG
7X q Z Dp F,{ t Zg 6 W,
q
-Z
p @*
t ZkZ Zg Xz ~/cq
-ZtX
T }7t Z
/
#
C
IxsZ kZ c*
F,
x lz kZ
X
HHVc*
}nO
/YZVzgZIF,
~
@*
g7xsZy 0*
LgN m$
+: i}OB;6,
B;V'
,
6,Zg gzZ ] kZ y Zz M C
gzZ k0*
F,
x t ` M X
D6,
Cu76,
C<
~ * X ;g& LX=&
gzZ **
t X u c*
C
~ V/}uzX6,
C
c*

6,
+@WyjZX
"
V- ZXt~g >
p
c*
~ h "_
.I???Z ~ h Q X
1 X CZ 3 u ~(,` M ???~ h
~jz
46

(ZnF,
e ~ 7,
3wEZg t7Z~yj
jZ
}Z
+}g Vx
/
uyZX_" yZX:
Bd
~(,
kZ Y 20137xig t1Va
~g X Y g (Z {t g Dp [6]kZB
g ; X Y c*
%]" ]ZgzZg ZZ 0*
7 ~7&
+Z Zge
X ceu+
A Xce xg D Z Z n

CZXce $ 7g; 6,ut s

l6,gzZx
/
uhIkZX **
gzZ}7Vg; gzZ
~i Z0
+ZuIz t
!*
zhXce xg De
$IqzqDp
" Xce xg Dy
Z aTgzZ ~y
Wk
,

LG
E
Xce**
Y*ByW ZgzZ xg~*By

47

i Z0
+Zq
-Z ]o
t} .ZyZ A7
) , ZZ h
+y

szZ Zg
rZ 6,} .Z Cg7Z8
-@*
- X ,h
8
+y

~ 0
+
i ZX
+**
g**
~g*~TX C@V1~F,
XH
y 0*
V0XB+Z ,qz~ kZX Dq
-z
7y0*

Z ZggzZ c*
A Y{ yZakZ ~
$. #
e
I xsZ {F,
,q Vzt X Z 7, *
*q7Z6,
~ ~ m,
ZgzZ ! {z F,
X TB x Zz uH,
x Z
~ m,
z* ]Zg Z ]g @*
g **
gzZ ~k
,
a t X H
7Z
! Y
z ]g 'KZ VF,
a kZ 6,,
H3g Zg dZgzZ %Z g agzZ ~k

,
yZ 2X H{C
b
t~gzX n
pg7[Z CZ~[y.]Z|uF,
X
~0*
6,Zg ! F,
uF,
@*
Z wp
/ZX {0
+
i~ ^:
kZ! #
{p c*
/xzg ~ m,
ZZ
48

*
@Y **
;~xsZ }g7 ]Z|o uF,
Z
Z,jg
#
uF,
{ R@ pgzZ g
$ q Z ]c*
W W
X
+gzZ#
uF,
Zx5
Z
# ~yZX C~46,
u
VyZ {z Vz *Z wG s]Z|g ZtuuF,
g Z
7 Vyb )6,7 {&q
-Z q
-Z t Z
Z,j
y}g @*
Y H6,kZ yxg [xZ
zgzZ @*
Y 1h
+y
( C
X B~g Zh
+y

ggzZ \kZ6,7Z^ o V#
t p 4X A }&4B; o : ig~ { x q
-Z
VIgzZX =6,
VzgZ- h
+y

~
qo "X: {T{z
G
GG3.yZ~
X [
VrZ Z **
Ya ]5 vg )
,~&q
-Z **
# t
r
ZMgzZ]5z^ Z ZZ (,X c*

z ]56,y KZ
? Cc*
HgzZV D S]g
z+h
+%~
6,pX ~ Zjx { gzZ y 7c*
V1 eQ
X xzgZ=ndZVy V;zZ
# XV
p=
X [f YgzZ d
$i {h
+ ]gzp Z OY ~ T
7Zg dZ6,T qy *Zl $ ~ Z
t b7 X
H;g: Zg dZgkZ g Vzq X @*
YH
~x {yZ%ZX l{ZXce **
YH7V
!*
y
) Z
# WZk
,
iz gzZ g}g X x [p \W c*
C
49

~g ZgzZ V VX D Zj V; }g e bj~g c*
-Zq
q
-Z
zyT{ {6,
A ZgfgzZK d
$
X ~g Z
1Dg ZZ+h
+%X c*
ZVzgz'
xp
MZ
HY Z}
.c*
{)z Z e
$W6,{)z} i Zzg gzZ {)zvZ p6
,
M ZC
p
E
G
zF, z Vxw i Z0
+Z z i6
L t X Dx| 7,
x Dg lZz pzggzZg f Zzfz!*
g zuF,
Dy
X D YKkC Z6,
gVc*
` W]ZW,
ZkZXD

Zpg #
& G]g@*
zq
-Z ~ d
$

G*t Xg`x Z}
.yZgzZ x OZ gzZ i ~ kZX 1
x OZ (Z g0*
x
/
nl
~kZgzZ
HHy~^
zgX @*
kZ ]g Zwjs
# Zg~ ~uh
+
z D{>c*
{
kZ x Z}
.[ZgzZ c*
CZ Vzg~y GkZ~gz
M qzgX u +
+
M qzg KZ VrZ6,kZ { { d
$

c*
{ c*
i^zZ F,
@*
W:gkZgzZ
{z
y ]gzZn~]g qq
-Z.
W!*
{ {X F,
Vz
~g
u
]c*
gz: ; yx {zD1;ZX g 6,
zZgzZ
~{ {gzZi ~GXg @*
Zg7ay
g @*
Dh
+y

D
X
H!*
zNy rpggzZ}g 0*
g Z0
+
{z
&
/G
gzZe
$.IxsZ~F,
X VV]!*
! G
g6,
VE } .ZkZgzZsg kZX Z~x LZ~
50

xE
jZ /Z ) X V s q~ X n
Zg **

KZ ] vZ g y]| **
yWZ Y ~ yWZ
l X Z{~ Vz} (,] xsZ Zzg ~ Z
6z rL L:%
g!*
i) ZzgyZX +dgzZ^zx
{yzz
]|QZ
]|] y
]|{z
H3g~ {g
gzZ k Zg Z Z% 0
+ZgzZ 0
+Z V;z X ;g k0*
t
z
vkZ
0*
~3,
g {g ~ wzZ xk
B X {gQ k
@Wg gzZ.
kZ XJ
-[ZV;zgzZ
HB]r
Y 1657 V [q ] X `g ~ IIIwY Zgr
**
~y
W~,ZX w YKwQX ;g~6lJ
~#
gz?ZyX ]g c*
ikZ~w Y (
Vt~kZX v Ww YKX @*
qzY 1976
V;z X ;g ~\
KYgzZ Hv\
0
+Z vs
X
H
G
gzZ c*
kg h
+y

@*
`
-ZQX ~ Z
q

y )& Z%gzZZ%
+dX~{^C
i Z YX J
-[ZV;z
G
i: {gzZ ~ {Z
X ~ G
03E

,{g) ? V7x[ZgzZ ;g~^h

+]
.: { {y
&a
/G
( 118-119:jZ)i ZyWZxEG
}g Z Z
Z szcq
-ZgB}g ~ V1 F,
cZw yZX r
# gptg [ VZzg bzg
51

# H sZ ~ cZ c*
r
C VrZ ]5 ~ V1
6,}i zg k0*
yZX t `
@*
} l
sZ d
$
ezg tg X @ z rg e ~ 0*

]g c*
ip@z rVzg e ~ ~q~ {r
#
kZ ? V7x
jZ) TX q] X
y 0*
# tgpX YY H7C
r
$ Z {zp 5 r Zu
Z D a
~ o
pa
TZ%g
Vg**
tBZZX q Zk
,
+ )~ w kZ c Z
5
r
# q
-ZX @*
Y}h
+y

}g 0*
tz tzfgzZ @*
W6,
&yZtg
~d
$ ~
c*
Z {g !*
z g6,~
~ Z KZg ZZ
X zgd
$+'
}&]gzpgzZ]c*
W
'
,
!*
t OY
&
/G
Z'
,[ Z !*
[ Z Z'
,[ Z Z
# X VV VQ ! G
kZa q e
$ Z Cc*
k
,
Z'
,[ Z : 0
+
i
9
g [ZX C7, V g 4 L Lc*
VM2 C )E
L L b
~ yT
$8\ #
F,
I xsZX V @*
]!*
Z%Zp
q
-ZX ZzA
$%m,
z* ~k
,
n: ]6,Vzq Zz
}uz X p~ yT
$8 \~
qZ KZ6,
yZ X ]Zg ZRgzZ KZ ~ * ~g7 6,tt]ryZ
} #TX
HH
+'

) S g@k
,
zz ,
4s~ kZ D Yg ]r~t~
Z &
+6,
g]oZ E
LG
52

[ kZk
,
kZX D[zg Y [zg Y ~0
+ep
@WLL @ ]Zg Zg **
~ [ kZ Zg X ~
,x

w J
-u tgzugzZ sg kZ Mg X @*
~Q
X M
hy

53

d
m
i M $
^ Zz VIzggzZ: 4z]
.~g z ~g Y VzI xsZF,
}Iz kaVrI * ~g7 **
z
Z

DZX s Z Z 5 KZZX m
d
iW$gzZ qN
g Z
/
zB V.g OX Zg Ztz {@xgzZ **
z
~g YacgzZ V K n
z e a kZ X 5
Z a kZ X
rg R Zg { c*
i q
-ZgzZg ZU qX
X Vx ~i Zy*Z c*
~WI: 7gZZ6,c Luq c*
Zg
[ Z c*
[ Z Z'
,
[ Z]Z|X 7~#
}
.z[Z
: ZvZY
yZ {zbZ'
,[ Z7b0
+
i Z'
,
gzZ @*
4 wzZ L
L U*
L L!*
XN 0*
Zj
X Tg Zz+ Y| (,
Zz+ YC

dZ
# D ; ,v0*
~ZZ W

+E
xsZ Chz~Vgx JP qkZgzZ`g
/w25A
54

Vz
/& p ( F,
V;P X g VZZ h.g~I
X
6,
x (3)X zi !*
Vc*
Z (2)X zi !*
Vc*
!*
(1):ZJ~
F,
gzZ gtsZ +F,
xJ
-wb a~F,
~g uF,
6,x a kZ X ;g hz yp Y # ~ yp x

VM
6,x ~ gz z DI xsZ 6,
g
VzgzZ V5X ~ ^a '
,
Z'
, 6 + " c*
+
qz ZvZ]!*
6,
g~g~ ikZt X
6,x Zz
~g Yg (Z"6,
gx{)z
ZvZvZpvZ c*
L L~WkZgzZ @*

]Z|g Zg X
3 p Zt " ~ Vz ZX Lg
g@*
mF,
Xn
pg F,
p ZyZy!*
i,z%VzZ
d
$uF,
X '
,
Z'
,
uF,
y**
uF,
6,x W,

Z
` WV26,x a kZ X Cg xsZ lp
V Zz zi !*
N !*
gzZ V26,x ~ } F,
X H x t ~ V
IxsZ yZgzx ~ V7z
/Vz yZX Sg
6,RC
yxg
C] yZ Xg x
/
u {~ 9; a ;gE- z
f (CgCg ~g DD
M F,
Cc*
VrZ~V#
Z
gzZ 4~ F,
X c*
VZ Z x k& Z gIZ X 1 we
yZ Z 78
-g Zuz V;z ~ [z X ~&
V; }g X ~ ]7Z ]g VIzgz V=gzZV- g6
{ c*
i ~~E
) )
0*
g\ vg )
,q
-Z CY 0*
55

;gE- r
# ~,W]| Zz Z WX]Z W,
ZgzZx
W,
Z CZgzZ ~g YKz%z a kZ X x ~ x Z{ c*
i
X g3
( bkZJ
-V F6, ]q~ qz qz
ng e6,xg P ( X c*
W7t x **
g Zg 6,i
(
wqsyZ%Z 7sZx **
zz ~0*
X N WVg 0*
xgx (3)X
6,x (2)Xg Zg :zi !*
Vc*
Z (1)X y6,
zZ
X <
:zi !*
Vc*
!*
gzZv
~fgzZ]%Z:~!*
X F: )~f V26,
x gzZg Zg
X Zg Z +
6,x X ~ ]Z|g Zg ~ X )
yg Z+ZWz6,
g VzIxsZBvgZgtzzkZ
, W7WZ Z ZgzZ Z
# X Y W7W
^zzVkg 0*
~uzaX ^zz {za kZX
d
$
yg Z vt X Kg 0*
w\e ygzZ wZizZ
F,:}X
{)z +zg ` X YY 7Wyg Z~} B{zp
F,

X ~i Wyg Z
X , W7Wyg Z
X Kg 0*
x BL Lx **
Kg 0*
ygZXD Yw_F,
w_wZizZ
7 I uF,
L L IX @*
x **
Kg 0*
x = L L C ~ y 0*
{g !*
z ~0*
J
- Rm{6,kZ Z
# X
H1
Z'
,
ZIL L
< I Z'
,
Z L L Z% IL L~ kZX Kg 0*
sBL L:3gx **
#
56

]gzp X IgzZ : !XXn]e] ne] $ ZZ:I~ a

~
X $
Y~zcCZg 7ZT o ^Z pzf Zz uQ

~ ~0*
6,kZN yVQ ( Kg 0*
yg Z X g e T Z z
qzx x **
6 Kg 0*
s L L y VrZ X
#
$ X t x **
aBL L lz
/BL L 3g x **
,1 L F
~C
X c*

Z'
,
Z LQ
L %q
-Z Z% IL LX xg Pi izi Zg
H} (,} (, Kg 0*
sBL L~ ; Y 70 X IF,
#
: I
tX $
07#
%kZqw+Z kZ~Y 74XK
] ZL LHuZ ZBzi !*
N !*
Z kZX 0*
gZ
Kg 0*
LL
y**
- Z ` F,
X Z Z9X mGyZgz Z XB Kg 0*

+ yZgz kZ X mG F,
X y**
- Z X c*
Zz Zi W
:
B}uz q
-Z VzgzZ ;g Z V26,x gzZ Vzg Z
H"
$U*
70
+ZgzgzZ ~IwZZ KZ VzIxsZXg : t
K
xsZ yZgz kZ X YY H uZ Z a w
L L]gz q N i Zg dx Z q ! x ~(,q
-Z VzI
x Z V Z
(I xsZX }u6 gzgzi wjZ
[yZgXzg76,
x Vzg Z Z ({zakZX ~
L wYZ
:
HH V{gzZ kg Z Z
# ~gzuF,
@*
Z
}% V
H7,O#
zi !*
N !*

HW{z
zq
-Z
Z X Y 0: :
L g _
OZ wqgt X Zz j
57

Vq
-ZP{kZX:C
!*
1ngzZ`Z: i ZzWz~g7 ]gz
]G
5;XWZ L La V Zz "7,~ yZgzZ wjZ z x Z L L6,
~ qz ; ,yg Z +Z Wz6,X
Hc*
y %
f
e Zg y kZ 0 WZk
,
iz T
$**
uZ Z Vz
VLZ c*
B Z yZ x ZX wjZ zx Z L L{ c*
i { c*
i
#
{ E
+Z #
gzZ wjZ N Z b ~ VzgzZ
(,wjZzx Z bkZXK4#
pXKz wjZ
V{h
+ **
`{ F,
g g !yZ ~g Y Zt X qz
X ~ ~0*
6,
Vo)(x gzZ g Y 1980m12X Hg ZzYzZ
]yg- ZysgzZ
Hc*
Zzx&
+
egX c*
M W *~82#
g
~g r
# g6, yzV
/{
!*
vX 0ga w
$Z
X Zz }u6 ]!*
NZ ~ Y 83 VrZ X [x e
zX I) ~(,&%kZX g D ~0*
g2$
+) ~(,

e
$ZC
I xsZ X wZizZ
F,~X V`
e],
g
$ZX g yZ~ ^~uzq
-Z]gpn: [x
e
$
) ) B`
e],
gq
-Z ysgV ~y
W
<XX )uZu X ~
wZizZ
F,
L L e
$Z ~g x ZZ E
r
#
0*
g\ X
Z y e~&wZizZ X c*
Z
g ~jp$Z wZizZX 0gv
))
{ ]!*
kZ Hg Z
Z kZ pwZizZ~X} : #
kZ
58

j: Zq]P`
e
$.{zp Y ~: ] ~i #
=
~i #
r
# gX
H` Zz k0*
ysg
X [ e],
gysZ
# ~ c*
Y 90 Z
# ~X c*
~g Y)**
]i YZ
p~&wZizZ
F,
c*
C~p ZA kZX 1- zZ kZ ~z K
X :]i YZ #
kZ L~:gz : =
X
HW ( {g !*
z g Y 83 ~ w&y
s !*
X g)g fx&
+
eg Zg gpg 0*
V Z
( X ~0*
6,
yZz!*

W WZk
,
iz (
Kg 0*
{ g L Lyg Z +ZWz6,X , qz Vg 0*
5B~ Zi W
X [xQ
) )
F,
X Z ~ Y 88 $Z X W~ yZyQ
gx eqzge
$&pA ^zzJ e syg Z
F,
X Cc*
M F, Vg )

,~&wZizZ
F,
X
~! Y 83
x ~ igy**
~Y 60 kZX Zzx CF,
X } 7,**
B; yY KZ V; V! v kZ p
]g Ziz {zkZX Zj]q& Z~ Y~]& Z
~ ][uF,
gz ~y
W6X W~p~ 0*
zg {
V1 wZizZ% kZ X Za Vc*
gz X W 9g
c{g e }u6 XK}gz [X *
c J (,
B; s
[~ X c*
wZ e s ~g Z- # X
Y a {/gzZ e X (,] 6,R ZX qzW b (
59

X qzW]Z|[Vzg ZD
~V
/
X ZZ~ ZV Zz
Xb qzh
+y
y~] Z
ZV ]Z|[
tX ZZ~ V Zz WF,
a [X W~ c
~ OZX ZZ { Zp{ ~ ]g F,
Bt Zx
[
X
H0 wZizZ
F,
g * Z],
g yg- Z ysX W~4z ~ ]q
0*
Kg 0*
{ g L LIxsZ
WgkZt]!*
m{q
-ZV
(Z ~ F,
L L: p Z ]g @*
t a !*
ug IkZ yg Z Z
Wa]g c*
i kZ X C6,}ia}> T { Z'
,
u
gL LV p **
Z L LX Kg 0*
z **
Z L Lx **

) )
F, X
z g Zg gzZ w_ kZY ; qz **
gz$ g0
+Z Kg 0*
t X Kg 0*
C
qz^Y^I ]!*
NZ zg0
+Z
) )Z
# X H \z
/

X
HwZwZizZ
F,
X
wwZizZ
F,
yZgz ypg Y 2012 ypg kZ
u]kZX
Hc*
C
iZ Z"
$U*
TX
HHGg
7
X n
CZkZ #
{@*
7kZ J
- ` Wp
**
YsygZvgZg
) ) kZe w_kZ
Zz q ^zz k t y $Z p X qz
Kg0*

F,
[ZXn Y:~Z6, Zyg ZX $
Y:~ Z
))
]!*
NZ Y 92 yg Z pX
H qzZ ~ Kg 0*
y g Z X UI
7WYkZX 7{Z
+^zzKg 0*
yg Z wVX g ;
60

X, M
,tx Zb{z _ Z (,q
-ZaVzI xsZt
Kg0*
kZ yZgz kZ X , zg Za s ` gzZ

( gZ,fgzZ0
+ZgzwVZ q
-Z~
m{ kZ X [ 0Z
+
) ) ~ wZ X J m
yZz6,
VggzZ V9
6,gm{~ T(~ K
M F,
c*
wwY~J
-C
DC
^C
~wZ}g7X qw~
/
%
: o %Z yiz%~ kZX
Hc*
{e{eaVggzZ Vz%X
H
X yyw 0*
VgX ] Y &Zp~&ZpX
Z h6,^gzZ K
M F,
x X Hx ~ Vz% Vz%X HZ V.g g "
x ({tq B
bgx x
) ) Y Hg

( k#L L VrZ yZgz kZ X CY ~ ] { i Zzg yyX

q] q g 7Z J
-yC
Z
# bkZ {zX ~ qz
gz$
q
) ) ?{VgzZ ? Jh1V ? dV:N
D#
}
. Z
Zq]gz ay

b
A KZg z!*

yZgz ZX
HHB bzg: Z@Wx kZ Xa w`
Z s
x m{yZ byjzsZV Z Xg ~g YHm
F,
Cc*
V Z
q
-(C
X @*
Y HB
/
ua~pvZx Zg X
Y aZ V; VyZX%ax **
xsZ 8
-g sZ~ |
CW Vg)
,}uz gzZ ~z0
+ - **
VxZ]|
61

)ZyZgz kZ kZ g Z)f
) )J
-[Z yg ZqX
B V.g
) ) KZ :}X ] Y ~ ] qz
JIxsZ
tU&ZpxZ iX (Y{
,s0*
c*
g izg"
Wg ZMZu',vt X v
x OZ 0
+
i]!*
gzZg izgw ]!*
a\ W~ c*
CyZkZX
k
,
+w +ZWkZ ? Cg (Z0
5
+
i %\ WQX Vz
**
} 9 LZZ
[ Z`{ kZk,
Zg f &Zp{z
Q c*
Zr
X @*
tgzZ @*
tVB}g K qz
]}g t
H&ZpyZnZX w: wq Zg :X 5:
a yZt X BX 0
+
i kZ
f WWvt X {y
X
H0{g *yZ
yZ Kg 0*
{ g sZ X
HW: i Cc*
$Z ~ Y 94 J
-V
VZ
Kg 0*
Kg
t~Vkg 0*
Z 0*
X ZZ9a$Z
KZg ZzyZ&t Xg Ztu yZ
( ~g & }uzX g ZzyZw
kZ [tx ~wg e6,R ZpX gz$ p a
V!*
wZ}g7 **

a wZZ
H Z9{z
/(Z V Z
g Z +X:g Z +~ VsszcX yZ x t X &
) !*
a
~ {zX &! x Vzg ZggzZ ]gzxsZ
A kZ , z
izZ LZ {z X : l{ #p D ` kZ " _
.
X ;g i W} N
62

 ikZ Zzg
~ kZ X c*
Wy~ ~WwZ Kg 0*
{ g ~ i qz $Z
tXgy8gzZ \W
zV#V#y ` W~
c*
Wyq
-Z HyVLZ ZzG
g y8X
Hc*
y8
\ M yZgz
z kZ
/ZX gyJ
-W Z W Z
QgzZ
HyY" yX {6,
zX V: y.6,\W :Zg
kZL L:c*
Wyx**
{g!*
z [ZX
Ha
ZggzZ wb 6,
z C
g ZzyQ LZ ?y ?gzZg ZzyQw. Zg vX @*
z ~o
kZ ?, HX ZZg yg Q X px Z:gz Yg ZS
n
~ yZX Zzp X g ~g Yx CZX: W,
Z L L:
yZ LZ [Z L L:c*
Wy{g !*
z X i FgzZLq
-Z X
H /
x Z
/
z6, ` WX VZ
/
z6,x kZ :gz X YWi !*
Z
+
yg ZX o
p Z
X hV2zX Yc*
^{z~
<XX A x Vq}g : 6,
[p Z E
zd
$` W !
63

gzZ k
,
6,x Z X c*
W7i !*
t X k
,
| m
6,lz X ~g

zNq=gzZ]ZY`
kZX } 96,
~h
sq
-Z X g ~g Y wq X D kZ ~ ]!*
NZ {gW
X ~g^ E x ZgzZ]Z`
ms~uzX"w^
,Y**
gzZ VR
Cc*
kZ X
H0
a}
yg Z X ~& kZ
t X Kg 0*
{ g
aVv wZs: ~ $Z
g ZzyZ yZ ~ Vz X ! x ~(,
g7 ( yg Z
7L ~ g @*
Cc*
F,
Zx
'
,
i Z ~ yZ [x
t yZ s@#
}
.
KZX vx t 1 x ZX Z
~uzp 3g U*
W
A VzI xsZ ~ ]!*
NZ [Z
w 70 kZ X
H qzgz * } "z6, s
/Z Wg Zg 9x Z'+ X ;g Z"z6,s Vzg Zg

Vz%X } z '
,VgX }{ n0
+
i
#

x ZuF,
vt X Le **
Y ~ 2- 8 g- F,
X } ZzVc*

g eg e
b\g- o v ZX #\g-
) ) sZt D Zge
bkZXD Z<
^zz7Z {zT e **
Y s F,
~
X s**
Z gzZ]~
Kg 0*
~(,

Kg 0*
yg Zi ~$ZZ ~Y 96
) ) ~(,

X Xq158~550kZX Wt 6,
g
) 5~ ZX **
a #
Zt z!*

64

 : e
#
$Z +Z k0*
p_q g k
a #

) )sZ w\e yg
z kZ Xn
-Z
q

Hk0*
Vkg 0*
g e t Z
# pb}
&g._wZX c*
g Z ZkZq
-Z
~y
WgzZ}X :z!*
se (
) ) ~ ~g !*
~uz X
7@*
uZ Z Vz X 1wJ ZB kZ y{ **
F
~&
+ Zg
7@*
F
@*
Yc*
C 0#
kZX 0#
u~ Y 96
X g WZk
,
iz ygZ wq
-Z t q
-Z ~ ]Z@ K
7@*
wz
~ i kZ X WZk
,
iz yg ZQ wz ~y
WQ X g F
-Zyg ZX
q
Hc*
wg e[ZX @*
Z[NZaw 0*
X N Vp CF,
g g ! d
$z ~ F,~ wzZ w
~ J(,J
- 65 50 Z 9}i 5 ~gu }uz
B;VzX K] ZZ W,
a Z$
+X I
% izX CgCg {nZz *
z kZyg QX

Hc*
vZzg {LG
V #X m{g: { c*
i wq
-Z #
t p
awZ
7@*
Y c*
x **
F
{ c*
i } yg Z ` Z
~X
x 'yZ $
+c*
**
h VzkZX Kg 0*
( Cc*
q
-Zyg Z+Z
7@*
kZ #X: Cc*
oZ vF
X :
Kg0*
w_~uzZzp Kg 0*
{
p c*
h
+y

c*
yg Z
)H: Z Zzg !*
X D Zz Kg 0*
z: { L L
65

._}z LZ yg Z6, Zg7 wXg !*

wo
7@*
#
._}z ~ Z yg ZX ~g !*
F
,
W 7#
~g v'gv._] ~pVg 6,
X } Z yg Z ti gZ MZ X }: gX
7@*
@*
X Yc*
ZzZsyg ZQ Zz ]ZF
7
gzZ !*

) ) ( y{kZ ]5 wk
,
e yg F
)H w\egX }7Cz%" tyZ@*
X { Z'
,
u
7X, \WX 7]!*
W:Zz /F
+Z ~ y{
c*
=kZX VW]5g~ yg Z
7y!*
i E ~gzZ wqg ~J
g
(p Y c*
gz
V Z Kg 0*
{ g~q
-Z{ ZyZgz ZX Z: zL{ztX C
Vv ` y Z : kZX Hnq
-Z6,
kYZ
M gzZ
kZC
z sp~oX {g
Z g sVt X W 6,
:q]b&~`
zkZX
H
yp~o kZp Le **
g } M yg Z :(1)
X { ~ m,
g
@ o g Le **
U
(sZ Zuz (2)
X:[Zy

6,
R

~
(B w ( w5 wZ {z
/Z (3)
X b]i YZ g
66

~g Y.#`
/Zg^]!*
t~Kg 0*
{ gyZgzkZ
kZgzZ]gz: Z'
,
ZX { yv{ c*
io g
G
E
4]
7@*
Z yg ZgzZyEZF
yZgz kZX Lgck
,
i {
G
E
4]
@*
wJZ kZ k0*
w\eg ZZ
# X c*
}
7@*
7
&&O F
F
yZgz kZX ~] #
i )G
&&
i )G
{zX b{
p c*
ah
+y
yg ZgzZk
,
iz/
7@*
&&X I{g
Vkg 0*
zi )G
[F
)HgzZ k0*

~ x Z ~ ZgzZ 46,
uV`
YZzgx t X #
B
~I gKg 0*
sZ yZx6,kZ ` t
kZX
7 g ~ o X
Hc*
ZC
g !*
g !*
x ZZ kZt c*
zXb
Kg0*
yg Z X ~ qz 6,Vg Zg gzZ
HkZC
z spp
-Z g0
q
+Z ` X
Hc*
:
K s ` u ]Z|2z
Ve !*
L Lx **
T c*
\z
/q
-Z rtd
z kZX
H0\z
/
VgZgkZX
H3g \z
/gz y7zL L \z
/
q fh
+'
~}7Z[!*
O] kZgzZ
8{ ^
,Y [Z
XZzg2Z , Z #

L L5 VrZX )zg
X @*
qzY 96gz { (tXnYH c*
gz$VrsZx
a } i Zzg F,c*
Z ~ ` 6,]Z|g Zg `

b: Z @*
Y1N Zk7,i LX ~qz h
+'

]Z|`
@*
Zz
) )ygZX @*
Yc*
wzdZa [Z
67

Vg Zg ,q~VI ` m<!*
gzZVzg Z Z ~g uX
HHVZC

}g Kg 0*
kZgzZ yg ZpX ~ ~0*
6,yZ CY g
WX b ] lb b yZ~igz s M W6, Z
y
Z
} i Zzg
(6,kZ ~0*
aw 0*
Z6,Kg 0*
sZ kZg
X b
kZX ~}g Z
No
(6,VR
g ekZgzZyg Z
yZgzk
,
q
-Z6,
yg ZqZ
# g
ayZ w=wZP
X ~ ZwkZ~lkZX
Hc*
)l6,"7,gZ
(Z {gW._y F,
gHZ1yY]i Z ZwkZ
x`
}u 7, : Zx`
kZX Y 7z~
(
~{ 0
+
i( kZ6,gLZ 5#X : @*
W~}%i
X ggzZ]gp ~hg:

68

-yg 0*
J
yZ0
+
i
& & #
kZ X m^:{ c*
i ~ Z'
,
ui )G
5
X $
^{z: : kZ X ~ 6,g i WgzZ g #

]Z|`
@*
{z yZgz kZX DZ- J yZgz kZZg ^+Z
7@*
&&VrZX
#
i )G
Hc*
Z~h
+y

,
k
izF
X
o XKg 2
+ Z$
+Z e 80 X Hwz ` Zy

Y Zz
X
HDZ-
x **
DSP Kg0*
kZ X
H
A ]Z ~ ]!*
NZ Z
kZ t wqgVB~ yg0*
X Kg 0*
w _e L LX
B kZ X $
: #
Z z!*
h
e ^zz { c*
i
Kg 0*
6,x t X #

B V26,x gzZ Kg 0*
w

A aKg0*
ygZ F
yg Z yZgz kZX [x~ W~ #

a ~ $Zt X H y@*
Yg L LZ
+ CZgzZ Kg 0*
L L
Lg4Z~ wh FF%X !%gzZ]Zg *X g6,
69

~ x gzZ Z$
+X ;g ` gzZ #
~ Z @*
xs X
p ~ OZoX
H` k(,yZd ~ OZ:
L : e
$
/
%
\z
/yg ZqgzZ vZ~gz kZV ZdX
H` @*
g D yZd
V; &Bt {zX spJ e iKg 0*
# X g Cg D ~0*
Z
{z ._kZ g bT Kg 0*
d
$
! x D W~yZyBsg sZ c*
x **
xsZ
6,gkZ[kZX ~0*
6,: x : Z'
,
Y
y@*
Yg L L^
,6,] Kg 0*
p: ~0*
6,kZ {gWce
bkZ w kZX &:
o~p bkZ c*
~p b
4hb ~p
+Z Wz6,pX s ZZ 5 Zg {gH
) ) EG
}uz &
X: 3c*
g Z Zzg ~pn~ ]q yZ yg Z
b & Zx **
V7z
/Vz W WX qb6,
LZq
-ZC
e: b
: Kg 0*
vZX
H@*
g Zj I #
ZgzZ I
~pX H a}]g Zs y@*
Yg~]!*
NZ
kZXn: [xz!*
q^zz~ Zg ZzyZt q
~kZXK7wY g IZ! xy@*
Yg

yZ X
HWC
!*
~g7 Zw ~ q i p
ygZ q
{ T Z z Za g ]**
kZ Z
# p qzq
-l{
X g D[V
/{
!*
vQ%q
-Z
) )tVzIxsZX
~ ~0*
gx x **
Kg 0*
L L[Z6,
Kg 0*
kZ%,v0*
70

 V Z I
b & Z L L kZ X c*
0*
gZ
x sZgzZ x **
sZ zzz X
,@*
xsZ|Z
# yZx gzZx **
Be
$Zg
b {g yT X 7`w~%$
+sg ~C

x 6,iLZ LZ Vh
Vz%kZOX 7~qZ
X Z Z I b & Z gzZ I #
Z
z D
) ) 5 Z X H
F,
gzZs Z L LI]]
.gzZx **
z%Zzg Kg 0*
] XL LI#
Z
x
) ) 5 x **
6 $
+ ( Kg 0*
C- hZ =)
bw3X Kg0*
D
bw3gzZ
D
ZL Lx **
F,
) ) ~uz X
r Z" c*
CpT t W L Lc*
u W L Lp Z F,
kZX F,

X
Hc*
vZg
) )&kZ VzIb & ZX Dq
z~
( wq@*
6,kZpZ
+w= 6yg Z q~
))
t vZgzZ
z Z6, kZ ZX Z
+ ~0*
6,h
e
u$Z6 Zg
/
: wZ W~z
) )kZX
HH
]6,kZ~x ZX `! NZ
'
,
iV gVzX W6,
Dx V**
0*
yZI xsZ kZ X c*
W~ lzy

z l 0Z
,v0*
X Kg 0*
] XKg 0*
Kg 0*
{ g Kg 0*
sB Kg 0*
#
BX g
x **
7Z )aa kZ X CWp ~I xsZ
Vc*
g Z b b~ ` V.g X qz **
i W} N
{z i Z F,
gzZ Z
s Zx Za ~x **
6 X CW7
Wz V.g O M @*
y!*
i 6 + a kZ
HH
71

XT e 9 DWVzIxsZwx Zg Z +X
HWB;yZy
C4 {z X zz g ^gzZ Z$
+ V Zx +
VF,
yZ gzZ Wd
$
{zCgCgX V;Zp w F,
gzZ s Z
X Kg 0*
F,
gzZs Z L Lx **
X g[x Z i5
^zz 35 ~ ]!*
NZ 6
) ) {GZi Zz Wt w$
+x **
5
VIzzKg 0*
] XX [x~ q
[x ~ WVg 0*
z s~ Z X mW: ~ Z {z ZX n
e
$g/L L uF,
@*
Z t 8 X Z X L LgzZ Kg0*u W L LX N
Za XK q ^zz n TX Kg 0*
Vz 4Z 'g Ziz x a kZ m[x~ W) zt s~
~g X 362 Z VB) TvZX Nyxg
kZ X
Hc*
WZk
,
iz Z X
H [x~ ~ ZB e
$Z
**

(wq@*
L 0*
:
Zwkyg Zq=gk
,

Zg q
-Z M Wli t X g D li YbT
$
ZzgF,
+Z~ kZ~ Z
W WZk
,
iz vZX
gq
-Z
) ) kZkZX ~0*
6,yg Zq:
L T
{ Zg W~ Z)g f ]!*
NZ :a ygZ q} Z
IZ **
yg Z6,k
,
6,V ~ kZ g kZX ~g Z
6,"7,
~T g Z
A gzZZyg ZX
Hc*
g Z

X ZOyg Zt X yg L Lx **
kZ X ~0*
6,kZ
72

E+G
]g Ziz vZ%[Z X gg c*
zz L g @*
kZ
gzgx yg ZqZ
# gZ
+yZ (kZgzZ c*
} Z a
VzI xsZgzZ {g 5#X Y J
- WZk
,
izZ @*

X ~ gg @*
5
Z
z
yZW~g Z MZX Zzg! x]g@*
VzIb & ZyZ t
{z5#q
-ZP : (ZBVo) ~uzx tzg

) ) sZ Cc*
Zzg
) ) KZ kZ X q yZ

VzI xsZ) @*
~ ^ Kg 0*
( g O yZgzZ sg
I kZX : ~0*
6,yZgzZA Z i Z c*
W~ kZ
7@*
&F
O X _ ~0*
% 0*
z!*
CZ x **
Z6,yZ
&
yZ ~R,
w8 D Z DKg 0*
#{ c*
i
kZ {)z i )G
X
H
WByZW,
O
( Z0
+Z
5#gzZ,g Z
xiVzq[s D Wt
z b #x Zib) L L: D W kZX Y
X Wagz zg~{ Zg F,
x gzZ x a
XX^ ] nZZX
Hc*
ZaXx {z
o}g VKZ~pX ,ipx Z7ZX b)y{)z[s
6,o
z o X Vg66,Z7,oC
!*
L ~0*
:
6,[s~
VrZW6,V Zx+ ~ kZ X,x a ay

N*
Z tQX H: aoX Hsgzi Zg ~ ],
I
73

X g ~ +F,
yZ$
+F,
c*
r z
Z Z$
+gzZ
#z Z ZzK:iyg Z X +Z wqg
z kZ
{zgzZ Kg 0*
] XL Lx **
TKg 0*
g Zg ZXg} Vz
yz L L:kZ {g%kZzzg} h Z6,
( Zzg

tL L:zi !*
N !*
# X ~h Kg 0*
aZ kZX Z V!
%Z X }yZ f <d
$kX ;g X ;g w$
+!a
kZ H rZ6, Z
Z
z kZ e
$Z l{ x Z
X gg & gzZ ` Z'

W WZk
,
iz
$Z WZk
,
izI b&Z yZ gzZ w=
{gz gg! \g- B
) ) Vz`
@*
gzZ VA~ i
Zt~ ikZX T e
Cz2- 8g- tO$kZX H qz
Z
~g!*
~g!*
g; ZzB kZ ;gx gg !gzZ
~i

C**
3k
HY**
kZX @*
xvYtpxZ
kZ**
gZ{ZgaF,
~OZ o s@m{ }gz kZX @*
0*
xZ
8g- gzZ ,]**
kZ CgB F+C
~OZ
`[x~%ZggzZpg
C rz
]gBuZ Z
**
zi!*
gzi LZ **
qX 7 [bz Cg~ F,
X
]g ZZz kZakZX 7yZx|t X } 7,
X q!x)Z~TX Zc*
gZ
s@ rz

* Z WXK qzg @*
Z2
pZ * Z W kZ
W WZk
,
iz
74

}g Z Z kZ gzZ J gz X D Y b a F,
Z: L2
pZ
-Z6,#
q
{GZiX @*
h
e ~ Zz Y Zr: g &
6 Cc*
{ Z 9s~uzX 1 .
**
V
VzgZ Z z s
bVz yg Z X Z Z Z
# Zz ~ g ZlM ]Zz {0
+ !*

Z e 36 ]ZW'
, Zt Z
# X qz5Z Zg Zz m] g
yZd ~ OZ o X nZ e 321! Igi )gzZ d
$

W~i yZd ~ OZ @~g Y VZg Wkt 6,R@gzZ g D

yZd#
t ~gOZ kZSX A
$c*
ZDZ- [Z F,
X c*
x **
` W W~i
a 4
q ~ OZ kZ
W WZ k
,
iz
XK ] ZZ
zJ
- 22 'g Ziz ~g t Z
kZX 25'g Ziz[Z:
L Z q
-ZP~X ,
0Z ]Z ~ 0*
16,Z$
+X
H@*
5 Zgg ^ Z ~ o
)tBBX @*
Yc*
g Z
D
+gzZm kZ:
L kZX ! x
yZ X @*
}@ Cg 6 6 gzZ @*
Y B~g Z'
,`
@*
~ Vzgz
~ Y 2008 ]ZW'
, F,
~ ] wb ~ ] ZZ:
q
-( kZ ~ F, F,
X Iiz Z e 130
^zz 151 F,
~ yZMx) sX 4 Z (,
{ F,
Zj ~g ]g \~ e
$Z ~ yZ Xa
{}g Z Z (t~qzX ~ j
Z SX 4 Z (,Vzg Z Z (
75

yZ KgHv, Zg0
+ZVzg Z Z 4ZQ a (
~ ]B ]Z|`
@*
F,
]Z|`
@*

t X @*
Y F,
{)zo
Z m,
eX 4 g Vzg Z Z yZX ,
V Y 6,gS~ yZgzZ ~ Vz~/
%wjZ
~ ]iZB-z i[!*
g Zo kZX @*
Y c*
Z
Vzg Z ZyZ Z
ZgzZV Z0
+{g ZtuF,
X H Z Zg Z~
CVzg Z ZyZ
g g !F,
X Za W~ { Zg~ *a LZ)g f
X YY H 7i Z0
+Z b4 VjZ
) ) kZ ~ F,
]yZB Z
Vz
/CggzZ ~ OZ
g esgBVv~iy 0*
6,kZX ~ (F,

ayZ b %f g ZD
F6, !*
X H7s

B Z e
Vz
gzZg]!*
. o~*aF,
_
kZX ]!*
$
d
sZ Zzkzg~xsZF,
X g F,
Vz

J W] X q ! xg Z0
+
VrZ~ Za cgz W,
ZgzZ
Wa ] 0*
X gZz zZF,
LtL w
F,
atX DggzZ~VzZF,
gzZD
kZ
Cwj kZX f
ez~gzZ D,k
,
~y!*
i
X B! x~ hZ] F,
~ Z*
t ? Cgs@ ~ w4z]
.t VzI xsZ F,
V a x **
yZ ]!*
Z%Z C
z Zz W
76

GG3E
45uz +
G
uF,
z z x
/
u(
M=) v@
wVxXzD
+
gzZzx VzIxsZ X 7
C3 Vc*
i @*
uF,
X~ r Zl
-YV Zz1zg3 Zg yZgzZ
B 6 gzZ ?} 9V
z kZt x W}g ?
gzZT eb r z
pV; LZp~V/}uz ?g}
&\~ [ .
dz Z LE
gzZ x? g 0i !*
z

J
}g
/?VzQuL $ Zz Z h Z u {6, LZ c*
V

/Z ` WX zg c aN~VF,
- ` W `
J
q
-L LVz(,
BZq~ 1 V Zz h
e { C ~ E
L !Z
{E
+ZgB]!*
. Zz WgzZ } c*
_
~ p Z cg
~` WlkZgzZ[Z wZkZ ZzQ?}
X

77

X
4
G
)

- E
J
kZX ;gE- (Bogazigi) ~i!*
~ F,
& ;gE- kg`!*
LL
X
4
g yzg L L~ wZ~Y 1860 kZX ~g 0*
-Z E)Gk],
q
L L!*

V g
C ^'
,
Zg L L6,x kZ d
$
]g @*
g **
V < yL L : I kZ X H <y
ankZ X Vz ( wZ ) wDsZV~X H
x e
$g/L(
L L L~
/
%kZgzZ wZzi6
X :tup/k0*
kZa
~
Zz ZgyZgzZ V- g 0*
m,
ZbkZ z /
6uX c*
g z'
,~ y*zy Vg )
,**
Z L L
}g Z Z ( y{ u lr
# y{
Y H3 Zg W h
+]
.5 Y C
V- nkZ X N Y
r T**
g +ZZp Y{g i{z:gz
/7EC

x+Vzg c*
z~x )C
gzZ pzG
78

Z 7,oZa Z
yz "LZ uXy
yc*

X
4
E)Gk],
p Z 7,**
,t `Zq
-Z ( ~zZg
/
,r zg )gzZ
'
M: VYgzZ
HgZtu~ **
^'
,
Zg
: L LZ lp
-4X
LZ E)GX g Y h(q
-Zgze VzgzZ M{gzg Vz
a wZ kZ x **
}g Z Z (kZ6,x **
z
6,
u
6] ZkZX 3g ^'
,
,
Zg L LHag ~g g
X
-4
4E
&L L ~
5G
E)GV d
$
al
kZ6,x **
E
/
%X Z

(t ZgX 6, ! Z wZ {z V gzZ ]~g 0*

g
X Y]7
3 (t1 Zt Z
VgzZ 17g @*
~F,
gzZm~R'
,
gzZg & %ZX q
-Z /yZgzZq
-Zy!*
$ Zz Zgx
F,
gzZ y*zy t
kZX C
Bt
} h(Vz }
g W BB g @*
K A
$%]Z W,
Z kggz 6,g @*

O
t J
-Z
#$
7J
-
z kZ ~g yZ X
X
-4
t E
L% E)Gk],
~g 0*
X ,71W,
$
._]c*
ZzggzZ <
LZV | q]i YZ
ZX ]gz}g Z Z (Bal
6,e zq
-Za
snkZX gzg ],
Z }g Z Z kZ: b V|s@
^W{zY ~
M F,
+Z6,x **
uF,
g .t sgzZ
DV; LZ N Ysp~6I]]
., Z 6, VF,
yZ L L
79

 }g Z Z (
HHta kZ X ,g @*
g @*

V QgzZ
H1g bZ VyZ ~
^WVM~i f ! fV Z
0*
w gzZ"
~g/Cc*
F,
x Hgz Z%Z t
{z c*
x KZ
F,
X 1 u 0
+
i KZ8{ 6,x **
}W \gu
agzZ Za w ( < y Vzg Z Z (
X
H%y
s !*
og!*
xzg Zt
g m,
Z }g cu~F,
gzZ m,
Z ~y*zy
d}g Z Zt ~ F,
p}gZ Z (~)X q
-Z { g
(VzakZXwZzi~y*zygzZ
u 0*
gzZ VzI xsZ Cc*
F,
` W t
z ~ kZ g x
V;z ;g lp g Z kZ F,
X ~ VzI xsZ Cc*
yz
V2o6 ]gzV.
,ZV !*
$v}g
}g Z Z (g dZV;zakZX Za( b]~
x ~i Z a x ({6X
F,
` W
Hc*
Zzsg x {z a J
-g kZ g g
Y 1857m,
ZV; }g X ;g}~Z9.
\g, ZG Yz6,Vzg Z Z (gzZ LY f~ Zi Wk
B
~ Y 1875 w h
e ~ m,
Z Og y!*
i ~g ugzZ
WzkZKqzg v, Z)g f( ;gE- ~) |
/Z
80

: g {zLVZX }x zhZ c*
1.

$~=
L X3Z yaTgzZ 3 c*
A [ZpTe
{zXb}Pag Cc*
F,
ytL Lww
wk~ Zi Wk
B ]
Wc ]qx Zf~g
/
u:gz 3gp i Z T c*
Z7 {z~- ~ Y 1866
V;zgzZ H{gz y{WgxEh
+]
.X r
# y{++
dZmkZ3 x a~)dZ
X Z hgw{ i vZ f H Z&
+
~E
Wz gzZ zg \Wa X +Z ,q ~ *
i ZgX N WCc*
LZ {z YW ,^Vg
/
g~}g !*
uF,
@*
ZX D
gL
L ,Z
Vz Za Y kZ ~ e!*
kZ p Z Za ~ 7
-c{k
,

~(,{ c*
i
N YD\WX CYCF,
6 {X N 0*
w: V @*
6,], Z B
zvZ1Z yZxg Z ~y
W g ~ yT
$ egz#
|Zg Z
4E
& ~ e
5G
qZi ZgzZ HE
6,
gv{z Y \W {z ~ o
^'
,
Zgp( @*
3Vzg (gzZ Vzk
,
iz LZ {z @*
{z Zuz )
~yt|
/Z,Z!*
) Zsp~;gE- kg`!*
^W
)~T (Z%q
-Z ` W~{(
H F,
-;gEJ
Zz + Y F,
p $
]i YZ } .Z _ ZP D

81

X IZ c*
D

ce : ]gz ) Zk
,
i Wz6,O%Z q
-Zt ` W
V a Wx ( V n
pgm ~
/e ~g Z'
,s
g~yZ ZGzgVZ Zz~ i ZZ;gE-
Zt x vZ X e**
**
Zd{)z ]Z m,
z* ]g @*
]Y!, Zg Z
Zz
Wz6, !gZ0
+
q
-Z 6, b
s W~ L L D
)q
-Z
L LgzZ Vzi Zg yZ 0
+
i ~g KZ Wz6,X
H W,
Os
~k ;q
-Z d
$
{zX gza} .ZyZ Z
Z
t7Z kZX
Hqz **
Y**
WV; yZ D
kZXn
pg;g
`zzc*
g b,zy~y**
-Z
# ~ ikZ~
~ u~gz kZ g@*
g ]> 0*
dZgzZ 6,
~i !*
x
/+Z y.zxEyZ V;z yZgz kZgzZ ;gx +46,c*
gz
]!*
Zt X $
]^a klYz kcgzZo Zcz Tg Z
! kZ r
# Wz6,X m7sg yZ * C
!*
u
q
-Z ZX V ZzZ~ egx W
Z ? u
~ m{LZ= ! Zzg L L: kZXX } m,
z: :X
v v} (,r
# Wz6, X } ]i YZ } .Z V1P
XM
hY 7C
!*
q q
-Zp ]i YZ :c*

X y g y
Wp
J0
+ZX 3gz=}uzX 7]i YZ !*
h
e@
-4X
& " E)G~g 0*
X W0sD
X @Wz e H
82

X B;
wZ
M F,
z V Z uF,
L L{g kZgzZg
u 0*
{ r
# vZ V; }g D Y VYgz 9
G
Xzi Z0
+Z zx zXNwjZuF,
N 0*
: t
"gO vZY
X
g x F,
/sy 0*
7]x t H
K Za yZ Cc*
h
+]
.uF,
@*
Z bz@r
# s T z
D'
,
i Z ]Z Zx : ZzYK6,
xsZV Z yZX
gzZm8 yZ K**
g Z]
.Zz!*
WV Z yZpp
g Z0
+
KZuF,
5TX
Hc*
w$
+Zg y!*
iF,
X D"
zg Q CZ p k
,
~ W"
$t V; }g X
8
X
-4
y
{z F,
/Z E)Gk],

X qz **
W,i ZzWZgzggzZ zF,
Z LZuZ }eg WkZ &
{z}:vZX Se
U w1 u 0*
L LgzZ w1 xsZ L L Z
4E
&L Ld
5G
$
g yzgZ
# Wy
- Zzqzal
q
Zz~ E

[x~ Za ]q {z wjZ uF,

u0*
L LV; }g
`g ~ ^/~ sAWz6,~ { ;gE- kg`!*
~ VzP 0*
Zg yZ VzI xsZCc*
dZ F,
X
Xn`:J
-V-h
+
tCc*
V}g w

83

yk
Hg W
**
g } i6,Wg a~{z
/ZX *
*g Z x Z kgZ
X ,wjZ ~g ~E {ztikZ T e
/
zB c*
I xsZ Zph
+ y k
Hg W L LV @*
C s\W~
X 0*
:
~yZi Z6,
g
/
@*
yJZ a yZ Z
# X D ` o }gZ ZJ W~ y 0*
X C Zz ]Q]F,
yk
Hg W L L
///

kZgzZ fp y!*
iZg !*
Z
# y
k
HgW L L
# Z6,|
|
# kZe 'YgzZ Zgz\W ? H
c*
x c*
l~'F,
'n
ZX H: gzZgzZ
gzZ ` z <
LZ LZVzX {mz ~~R'
,

C
c*
gz x Z i LZgzZX g]c*
gzz d
$
84

%OK d
E
$i8
-gzZ y D Zg7 Vgz(z dz
-Z V dZ g( { 3 gzZ g z 0E
q
! ` @*
{
!*
gzZ ~ [fZ
# ~ ~,X 0*
~
) )q
-Z ~ { og
(
6$)g f gzZ U*
6,xE a V X Z XZ G
0O;XF

[f {z
HH qz Z"z6,t ~xsZ L Zgzi ]Z
%
!*
X CY 1V;z {z
M F,
X wjZ ~

L Z
# m,
|! fB}kZX Z h gzZ &
3 C
*W
X 1 ~ KZ Y 0GE
1 ZzJ 6,xsZ
,z g ZtugzZ}k
C
,
ezx @L LgzZ xZ I $L L._
X Tg 77a Z h Z hgzZ J+] !*
z

gzZ c*
ttu~^5Z Z V~g yZ6,
wjZ ~VrZ
| @*
pV; yZ hZa Zxa T&KZ
kZX
HW~z y k
HgW L L bkZgzZX c*
wZ e~V c*
WgzZ V **
Z
g ZuV# [xZ ~ i Zggzq
-Zy%q
-Zb

yZ ,
zyZ \W
/ZX :_} Zr
#
7]ZgfyYt> yZZ
# X Y]Z
m,
Z c*
WVr
# g Zu M70*
x Za V ~ kZ
KzV- a
M F,
SL LV .yZpgzZ/
X C%aVZV7LZVh1~(,
ZzgV;}g 6
( Vzg Ztu) XXnjZZgzZV .( Vzk
,
ez) XX] ZZ
85

 X ;g @*
{g yZX g Qe
$x (~
z$
+u
G

-8X V ~g SL L
H mL LayZ s
~ Vzg Z Z/yZVLZ VyZ0
+{
gzZvs
wjZgkZ c*
W: wX c*
qz '~g6KZZ
3F,
i! f
M F,
V .0GE
gzZV7OX
8p
E
E
J" J"
gZ
**

!*
!*
L Lo6, 1I1I L L **
c*
e Z L LX qz6,
,yZ Se bf A E
Hg W L LX c*
0*
L i8g ^v{z yk
q
/
g i gzZ .
~ y Z Z
# N qz**
W'
,
z kZ
[fZ
# tX
HH qz **
Y5*`
gzZZ
a dZ L LV Z
G
$ N*
$gZkZg ZgzZ OV
:Zz 0*
~Vlgz6,

s Zx
HZt ~fkZ z c*
w ]z

X Zaa+ kZsgzZ +Oc*

~ gtX hkZ
Y
58E
w 0*
X ;g77~ g Z+gzZY fX qzxL E
G
4]kZxkZ] V
+D
+
%:%T
HH: {0
+
ij
LE
G
7
Z & [ zz ] ]{ ]Z|Y Z OyZgz wy
]{]Z|~g Z
# X :t yZnkZqX H
)**
g pJ
-#
*yW
VrZ L
Y
58EX c*
x Z
a8{ ~ Z Z
# ~ wzZ xL E
4O6,
5E
DL X3ZX G
kZp
gzZ Z zY f,7,
^I
g Y fg6 ZtZ Xg ' $g " b &z
86

} s b &z DIZ Xg D YK kg Z g
}uF,
J
-VX g
WzggzZ f~
E
E
E
Z {g y k
HgW L LX
H
C x L3!6,e } (,
Kg Zg
L ro Z
! Zzy Z x Z {zgzZ
HyZya6,#

g vf ! f~zu Zt !*

V- 0
+!*
c*
V- N Zz 8 g- wV" ~xw6vsB
4$ E
dZ +Z hIE
L i8Z 6vs VrZ X I~ ~ ^
Zp {z ;g hz yp wb ~ Vg X ~
M F,
: q cgX L
6,

yZgzZ ^
,6,%{Zz y g L Lg Zg @igzZ Az[Z L L
| (,
sLZZ (,
X yZx+F,
g ! *sZ gz
Z
W,
Z !*
Z {
!*
V {zX g {0
+
iJ
-k'
,29 Z g X ;g
( Y 1839@*
Y 1808) xz yyZx ,d
W kZ X V
%N $
Zz pg n W,
Z F
C : Z],
q
-Z 6,] ZZ gzZ ] Z sf `g
:gx H H~ V bzgZ

8g- gzZ 8 IuF,O kZgzZ ~uF,~p y(1)


9yZzxkZ (2)X c*
}Vzg ZgzZwqx X 1CZ k]
q
-Z Vz2Z `
gzZ Z
BB gHw ` KZ
X g ( 6,
) `
VZi Z 
9w X Xq] }
. Z~(,
Z~(,q
-Z (4) X
Hc*
J e wzuw._x 8g- (3)
87

gZ
i( ~)) ~
C._y

q
-Z (5) X Z{\g- i
qN**
g (Z&c*
i 5%~
#
CVy
kZX ~
X ZZ`
Z 6,
6,
~g ugzZg Zq
-Z (6)X
Hc*
}g Z

x ZZ kZp7q~'
,
6,6,
gzZg Z~
C
yZ X B \g- gzZn X @*
Y c*
0*
u ~0Z
x VbgE- 24 gzZ 4 640 ~g Z'
,gzZ V ~ \g- V
XnYc*
r z
gzZFg W L
L @*
yZ 6,
h
+]
.X g
4si q
: LQ } i Zzg[f6,V6Y6E
LG
-Z Z
#
'z t pg D]z Y f# M z M zq n
\g- X 0*
gZ
~gz b & Z 6,x **
xsZ gzZ ~ xsZ X I~
{z W: ]c*
! fB LZ Zz W:Zz
sZX n
pg/ x ~g/ Cc*
F,
LL x
'
,
!*
gzZ ~Z6,a h
+]
. g ^t 6,] CZ f g
X g Y ~ ZZ $g" 7Z X g ^~ 46,
u ~g ujZ ~g
~ VpZ Z- U D
+
t a x VpZ
<Zy
X
Hc*
Z VpZ ~g Z]
.7Z X
HHx 8 gE
9
HHE?EE

s WwjZazg {],
Z V G3rX
X
Hc*
,@*
v V-
Hc*
kZg z ~fxsZ gzZ
~OZgzZ Vz~g ux |X VCc*
! f F,
!*
[Z
XZgizJ
-V

88

] }
.+C
)h
+'
z^~jxzy
p I ] }
.~j|X K jZ ~Th
+'
X Iq
<\g- z?@*
ZyLtgzZ D Z ZL {zaFZ kZ
zZt B
$Y 1839JxzX ~
ce IQ c*
Zg
G
kZ [Z
zC
X
HwZg 2~ng ZE}$g
-Y 1839) wzZ Z g
CgzZ dY kZ X c*
d
$
~!]

X
7u! f F,
kZ X @*
gZ
/~ Zz kg`!*
z { c*

i ( Y 1861
&
UyZt x Z
/Z {zkZX 7gzZ +gBE
y
y yC
s ZX Z'
,gzZ q
-g @*
Z {z
4$~
.nG
X g 4,
- ee
$.~E
x nV X @*
Yc*
Z)g f
:&yZ
c*
xsZ :Zz L **
x ~g/ x (Z X *
*x (1)
*
*L7Z**
#{ c*
i{ c*
iVg Zg (2)XnY: s<
V
){ c*
i { c*
i6,o (3)X **
gH Z
ZCc*
! f(yZgzZ
4$~
.nG
) X **
1
( 190:gyZ%wYgzZEE
y k
HgW L LX wqgh
+
wqg{ 0*
c*

JQ q
$
-a6U*>
KxsZ V }uz kZgzZ F,
xsZ F,
pDz kZ X x
/
u ZZ ~,~
a ],
sZWZk
,
iz gy**

/Z @*
: VzI
G
G
DV Zzh @*

L ]qxkZX CY~}: M6,

^g
89

{ Z'
,
u#
X y k
Hg W L LZg #
#
Z
x
/
u y k
Hg W L L ~ y 0*
gzZ [X C 7~{
$ (VzX
X t
g LG
bkZ dZVz ZP CkZ~ * [
)Qpvsg r6 $
z Cg
" {zY c*
f
w E
6,
L 8 yZ V; }g X
E
L ro yZ Zz "7, yZ X V { Z VjZ ~|x Z
X ;g { yZy J WX H kg Z J W yZX qJ
-#

Z
Z IZ6,o ~E X ;g ~gY x g Z
Z IZa o
m%Z X ;gc Zg ~{ WkZ X g
g Z x Z kg Z Xg D @x
(gzZ I
tikZ T e **
g } i6,Wga~{z
/ZX **

qV{g Z Z N*
g c*
Z (,
X ,wjZ ~g ~E {z
C
a V Zz Y ~ +zg z g a V Zz
W
yWZ ` u:y{WX}wjZ 0*
g
Q D 7wjZ ~E Zz kg ZX x ! '
,
Z'
,

,6,o Wx ce **
^
~ i Z0
+Z}uz x t yZ
X **
0*
YZgzZyYZX b cg YZ7ZgzZ b & Z Z
Z
+ q
-ZX M
hYKg 
/
gzZ wjZ ax ~E
]Z|{gzZ
) ) ? Yh }g @*
yy~
90

q! x~%$
+0
+
i bTJ
-VzeZz Zz
E
f L z]**
k& ZgzZ g
$uz yW
gx { b & Z bkZ
: g p
KZ: {:gz Xce **
kg Z IZ)g f
X nYZi Z0
+Z W,
Z6,
] Z
B c*
I xsZ Zph
+ y k
Hg W L LV @*
C s \W~
o }gZ ZJ W~ y 0*
X 0*
:
~ yZi Z6,
g z
]Q]F,
yk
Hg W L L @*
yJZ ayZ Z
# X D `
D5q
-Z V ZxgzZ g
/
]**
JZ yZ X C Zz
ZjkZgzZ ZpVgvX C76,
G
" VzIxsZuF,
G3G
X $
h kZ ~g ZgzZ E

91

gzZyVQ:4z]
.~g z~g Y +F,
{ i @*
VzIxsZF,
aVrI * ~g7**
zZ
^ ZzVIzg
5 KZ Z X m
d
iW$gzZ qN }Iz k
zBV.g OX Zg Ztz{@xgzZ**

zDZX s Z Z
gzZ V K n
z e a kZ X 5 g Z
/
X
rgRZg { c*
i q
-ZgzZg ZUqX ~g Yac
y*Z c*
~WI : 7g ZZ 6,c q c*
Zg Z a kZ
]Z| X 7~ #
}
.z[Z X Vx ~i Z
b Z'
,[ Z 7b0
+
i Z'
,[ Z c*
[ Z Z'
,[ Z
E
E
G
G
I$
I$
L L
L U*
L L L!*
XN 0*
Zj: ZvZ Y
yZ {z
Tg Zz + Y| (, Zz + YC
gzZ @*
4 wzZ
gzZ ?Zg yz agzZ }@x a Zg a kZX
92

X
Zz m,
zzY Zg WsDL X3ZgzZMg
xx H}
dZ
# D ; ,v0*
~ZZ W

+E
xsZ Chz~Vgx JP qkZgzZ`g
/w25A
V ;P~~ ikZX g V ZZ h.g~I
(3)X zi !*
Vc*
Z (2)X zi !*
Vc*
!*
(1):ZJ~Vz
/&p (F,

X
6,
x
F,
gzZ gtsZ +F,
xJ
-wb a~F,
~g uF,
6,x a kZ X ;g hz yp Y # ~ yp x

VM
6,x ~ gz z DI xsZ 6,
g
Zz g Z0
+YV5X ~^a '
,
Z'
,6+" c*
+
gzZ @*
qz
ZvZ L L]!*
6,
g~g~ ikZtX
6,x
X Lg ~gYg (Z"6,
gx{)z
ZvZvZpvZ c*
L L~WkZ
Z ]Z|g Zg X
3 p Zt " ~ Vz Z
W,
Z g @*
mF,
X n
pg F,
p ZyZy!*
i, z%Vz
d
$uF,
X '
,
Z'
, uF,y **
uF,
6,x

` WV26,x a kZ X Cg xsZ lp
gzZ V26,x ~}F,
X Hx 1zg3 Zg 6 + ~V
x ~ V7z
/Vz yZX Sg
6,RC
yxgV Zzzi !*
N !*
x
/
u {~ 9; a;gE- z IxsZyZgz
Cg DD
M F,Cc*
VrZ~ V#
Z C]yZXg
93

gzZ 4~F,
X c*
VZ Zx k& Z gIZX 1wef (Cg
yZ Z 78
-g Zuz V;z~ [z X ~&
X ~ ]7Z ]g VIzgz V=gzZ V- gzmV- g6
~E
) )
0*
g\ vg )
,q
-ZX CY 0*
V ; }g
r
# ~,W]| Zz Z WX ]Z W,
ZgzZ x { c*
i ~
~g YKz%zakZX x ~x Z{ c*
i;gEX g 3 W,
Z CZgzZ
( bkZJ
-V F6, ]q~ qz qz
ng e6,xg P ( X c*
W7t x **
g Zg 6,i
(
wqsyZ%Z 7sZzz ~0*
x **
X N WVg 0*
xgx (3)X
6,x (2)Xg Zg :zi !*
Vc*
Z (1)X y6,
zZ
X <
:zi !*
Vc*
!*
gzZv
~fgzZ]%Z:~!*
X F: )~f V26,
x gzZg Zg
X Zg Z +
6,x X ~ ]Z|g Zg ~ X )
yg Z+ZWz6,
g VzIxsZBvgZgtzzkZ
, W7WZ Z Z gzZ
H
A X Y W7W
^zzVkg 0*
~uzaX ^zz {za kZX
d
$
yg Z vt X Kg 0*
w\e ygzZ wZizZ
F,:}X
{)z +zg ` X YY 7Wyg Z~} B{zp
w_wZizZ
F,
X ~i W
X, W7Wyg Z
94

y 0*
X Kg 0*
x BL Lx **
Kg 0*
yg ZXD Y w_F,
L L
1 Z'
,
ZI7 IuF,
IX @*
x **
Kg 0*
x = C~
sBL L:3gx **
#
{g !*
z ~0*
J
- Rm{6,kZ Z
# X
H
:I~ a
~< I Z'
,
Z L L Z% IL L~kZX Kg 0*
pzf Zz uQ]gzp X IgzZ : !XXn]e] ne] $ ZZ
X $
Y~zcCg 7ZT o ^Z

~ ~0*
6,kZN yVQ ( Kg 0*
yg Z X g e T Z z
qzx x **
6 Kg 0*
s L L y VrZ X
#
$ X t x **
aBL L lz
/BL L 3g x **
,1 L F
~C
X c*

: I Z'
,
Z Z% IL LX xgPi iz i Zg
~ Y 74 XKH} (,} (, Kg 0*
sBL L~ ; Y 80 X IF,
#
Kg 0*
Lt
L X $
0 7#
% kZ q w+Z kZ
D{C
bD
+(gzZzkZ6,
%kZX 0*
gZ

DuZ ZBKg0*
] ZL L Bzi !*
N !*
Z
Z yZgzZ c*
W OZV6,
Z
z ]yZ TX #

OZ yZX Wd
$
N)OGzg(wyZ IxsZ Zz
( Z ~ yZgzZ Y 7 e
$VyZ Z qz **

c*
V Z
(} 9~ #gzZ ` u 1
IxsZ~TZyJZq
-Z x uF,
yZgz ZX n
pg
A &S
mGz7,
~gV- Z} F,
Z}g7BVzi !*
N !*
LZ
95

 y**
- ZX c*
Zz Zi W y**
- Z` F,
X
HZ9X
Z V26,x gzZ Vzg Zg yZgz kZ X mG F,
X
KZ VzI xsZ Xg : t
K:
B}uz q
-Z VzgzZ ;g
aw H"
$U*
70
+ZgzgzZ ~IwZZ
X YYHuZ Z

96

 i Zgdx Zq! x ~(,q

-Z VzI xsZ yZgz kZ
I xsZ X }u 6 gzgzi wjZ L L]gz qN
zg76,
x Vzg Z Z ({zakZX ~x Z V Z
(
L wYZ
:
HH V{gzZ kgZ Z
# ~gzuF,
@*
Z X
}% V
H7,O#
zi !*
N !*

HW{z
zq
-Z
Z x ZX Y0: :
L g _
OZ wqgt X Zz j
-ZP{ kZ X:C
q
!*
1ngzZ`Z: i ZzWz~g7 ]gz
a V Zz "7,~ yZ gzZ wjZ z x Z L L6,V
~J ,Z
# yg Z+ZWz6,
X
Hc*
y % ] G
5;XWZ L L
eZg y kZ VrZ 0WZk
f
,
iz T
$**
uZ ZVz
X c*
Bg7 yZ x ZX wjZ z x Z L L{ c*
i { c*
i
{ E
+Z #
gzZ wjZN Z b ~ VzgzZ VLZ
z x Z bkZ XK4 #
pXK z wjZ#

97

g ~g g !x k# ZBX qz (,wjZ
yZ{zX: l{5#pX ;g Y@*
4W,G
& x ZgzZ
F,
g g !yZ ~g Y Zt Xg { ^
,Y q= f(,
x gzZ c*
g Y 1980 m 12 X HgZz YzZ Vv`{
X ~ ~0*
6,
Vo)(
c*
Zzx&
+
eg O]!*
NZx X c*
M W *~ 82 #
g
yzV
/{
!*
vX 0gaw]yg- ZysgzZ
H
$Z ~g r
# g6,

6 ]!*
NZ~Y 83VrZX [xe
<XX g D ~0*
5%kZ Z E
g2$
+) ~(,X Zz }u
F,~X V`

e],
gzX f .
&~ yZ X I )
-Z]gpn: [x e
q
$ZC
IxsZX wZizZ
-Z ysgV ~y
q
W $Z X g yZ ~ ^~uz
kZX )uZu X ~e
$
) ) B`
e],
g
e~&wZizZ X c*
wZizZ
F,
L L e
$Z ~g x Zz!*
0 gv
) ) r
#
0*
g\ X
Z y
:#
Zg 60
+Z Z pa
A ]!*
NZ wZizZ X
= { ]!*
kZ Hg Z
Z kZ pwZizZ~X}
ysgj: Zq]P`
e
$.{zpY~: ] ~i #

)**
]i YZ ~i #
Z r
# gX
H` Zz k0*

kZ ~z K X [ e],
g ys~ ; Y 90 Z
# ~ X c*
~g Y
98

:gz: =p ~&wZizZ
F,
c*
C~p ZA kZX 1- zZ
o ~ Y 83 w&y
s !*
X : ]i YZ #
kZ L~
g gp g 0*
X
HW6,( {g !*
z g
X g)g fx&
+
eg Z
X ~0*
6,Vo) ( x z!*

W WZk
,
iz (
Wz6,X , qz ) 5 B ~ Zi WV Z
(
X ~Y 88 ]!*
NZ ZX W~ yZyQ Kg 0*
{ g L Lyg Z +Z
pA ^zz J e s yg Z X [x Q
) )
F,
~&wZzi Z
F,
X gx CZ 8
- e qzg e
$&
X Zzx CF,
~!J
-Y 88 Y 83 kZ X Cc*
M F, Vg )

,
vkZ p x ~ i gy**
~ Y 60 kZ
y*Z q
-Z ZtX } 7,**
B; yY KZ V; V!
Zj]q &Z~YX Kx Vc*
~]&ZX
]g Ziz {z kZ X Z qz **

Z$
+X g 7f .

~ ][uF,
gz ~y
W6X W~p~ 0*
zg {
wZizZg% dX Za Vc*
gzX W9g
{g e }u6 XK}gz [X *
c J (,
B; sV1
~ X c*
wZ e s ~gZ- # X c
{/gzZ e X (,] 6,R ZX qzW b ( [
qzW]Z|[Vzg ZD
~ V
/X ZZ~ ZV Zz Ya
99

c Xb qzh
+y
y~ ] Z
Z V VrZX
X ZZ~V ZzWF,
a [X W~
X ZZ { Zp{~]g F,
Bt Zx
[t
g *wZizZ
F,
Z],
g yg- Z ysX W~4z ~ ]q ~ OZ
Kg 0*
{ g L LIxsZ
WgkZt]!*
m{q
-ZVX
H0
]g ZF,
L L: p Z ]g @*
t ) !*
ug IkZyg Z Z 0*

]g c*
i kZ X C6,}ia}> T c*
W(Z 6,
z **
Z L Lx **

) )
F,
Xg 6,
/e LZ ]q X Wa
gz$g0
+Z Kg 0*
t X Kg 0*
CgL LV **
Z L LX Kg 0*
) )Z

# X H \z
/
zg ZggzZw_kZY ; qz **

wZizZ
F,
X qz^Y ^I ]!*
NZ zg0
+Z
wZizZ
F,
yZgz ypg Y 2012 ypg kZ X
HwZ
]kZX
Hc*
C
iZ Z"
$U*
TX
HHGg
7w
n
CZkZ #
{ @*
7kZJ
- ` Wpu
**
Ysyg ZvgZg
) ) kZwZkZX
OZ yZ6,yg ZgzZe Z
Z w_
) ) kZ {zX qz
Z {zp
m{VzIxsZ~c( ZX
H
^zzk ty F,
X k~VB
Xn Y: ~ Z6, Z yg ZX $
Y: ~ Z
) ) Zz q
, 7WYkZ X 7{Z
+ ^zz Kg 0*
yg Z w V
100

yg ZpX
HqzZ~Kg0*
yg ZX UI Kg 0*

F,
[ZX
X g ;]!*
NZY 92
gzZ ,tx Zb{z _ Z (,q
-ZaVzI xsZt
VZ ~Kg 0*
kZyZgz kZX , zg Za s `
kZ
( gZ ,fgzZ 0
+Zgz w
~ wZ6, V6& ) KZ g &t X Sm
yZz6,
~T(~ K
M F,
m{q
-Z kZX [ 0Z
+
))
wZ}g7 X qw~
/
%VggzZ V9
6,gm{
c*
w wYVk#X
HH qz ] J
-C
DC
^C
~
yiz%~ kZX I~ Vx
/
u{e{eaVggzZ Vz%X
H
w 0*
VgX ] Y &Zp~ &ZpX : o %Z
x X Hx ~ Vz% Vz%X HZ V.g g " X yy
B
bg x x
) ) Y Hg Z h6,^gzZ
M F,
VrZ X CY ~ ] { i Zzg y yX x ( {t q
# bkZ {zX H6,
Z
(k#ax
c*

gk#L L
Jh1 V ? dV :Nq ] q g 7Z J
-yC

A KZ g z!*

gz$
q
) ) ?{ VgzZ ?
s D#
}
. Z
Zq]gz x **

) ) ay

b
K wEZ X
HHBbzg: Z@Wx kZXaw`
Z
zsZ
M F,
6f Xg ~g YHm
F,Cc*
V Z yZgz ZX%
101

X x m{byjzsZ
q
-(C
X @*
YHB
/
ua~pvZx Zg
V yZ X%a x **
xsZ 8
-g sZ ~ |] }
.k#
Vg )
,
}uzgzZ ~z0
+- **
VxZ]|Y aZV;
kZ kZ g Z)f
) )J
-[Z yg Z qX CW
) ) KZ :}X ] Y ~ ] qz)Z yZgz

&Zpx Z it X (Y { B V.g

Wg ZM Zu'
,vt X vJI xsZt
tU
a \W~ c*
C yZ kZ X ,s0*
c*
g izg"
0
+
i %\WQX Vzx OZ 0
+
i]!*
gzZg izgw ]!*
`{kZk
,
Zg f &Zp{zk
,
+w +ZWkZ ?Cg (Z
5
t VB}g K qz **
} 9 LZZ
[Z
: wq Zg: X 5: Q c*
Zr
X @*
t gzZ @*

X { { C g C
Z xsZ c*
gzZX c*
~ 7Z kZX w

f WWvtX {y] }g t
H&ZpyZnZ
X
H0{g *yZayZtXBX0
+
ikZ

Kg0*
{ gsZX
HW: i ]!*
NZ Cc*
~Y 94~g YVx
/
ut
~Vo) Z 0*
X Z Z9a}**
yg ZqZ
+yZ
~g & }uz X g ZzyZ w VZ

) ) Kg
t
/#F0*
KZg ZzyZ&tXg ZtugzZ G
^ v^ vyZ
(
102

 [t x ~~wge6,R ZpX gz$ p a

wZ }g7 **
**
wZZ
H Z9{z
/(Z V Z kZ
:g Z + ~ VsszcX yZ x t X &
) !*
a V!*
{zX &z gzZ ]gzxsZ
A kZ , z g Z +X
$
LZ {zX : l{#LG
pD `kZ"_
.qzg
g yZ w=kZ~ i qz! NZX ;g i W} NizZ
\W
z V# V#y ` W~ ~ kZX c*
Wyq
-Z~ ~
/
%
ZzG
g y8X
Hc*
y8 t Xg y8gzZ
LZ a v ; [ZCZ gzZ kZX 1 x ~g Zf
/ZX g yJ

-W Z W Z c*
Wyq
-Z HyV
" yX {6,
z X V: y.6,\W :Zg \W
yx**
{g !*
z[ZX
Ha

ZggzZ wb6,
z CQgzZ

HyY
?gzZg ZzyQ w. Zg vX @*
z ~ o kZ !L L:c*
W
yg Q X px Z:gz YgZS
ng ZzyQ LZ ? E
z pg ~gY x CZ X: W,
Z : kZ ?, HX ZZg
y{g !*
zX i FgzZLq
-ZX
H/ ~ yZX Z
z]x kZ:gzX YWi !*

Z
+yZ LZ [Z L L:c*
W
X hV2z X Yc*
{z~] ` WX x(gzZ
X N Z

~g [p X A x : 6,
zd
$` W L L : yg Z
103

x ZX c*
W7i !*
tX k
,
| m
6,
~h X BUZX
x !g eKg 0*
gz$
C
X } 96,~h gzZ k,
6,
wqX D kZ ~ ] !*
NZ {gW`

zN
E x ZgzZ ] Z`
s~uz X "w^
,Y**
gzZ VR sq
-Z X g ~g Y
yg Z X ~ & ]
}
. V7gzZ VzyZ V2z X ~g^
v wZs: ~ $Z Cc*
kZX
H0**
wZ}

~(
,
g7(yg Zt X
) ) kZ **
V
G8N~p
X E
pgg Z
'
,p ! x kZt [ xX ! x
,
F Z x
'
,
i Z ~ yZ [ xg ZzyZ Cc*
yZ ~ Vz
X vx t 1x ZX Z7L~g@*
Cc*

YYc*
^zz{ F,
:{xsZyZX s@yZ#
}
.
KZ
~uzp 3g U*
W
A VzI xsZ ~ ] !*
NZ [ ZX
Vzg Zg J
-w 70 kZX
H qzgz *} "z6, s
#

/Z Wg Zg9x Z'+ X ;g Z"z6,s
tX } ZzVc*

g eg eVz%X } z '
,VgX } {n0
+
i
uF,
vt X Le **
Y ~ 2- 8g- F,
X ;g i Z0
+Z W,Z6,x Z[ Z Z"z6,t
b\g- o v ZX #\g-
) ) sZt D Zg ex Z
bkZX Z<
^zz 7Z {z T e **
Y s F,
~
X s**
Z gzZ] VkZgzZyg Z~

104


Kg0*
ygZi ~ $Z Z F,
~ Y 1996
X Xq 158 ~ 550 kZX Wt 6,gKg 0*

~(,
5 ~ ZX **
a #
Zt z!*
Kg 0*
~(,

:e
$Z+Z k0*
p_q gkVg 0*
#
Kg 0*
sZ w\eyg
zkZXn#

Hk0*
Vkg 0*
g e tZ
# pb}a
&g._wZX c*
g Z ZBkZq
-Zq
-Z
z!*
V7gzZ( Kg0*
~ ~g !*
~uzX
7@*
~&
+ Zg ~y
WgzZ}X :
wJ ZB kZ y{ **
F
7@*
K F
X 0#
u~ Y 96 uZ ZVzX 1
@*
wzX gWZk
,
izyg Zwq
-Ztq
-Z~]Z@
7
w 0*
~ ikZX WZk
,
iz yg ZQwz ~y
WQX gF
X
Hc*
wg e[ZX @*
Z[NZa
105

CF,
g g!d
$z~F,
~wzZwq
-Zyg Z
65 50 Z 9}i 5 ~g u }uz X N Vp

X K ] ZZ W,
a Z$
+X , J (,J
-
% izX CgCg {nZz ZB; Vz
X
Hc*
vZzg {LG
X m{g: { c*
i w q
-Z #
t p
a wZ
z kZ yg Q
7@*
F
{ c*
i} yg Z ` Z
~XL LV#
c*
**
h Vz kZX Kg 0*
( Cc*
q
-Z yg Z +ZY c*
x **
7@*
#X: Cc*
oZ v F
X : x 'Vz$
+
Kg 0*
{
p c*
h
+y

yg Z kZ
g !*
X D Zz Kg 0*
z: {L LKg 0*
w_~uzZzp
yg Z6,Zg7 wXg !*
wo)H: Z Zz
7@*
._}z LZ
}z\W~ yg ZX ~g !*
F
'gv._ ] ~pV g 6, #
._
tig Z MZ X }: gX ,
W 7#
~gv
7@*
s yg ZQ Zz ]Z F
X } Z yg Z
7@*
y{kZ ]5 wk
,
eyg F
X Yc*
ZzZ
X }7Cz%"tyZ@*
X { Z'
,
ugzZ !*
Kg0*
(
7X, \WX 7]!*
/F
+Z ~ )H wk
,
eg
=VrZX VW]5g~yg Z W:Zz
~gzZ wqg~J
g
(p Y c*
gz c*

106

X Z: zL{ztX C7y!*
iE
M gzZ V Z Kg 0*

{ g~ q
-Z { Z yZgz Z
X W6,Vv ` y Z : kZX Hnq
-Z6,kYZ
z kZX

HkZC
zsp~oX {g
Z g sVt
} M yg Z (1) : q ] b&~ `
sZ Zuz (2)X { ~ m,
gyp~okZp Le **
g
Z (3)X: [Zy

6,R@ o g Le **
U
(
]i YZ g
~
(Bw(w5wZ {z
/
.# `
/Zg^]!*
t ~ Kg 0*
{ g yZgzkZX b
gzZ]gz: Z'
,
ZX { yv{ c*
io g ~g Y
7@*
yg Z gzZ yEZ F
~ Z X Lg ck
,
i { kZ
G
E
E
4]
4]
G

wJZ kZ k0*
w\eg Z Z
# X c*
} Z
7@*
&&O F
yZgz kZX ~] #
i )G

7@*
{z X b{

p c*
ah
+y
ygZgzZk
,
iz/F
7@*
&&
&&X I{g
z i )G
[F
)HX k0*
i )G
~ ZgzZ 46,
uV`
YZzg x t X #
BVkg 0*
X ~x Z
~I g Kg 0*
sZ yZx6,kZ ` t
kZ
p7 ~oX
Hc*
ZC
g !*
g !*
x ZZ kZt c*
zXb
Kg0*
yg Z X c*
W^ {g !*
z: i 6,VgZggzZ
HkZC
z sp
107

-Zg0
q
+Z` X
Hc*
:
K s ` u]Z|2z
x **
T c*
\z
/q
-Z rtd
z kZX
H0\z
/
I ]
Vg ZgkZ X
H3g \z
/gz y7zL L \z
/Ve !*
LL
fh
+'
~}7Z[!*
O] kZgzZ
8{ ^
,Y [Z
Zzg2Z , Z #

L L5 VrZX )zg q
qz Y 96 gz { (t XnY H c*
gz$VrsZx X
X @*

)g fXgzZ _ VJ
-Vz% ZX wjZ x Z L L
F,
Z Zg76,
V x syZ gZa zz+BCc*
~ F,
(2) : y bza% Z e ^zg~ yZz!*

*
@Y5~gaV~Z6,
X iJ
-~Z6,
~J
-,^W J (,] ia 6,yWZ X
! ~ w&J
-w ~Z6,~ Vjx ZX
W,
Oui Z y 6 kZ K za qz
L L{z X CY ~
kZ wjZ a( )m{a
Ht (1) X
X Y| 7,~ ]Z L L LZ s^ Zz "7,~ yZ a
(ZX b6,kZ 5 Zg{)zgzZ8

-bZ
z
(
ZVjx Z y kZX Y07{)z Vz bZ Z e D
X c*
Zz` g~ZZpZ Kx tX Cz
} i ZzgF,
c*
Z~` 6,
]Z|g Zg ` s~uz
108

b: Z @*
Y 1N Z k7,i LL X ~ qz h
+'
a
@*
`
Zz
) ) yg Z X @*
Y c*
wzdZa [Z :
,q ~ VI ` m<!*
gzZ Vzg Z Z ~g uX
HHVZC
]Z|
Kg0*
kZgzZyg ZpX ~ ~0*
6,yZCYgVzg Z Z Qg Zg
] lbb yZ~igzs M W6, Z
Z}g
(6,kZ ~0*

aw 0*
Z6,Kg 0*
sZ kZg y
WX b
X b} i Zzg
P kZX ~}g Z
No
(6,VgekZgzZ yg Z
yZgzk
,
q
-Z6,yg Z qZ
# g
ayZ w= wZ
X ~ Zw FZ~lkZX
Hc*
)l6,"7,gZ
(Z {gW._y F,
gHZ1yY]i Z ZwkZ
x`
}u 7, : Zx`
kZX Y 7z~
(
~{ 0
+
i( kZ6,gLZ 5#X : @*
W~}%i
& & #
~ Z'
,
ui )G
5X ggzZ]gp~hg:
~ 6,g i W6,gg #
kZX m^:{ c*
i
g Z MZu'
,Vzk
,
iz nh
+y
n kZX $
^{z: : kZX
DZ- J yZgz kZ Z g ^ +ZX H qz **
[ w D W
7@*
VrZX
Hc*
Z~ h
+y

,
k
izF
X]Z|`
@*
{zX
&:
(Z Z$
+sC
X Hwz` Zy

YZz#
i )G
X
HDZ- o Z` Zg
109

DSPKg 0*
kZX
H
A ]Zg {g/q
-Z~]!*
NZ Z
t wqgVB~ yg 0*
X Kg 0*
w _e L LX x **
kZX $
: #
Zz!*
h
e^zz { c*
i
Kg 0*
kZ
6,x tX #

BV26,x gzZ Kg 0*
wB

A aKg0*
ygZ F
yg Z yZgz kZX [x~ W~ #

a ~ $Zt X H y@*
Yg L LZ
+ CZgzZ Kg 0*
L L
Lg4Z~ wh FF%X !%gzZ]Zg *X g6,
X

110

 k(,yZd ~ OZ ~ F,
L : e
:
$/
%~ x gzZ Z$
+
~gz kZ V ZdX
H` @*
gD yZd p ~ OZ oX
H`
X spJ e iKg 0*
\z
/yg ZqgzZvZ
{z ._kZ g bT Kg 0*
V; & Bt {z
B sg sZ c*
x **
xsZ Z
# X g CgD ~0*

: 6,x : Z'
,
Y d
$
! x D W~ yZy
~0*
6,kZ {gWce 6,gkZ[
) )X ~0*
:
o~p b y@*
Yg L L^
,6,
] p:
4hb~p bkZ w yZ X &
5 Zg {gH
) ) EG
X s ZZ
: 3c*
g Z Zzg ~pn~ ]q yZ yg Z +Z Wz6,p
W WX qb6,
LZq
-ZC
X e: b}uz &
X
111

vZX
H@*
g V ZjI#
ZgzZIb & Zx **
V7z
/Vz
}]g Zs y@*
Yg~ ]!*
NZ: Kg 0*

^zz ~ Z g ZzyZ yZ ` Z'

! zZt q ~pX H a
Z! xy@*
Yg kZXn: [xz!*
q
q i p
yg Zq~kZXK 7wY g I
Z zp qzq
-l{
yZ X
HWC
!*
~g7 Zw ~
) )t VzI xsZ Za ]**

kZ
AZ
# X { T
[Z6,Kg 0*
kZ%,v0*
X g D[V
/{
!*
vQ%q
-Z
gzZ x **
sZ zzz X ~ ~0*
gx x **
Kg 0*
L L
x **
Be
$Zg V Z I
b & Z L L kZX c*
0*
gZ
x sZ
~%$
+sg ~C
,@*
xsZ|Z
# yZx gzZ
kZO X 7~qZ b {g yT X 7`w
z D

) ) 5X H x 6,iLZ LZ Vh
Vz%
Zzg Kg0*
] XL LI#
ZX Z ZIb & ZgzZI#
Z
( Kg 0*
C- hZ =) F,
gzZ s Z L LI ]]
.gzZ x **
z%
X x
) )5x **
6 $
+
X F,
D
bw3X Kg0*
bw3gzZ
D
ZL Lx **
F,
) ) ~uz
X Dq r Z" c*
CpT u W L Lp Z F,
kZ
q~
) ) X
Hc*
vZg
) ) &kZ VzI b & Z
+ ~0*
Z
6,h
ez~
( wq@*
6,kZpZ
+w= 6yg Z
112

kZ X
HH t vZgzZ
z Z6, kZ ZX
VzX W6,
u$Z6 Zg
/
: wZ W~z
) )
lzy

zl0Z]6,kZ~x ZX `! NZ
'
,
iV g
B : g Dx V**
0*
yZI xsZ kZ X c*
W~
xsZ ,v0*
X Kg 0*
] XKg 0*
Kg 0*
{ g Kg 0*
sB Kg 0*
#
} N x **
7Z )aa kZ X CWp ~I
CW7Vc*
g Z b b~ ` V.g X qz **
iW
HH{z i Z F,

gzZ Z
s Zx Za ~ x **
6 X
Wz V.g O uzg6,} "z6, 6 + a kZ
XT e 9 D WWVzIxsZ wx Zg Z +X
HWB; yZy
C4 {z X zz g ^gzZ Z$
+ V Zx +
xsZ yZ gzZ Wd
$
{z CgCgX V;Zp w F,
gzZ s Z
X Kg 0*
F,
gzZs Z L Lx **
Xg[x Z i5VzI
^zz 35 ~ ]!*
NZ 6
) ) {GZi Zz Wt w$
+x **
VIzzKg 0*
] XX [x~ q
5
[x ~ WVg 0*
z s~ Z X mW: ~ Z {z ZX n
e
$g/L L uF,
@*
Z t 8 X Z X L LgzZ Kg0*u W L LX N
Za XK q ^zz n TX Kg 0*
Vz 4Z'g Zizx akZm[x~W)zs~
~g X 362 Z VB ) T vZX N yxg
113

 kZ X
Hc*
WZk
,
iz Z X
H [x~ ~ ZB e
$Z
**

(wq@*
L 0*
:
Zwkyg Zq=gk
,

Zg q
-Z M Wli t X g D li YbT
$
T ZzF,
+Z~ kZ~ Z
W WZk
,
iz vZX
gq
-Z
) ) kZkZX ~0*
6,yg Zq:
L
g Z { Zg W~ Z)g f]!*
NZ :ayg Zq} Z
gZ
IZ **
yg Z6,k
,
6,V ~ kZgkZX ~
6,
kZ6,
"7,
~Tg Z
A gzZZyg ZX
Hc*

kZX ZOyg Zt X yg L Lx **
kZX ~0*
E+G
a]g Ziz vZ%[ZX gg c*
zz L g @*

,
k
izZ@*
gzgx yg ZqZ
# gZ
+yZ (kZgzZ c*
} Z
Z

zVzIxsZgzZ {g 5#X YJ
-WZ
X Zzg! x]g @*
VzIb & ZyZ tX ~ g g @*
5
: (ZBVo) ~uzx
tzg yZW~g Z MZ

) ) KZ kZX qyZ
{z5#q
-ZP
^ Kg 0*
( g OyZgzZsg
) ) sZ Cc*
Zzg
6,yZgzZA Z i Z c*
W~ kZ VzI xsZ) @*
~
~0*
% 0*
z!*
CZ x **
Z6,yZ I kZX : ~0*
7@*
&:F
8 D Z DKg 0*
#{ c*
i
kZ {)zi )G
OX _
X
H
WByZW,
O
( Z0
+ZyZ ~R,
w
114

5#gzZ,g Z
xiVzq[s D Wt
x Zib)V L L: D W kZX Y
agz zg~ { Zg F,
x gzZ x az b #
nZZX
Hc*
ZaXx {zX H
KZ~pX ,ipx Z7ZX b)y{)z[s XX^ ]
X Vg66,Z7,oC
!*
L ~0*
:
6,[s~ o}g V
V Zx+ ~kZ X,x a ay

6,
o
z o
aoX Hsgzi Zg ~ ],
I VrZW6,
g ~ +F,
yZ$
+F,
c*
rz
Z Z$
+gzZ N*
Z tQ X H:
**
s Z J
-r xgzZ ] }
.oB $c*
z $ ZX
%b yZI m{ x Z sZ \W ]!*
ZtX xsZ
X ,x
Z Zz K: i yg Z X & } wq g
z kZ
Kg 0*
] XL Lx **
T Kg 0*
gZg ZXg} Vz #z
: kZ {g%kZzz g} h Z6,
( Zzg {zgzZ
N !*
# X ~h Kg 0*
a Z kZ X Z V!yz L L
yZ f <d
$kX ;gX ;g w$
+!a tL L: zi !*
rZ6, Z
Z
z kZ e
$Z l{ x Z%Z X }
X gg & gzZ ` Z'
kZX H
Vz`
@*
gzZVA
$ZWZk
,
izIb &ZyZ gzZw=
115

8g- t WO$kZX H qz{gz gg! \g- B

))
wzgzZ *
*g]g\g- T e
Cz2;gxgg!gzZZt~ ikZXce**
"
$U*
,
'
Z'
,
kZp~
t p xZ Z
~g!*
~g!*
g; ZzB kZ
kZX @*
0*
xZ~i
**
**
.gzZ
C**
3k
HY**
kZX @*
xvY
m{Z~TX **
gZ {ZgaF,
~ OZ o s@m{ }gz
[{gz V8g-
W WZk
,
iztO X q ! x
,]**
kZ CgB F+C
~OZkZgzZX
~ %Zg gzZ pg
C rz
]gB uZ Z 8g- gzZ
zi!*
gzi LZ **
q X ]*n~ F,
X`[x
ZZ z kZa kZ X 7 yZx|t X } 7,**

X q!x)Z~TX Zc*
gZ
s@ rz
]g

* Z WXK qzg @*
Z2
pZ * Z W kZ
W WZk
,
iz
}g Z Z kZ gzZ J gz X D Y b a F,
Z: L2
pZ
-Z6,#
q
{GZiX @*
h
e ~ Zz Y Zr: g &
6 Cc*
{ Z 9s~uzX 1 .
**
V
VzgZ Z z s
2
z gzZ zg0
+ZX Z Z Z
# Zz ~g ZlM]Zz {0
+ !*

bVz yg Z X D "
$U*
yJZ a #
{GZi
Y c*
J (, W ~gzakZX qz5Z Zg Zz m] g
W 0*
16,Z$
+gzZ N YK w ] ZZ 6,~g ZpX
116

 Z t Z
# X Y c*
6,s^Z kZB s Z z $c*

Z e 321.2 ! Igi )gzZ d

$
Z e 36 ]ZW'
,
@~g YVZg Wkt6,R@gzZ g DyZd ~ OZoX n
~g OZkZSX A
$c*
ZDZ- [ZF,
W~iyZd~ OZ
gN
X c*
x **
` W W~i yZd #
t
? @*
g*yJZ}
/kZWZk
,
izyZ
] ZZa 4
q ~ OZ kZ
W WZk
,
iz
: Z Zi Wa~g ]~g gzZ Z
Z,jVXK
'g Ziz ~g c*
VZt x Z q
-Z {z Z
c
~ F,
X
H@*
5 Zgg ^Z~okZX ,zJ
- 22
Z g ;; gzZg ^gkZJ
-6,
zZn~C
X ` Zg Z$
+sC

0*
16,Z$
+X XgzCYj#
wqgtX Zzy Z
X *
@Yc*
g Z
D
+gzZm kZ:
L kZX ! x0Z]Z~
&~Vp Zz Y Z
X HZgLE
x Z s
c*
g kZ
6 6gzZX @*
YB~g Z'
,
@*
`
~Vzgz )X c*
r z
V
**
xZ X ]*nk0*
F,
X @*
}@ Cg
]g z a~4u @tZ E<XX **
zi !*
zi L Z
G8N~ rz
~ ] wb ~] ZZ: yZX
HE

X IizZ e130~Y 2008]ZW'

,
F,
( kZ ~ 4 kZ ~ ~g Z'
, Z Z gzZ F,
F,
117

151 F
,
~ yZMx) sX 4 Z (, q
-

Vzg Z Z ({F,
~e
$Z~ yZXa^zz
({}g Z Z (t ~ qzX ~ j
Z SX 4 Z (,
yZ KgHv,Zg0
+Z Vzg Z Z 4ZQ a
yZ X , ~ ]B ]Z|`
@*
F,
]Z|`
@*
i Z c*
@*
Y F,
{)zo
Z m,
e ]g qX 4g Vzg Z Z
~ yZ gzZ ~ Vz~
/
%wjZtX @*
g F,
-z i[!*
g Zo kZX @*
Y c*
ZVY 6,gS
g ZtuF,
X H Z Zg Z~
CVzg Z ZyZ~]iZB
gzZ
z~ * a LZ )g f Vzg Z Z yZ Z
ZgzZ V Z0
+{
VjZbkZ~F,
g g!F,
X ZaW~{ Zg
Z
Vz
/Cg gzZ ~ OZX YYH7i Z0
+Z4
iy 0*
6,kZX ~ (F,
]7ZB
F6,!*
X H7s

B Z e g esgBVv~
~ * a F,
kZ X ]!*
a yZ b %f g ZD

~KZF,
X g F,
Vz
Vz
gzZ g ]!*
. o
_
W,
Z2mzgzZd
$
sZZzkzg~g Z'
,
sZ
t wJ W] X q ! xg Z0
+
VrZ ~ Za cgz
D Wa ] 0*
X g Zz zZ F,
LL
F,
at X DggzZ~ VzZF,
gzZ
118

kZX f
ez~Kz6fbbgzZ D,k
,
~y!*
i
hZ ] F,
~ Z * kZ
Cwj
X B! x~
t ? Cgs@ ~ w4z]
.t VzI xsZ F,
V a x **
yZ ]!*
Z%Z C
z Zz W
GG3E
45uz +
G
uF,
z z x
/
u(
M=) v@

?VxXzD
+
gzZ zx VzIxsZ X 7
C3 Vc*
i @*
uF,
X~ r Zl
-YV Zz1zg3 Zg yZgzZ
B 6 gzZ ?} 9V
z kZt x W}g ?
T e b r z
pV; }g p~V/}uz ?g}
&\~ [ .
dz Z LE
gzZx? g0i !*
z
gzZ
J
}g
/?VzQuL $ Zz Z h Z u {6, LZ c*
V

/Z ` WX zg c aN~VF,
- ` W `
J
q
-L LVz(,
BZq~ 1 V Zz h
e { C ~ E
L !Z
{E
+ZgB]!*
. Zz WgzZ } c*
_
~ p Z cg
~` WlkZgzZ[Z wZkZ ZzQ?}
X

119

y 0*tN ];z! xgzZg & VzIxsZ~F,

:i Z aVo)(z
/
Vi gzZ VIzg~ wj : #h
+ZaVzI xsZF,
bb kZgzZ[ZwZ ?e7
Zr] ZZ yZ K
M F,
szct q
-Z : $
e'gz
% i[|Z bkZX N Y 7,
s bzgk
,
LG
}gzZN Y
&iZuzX)**
$h
e
+ 0gZq
-ZgzZ)**
^g Zq
-Z
{E
+]Z@xq]ziggzZ]c*
]uZz ZyZ,g (Z
I
gB+E
7ZgzZ gg Z
'
,
p Mg kZXK5pL Fc*
pl$
Y B z
Z
Z
# z x A Kpi Z
?DW'
,
}H Yc*
|0
+
~#
/ZzZgzZ
} ~ VYz Zz"m
yZz6,~ xi Z/
120

dZ ZjgzZ^g W6,g~uF,
X : yW **
~K_
x ]
.) VzI xsZ X DI -
z
gzZ tzf
Z_z gzZJ
-y~]
.)X ~z6,wb
:%b X Y {g 8 A W Hwj (ZJ
-x OZ E
L j8
,zV;zX B
bgx ~`U*
W@]
.)]g @*
F,
Xn{g
z rz pgzZ
z ]g yZ X LgxW Vj ( )z
\WN Y ~]
.)x F,
\WX @*
YH6,
gS, zx Z
uF,~]ZyX c*
w 7 V; yZ kZ
X n
pgx +F,
i ~* ~g7u}g Z Z
mI Z
~ yZgzZ mi Z0
+Z y]
.)~ F,
6,l
k \ VWg dZ6,Vzg Z- gzZ V1ZX +F,
.2J" gzZ ~AK
G
+C
uF,
gzZ ~SX x {E
Z x Z ] X s J e %KZ# x c*

~g7 7~]
.) S+Zq
-Zt X
/
WkZ T
g 6Z
BzS~]
.)X CY i q
Z #
{~ F,
~g VN*
~ V { Z V {z X @*
x Z ]g z
g
Zz {)z w zg0w{z
0*
}Qx
/V,
X D
-ZpC~{)z
q
Z! :}VCc*
F,
gzZ ,q
t
T t uF,
X c*
CZ 6,gS #
uF,
& +Z q
121

B]gzp,ZC
!*
]
.) 3gzZgf~x Z
/
LgLgB Vzg Z V X Tg}O ]gzpV
sZ gzZ ] i Z {~ q
-Z ~ d
$
X Tg g bg
yZ X D :VEx ZuF,
X D [
7 {)z a gT
LX $g" c*
<eKgKgBe~VE
G$
Y ( )X CY { Z_ ], **
`ZL LgzZ Zz E
L LL
Y Wyg !*
g !*
zz uX @*
, gzZ d
$
d
$

z
kZC
!*
K
z
@X D Y y| 7,Y (gzZ D W)~i O
I wgzZ { x Zg W
st 7Z V Dg Z
/~ Z
gzZyf zx Z2X @*
Yc*
Z
[ Z B Z

yZgzZ,o %ZyZ ~VByZ @*
Y]Z|Z
X ,~i f}}
X Lg X VK g ~ K W,z
@V1gzZC
!*
]
.)~(,X CY!*
z zgt ~ypg
VZd
$sZ6,g~gq
-~ yZ v]ZgX
uF,
F,
Y f[R'
, @*
X Dg{0
+
i
Z Zz ~z **
uF,
a kZ Xn7J
-V
! nZX 7Zz ]
g ! zZz k& Z yZgzZY f} (,} (,
R'
,
y
KZ 9Y,Z u 0*
W
X g Z w +Z ,Kt
X c*
h <
d
$ , Zg z gzZ Xg 8
122

X { Zgh<
V Z gzZ+xE
T {z{ V s\vZ *yW
L L/
vZQgzZ ~ :W )gf kZ #
Qt {Z
+ Z (,q
-Z X Z
+Z
E
L
gzZ ]7*'zX $
a
zmvZ -wgz
kZ Dw" pgzZ J e gzZ V uF,
@*
Z w
]!*
Zjx Z Zzk],
sZkZ } (,
-Z
q
z
yW $
+t z Zg } 'vZ f '6,
u T e **

C kZ X ~ ~0*
6,Z g ! a h mx ~g7 u0*
"!*
Z6, X
H u 0*
yW
m5F,
q
-
{g "7,N 5M
h]z {zv/ Z
X
{^
,YZZ u 0*
yW
~F,
{ Ztg !*
-ZszZ Zg
q
wjZyX A
$kW
{ ?g Z2Z6,
Vz
C b
x ZzvZt'X 5 u 0*
yW
x
gzZ
~ [xZ }g y 0*
5 (Z zz q
-Z%Z X ~
} a

) )sX g `r
# ~zg ZD
h
+zY[
;gx ~g {g Z Z !z Wz yZ x **
yieY ~ !*
WP
M ZX
~ kZX 3g~{ Zz ZwZ VrZX
vZ **
q
-ZF,
V;z XI { YZ yZgzZ D a
v
F,
~ kZX g Z)fkZZ rg c ZxZgZ xgu
123

Z } (,q
-Z
z kZt X 5 {*Zz Y c*
J 7,~
B yZgzZvZ **
%Z X
) S~ i Z0
+Z *6, { X
+]
h
.6,
CZ rg cZy N*
~geYq
-ZyF,
~ D]YZy
Z !*
X g} V~ i Z0
+Z
&**
\vZX ]!*
dLE
#
}
.+Z yk6,Z~
X} i Z]F,
[p[pY NgyZgzZr
# ~zg ZD
[
uF,
z!*
m.szwc*
y!*
ikZgzZpyW

# x
g Z ZZZ W VzI xsZgzZ _Z h.gZ
x **
z]L L~wZX qzV@*
kZ 5
X Y Hg ~ Vzg Z Z S} (,0*
* {g Z Z Sq
-Z
X D YK Tzrg dZ~}g Z Z!z Wz kZ6,Vz Z
kZ c*
6kZ ~ VzS6,
zZ ~ T
H0*
Y (Z q
-Z
q0Z]q
-ZtC
X `g ~i ZZ~Sn}
Vg}uzp Z RX, Z @*M: 8 : V\ M KZ Zg
/ZX
+4e
$sgzZ CgzpyZ kZX @*
Y c*
8
-g! Zi
gzZq
-Z i Z*W
t Zz"7,
gzZ CY
/YZ~i Z0
+Z
i Z0
+Z 7 ~
) Sz ryZX @*
Wt U
V1 Zz ~ wZa X @*
Y 3gpg dZ ~qC

{z
) S *W
a kZ a
~ @
]5 ]Z|o gFX 5 x ]Z|uF,

124

FgzZ wGZX`qx Zz~V R@

Zk
,
+6,R Z ZVzg 0*
5
g yZ *ZVg
X q
VrZ a]5vg)
,
~&q
-ZV[~
!vZ y4 !xzggzZ
z ZX c*

z ]5~xzgL
V%Zx~ ~qa]gc*
iZ
# X W:9
L o
T qy$8 ~ Z ZlX D =~VQ
can
E
+ ZgF,q
-ZX V D =:vg
$ q Zz ]c*
W~
~g
/
V; C
gzZ t xV zyZgzZ [ 7WQ/z
9
~yZXDg }g 0*
i Z0
+Z !*
gzZ% /GF7 : ~g

V\W7ZXb7X
H: ;gXng **
gzZ Z
% i x Z}
LG
. yZX1 : ? yg Zh
+y
yZ ? D Z{

D YK7`Z
# ;Z'
,
u) c*
C D Z

( p ZyZt) q bx **
LZ yg ZqyZxZg
V; }g {zOXx ~T}jq+Z @*

xsZ e#
}
.t ! X @*
7 7Z Zj%g **
Z
Z y!*
i !*
WgzZ KZ {z} Z
t ^WVzI
X {0
+
i{g !*
z
{ E
+Z X CY tzf z t} (,~ F,
wV" yZx uF,
X Dq
-BVz{g Vz
/
LZ
125

X @*
Y,
-B; V; 6,7 {g 0*
wq
-Z q
-Z X C Z
Z,j
y 0*
X V LZp :IV~Vt@Vzq
E

r
%
# {
@g Z kZ ]| {
!*
v BZo ]7.
z ]5 ]Z|o } (, V;z p=F,

#
Z
X H7g c*
gE^q
-Z6,
V !*
x HLZ VrZ
\W]Z|o uF,
X @*
Y7t~V1{T~y 0*
E
~#
}
.{ %vZg O$r
# {
]|ab
kZXDg~(,

KZ J
-k
,
pVz c*
X
Hr{E
+yZakZ Lg M ~q
X g Ci Z
? g
8SZQgzZ **
~0*
6,[Z~ oq
-Z /
X
$FZx Z6,
V o (Z T YZ kZ kZ
nh
+ ~0*
6,kZ wZ g D
+X b 0*
[Zx X
Hc*
J (,w
X
HHZ
+w656,V1ZPgzZ486,
#
yg ZX xs ~I ]t c*
zZz 6
Zz
W[ZgzZ C Z
` ~C
#
ac*
[Z
w yZa kZ @*
ay
{ c*
i V- }uz6,`
Z z~]YZy
Z {z} ay

6,
]1X ;g YHwz{ c*
i
X ~g Ylzh
+'
a
kZ VZ'
,
bkZX Z e
F,
% %X f
$r{z **
Zr q T{ c*
i [Z/
g { c*
i PVF
Hc*
~ gkZ &Zp
126

LZ Y f] * x F, 4 (ZX CY ~ 7
-Y6,
kZ
6,X Se **
>VZgz [ze ~ x Y c*
Se **
\W
a Vzq bkZ X @*
Y s Z -g #
**
~0*
VrZX g} (, L Lyg ZqWZk
,
iz uk
,
igzZ f {
/e f
$rB;kZtMyZ
z
uL
L yZ Ht
t X }\ LZ6,
/e {gzZ @*
{~ ~I}Z
\} ~ hg ~ bT @*
{@l{q
-Z c*

Z q=yg ZX zuF,
] ~'
,
t ?g D c*

Xf
ex q],vaq\ kZ
hgX {!*
yZ "e ZbkZ CgCg
t X B v q kZ V}uzX - zZV Zz
bkZX ~ ~0*
6,
6,
] ZJ(,
WJ
-ux
t~g Ylg D
+ %Z eYH7$
+ kZ
X 7
P Y q
+Z
#
6,
\g- V- VM vsyZax t/
H,D
+zz kZB%$
+f kZakZ
wX a P \WN Y ~ yZ0
+{ uF,\WX I
p |
# x kZ a ]gzpVY { i @*
g cuww
f ]gzpq
-ZX
H` @*
yDg V { c*
i ~i f +Z
i
Z z aL LX c
WV; LZ V wY LZ g gzZ
127

x uF,bkZX
Hc*
Jm
c*
H| m

6,y!*
iy!*
iV; }g {d
$
6,
( i
Z z aL L yg Z WZk
,
iz X ~ kZ
Sh1 gzZ yi Z ) b\g- D
+kZX c*
f a &i Z L L
-ZgzZ I qz **
q
Z%**
lh
+X B] }
X F
F6,
: igzZ ~IwZZ
HW~z{c*
t~
C(Z
~X}Z
,qg ei Z V- LZ {z
c*
gk#q
-Z /
gzZ g
Cgz'
pWZk
,
izI xsZ {X ZgzZ s Z
**
Y wjZ X D Z Z
# c*
]zZ {zgz'
Z
X yZh Vp~gzZ Z **
Z$
+yT #
z X @*
7,
6,VvX [ 0*
XDen~ Z ZwZ
Z (]g @*
kg`!*
X Z Hz V- h "Z VZgzZ x qi Z
7N*
}k
,
n
b
HZ e
Z h Z~0*
,%%kZ ~&
+

]g @*
Z]g X
Hg Z1$
+gzZ 0*
X WQ0
X ;g]
&x uF,
kZ ,g c*
LE
s: ]uZz [ kg`!*
t~#
z mZ ( !*
gzZ Cgzp
yg ZX 0
+Zvbz$
+~:
L Z$
+gzZ OZ$
+
-ZX ~: qX 4
q

6,R Z Z akZ
#
X YYH'
,
Z'
,
}i R^0*
Z
t}g Z Z 0*
Y
A Zg )ugzZ YWB; Kg+F,
ZVzg ZD
g0
+Z
128

:c*
[Z yZxq])X
X 7
@Xgz s sZ z !*
Wp ]gz
pgzZ F,
LL
gzZ ~X yV W]g@*
kZ gLZ yg Z
~.<Xa}k
,
e}g )kg`!*

[
7]W
,F,
Z ~ ,i c
L LZ
# WVV kZ X c*
x Z/` VV
} ~ 0*
ygZ X Y}g ) ! xp
~0
+~gkZ kZ X c*
x Z)**
g C
!*
w}k
,

b
LZ uF,
~N
WW 0*
V kZ c*
.
kZ {g !*
zu0*
Y(Z nj]g @*
kZ V.ggzZV0kZXnN@.

y Zg7 izgV;z ` W f
e$u **
v Dg
/
V H
X D~gp ZgzZ D T
,Z
@V V!*
]gzp}g) ,i c
L L~gz /
: { L X3Z yZ c*
Y sV x c*
/Z%m

V X qNZ V;z Wx X M
h 3 c*
hN u
M
I
?\L La x Z|
# g ]gzp
# g qNkZ x V gzZ qNLE
|
Ggx Za]YZy
Z Zz6,
yZgzZ]Zyx tX
x Z7Z { Z'
,
u t wZ~ iq
-Z yg Za kZ
]Zz)TxsZX c*
VZ Z % Z e0
+
zgA C4gzZ%a
Zg dZX Zg WzMH,
Vx yZkZX t{C
bq
-Z kZ
7ZgzZXZ
6,c3,
Zg xg ( Vx {g * E
@)
129

X
Hc*
wax Zu0*
[Z
, Z gz ~ wZ ~ qz qz
V;zgzZ Y WV J
-VP Z
# X D HpgxV;z
**
Y V- x Z el
{ .Z ]1^
,Y
V Zz BgzZ Wx ^
,Y x Z b x ZX c*
qz
t x +Z[ZX I Z e0
+
zg,g Z- C4 ~9
yZX ,qz**
za^
,Yx Zg Z
/
%y
yZ HyZ yg Z BX x OZ dZ
gzZD6,V
gzZ} '
,
y

Bzgq
-ZX ay

6,
]1 ZWx Vx
pkZHgzZIxsZ H
HW]!*
kZx ZX : ay

kC {P ay7 3gzZ
4: D
X ~ { x q
-Z bkZ [xZ ZX D
{z 5 W qgZzgzZT{z W]Z| 0*
` =kZ
yZ4zz gzZ ] VE 0*
VF,
X q Zz%:
X Vzf}{gW ZzkZ~
szZ Zg
z y*Z ~
/c ~ OZ Vz
/]g /
D xV * bvt [ ZzJ
-u
% iz a 7Z~ V
k%Z ! X n
pg
LG
gzZ
O7VP
: x`
gzZ x ZggzZ V Zx c*
C1 gze Zr Z F
g Z
Wg 0W Vz
/c ~ OZ @ yZ VrZ kZ Z
130

7! p V Zx sZ wV * gzZ c*

yZ q6, kZ e
$ Vz
/]g @ yZ 7Z kZ Z
~ *X ~B; VyZ x F,
gzZ ` Zy
Z
z n
QgzZ Hg Z
Wg 0WVyZ
/Zm,
z
zz
^e 'V@Oc*
Z
/#
w'Vi yZ ! x
: { c*
i ]6,kZX yg ZqZ
# g F,
{z H
JgzgzZpZ * Z Wa F,Qz L LF,
{zakZ
? @*
VYg Z6,
bzLZX
87VY2

}Y Z}
.
z D Y6,
Zz 5\g- Z
>
HF,
#b
Z
t
kZ
Hc*
C=?yg ZwgzZ, c*
tt~w
} wax ZZ~VPgzZ ;g yg Z>
Zuz ~i Z >

E
! pt kZz g
]g '~yE
L VF,
V >
tX
X a72
yZz!*
g ZZVzg Z Z Z Z akZ
kZ {z >
t @*
Y c*
0*
lzy

z l e
$. ZjkZ ~ x Z
gzZ ,jyZxg gzZuk
,
i LZ~^L
z Dg
/
g c*
X N JB;~g@*
Z1kZ
V ZxzV gkZgzZ
) )IxsZF,
t~Z
#
Y ;
H b{ c*
i uz
Z
: ogzZ 6 } 7 Cc*

g66,
u
VzZIe
$wiZiZ q{z2
Z Z
' - D6,}i X g~g Y v {z2 t gzZ
131

y-PWyZgzZ{ c*
iy-yZ"!*
sV ZxyZ~y ` WgzZ y {zX g Z `
@gzZ D{ c*
i VW
t V yZ V }YY V @*
q e
$.a
X @*
o ] Z0
+
i Zz{ [
Z L L

Vz!*
LZo :%a2
z @*
Yt` W/
]c*
gz c*
~j:gzZ YZ
]& ZgzZ
n
7CZ Vzq]gz Zzh
e n
Zgft X Y~g7
D Yb_ Z: %gzZ% : n
t X Z c*
Vz
/]g Zz
{zt X CY ~ e'$'3Zz: yZ L:gzZ
~ F,
X ]gzx gzZ a%T i Zg
` WgzZ ~h gw!*
~ i LZ ygZ wqtVp
LZ%q
-Zt X @*
yL O Z'
,
u Z Lg n
V Z Z
zkZ X
H i~ P q uv~^BV2z
eg kZVikZ V } Zz X wh
X Y7 Z

?wh Zgqeg kZ gzZ H

pg DQ~wh}uzq
-Z VZ~
qiZ kZ
X c*
` WZ [g
/
[,ZtJ
-x%VikZ

?J
-/w 18 ~uF,
HyZt
C
W Z'
,
u kZ
gzZ
t aV-gzZ }i 5 ~g uX N Y Z
j
wh~g } (,} (,Z~ Vzi ZggzX yW
132

+ kZ X g: ]gz y.6,gzZ ]YZy

$
Z WwZ
Wwy VX Be
$q
- Z ~ ~ !*
WgzZ8{ Z
Zea#
yg ZX B ~ 0*
16,Z$
+ ]YZy
Z
! x~ ZQZz 5#gzZ we
$ Z
Xgf(,
)xB
z k%Z [ Zg X Zg dZ ?~ F,
z kZ

VYX CY~~j 6,
2 zg \g/gzZu|W]g VX sVzghz }g
Zz Y Z
~ V hF,
X M~ t ~Vz)
KZ #
I xsZ ,z gzZ X ~g ?
x Z { c*
i gzZ {C
b kZ ~ Vx gzZ V hX Z c*
yT
qzNx ZBVpZg dZZ
# ` lc*
jX @*
YHB
Z
s Zz F,
X
H@*
b c*
b{z e
$Z l{ Z
}z LZ )g f ~4 ugzZ z #
g Zh
+
&~}g7
X B! xJ
-upLE
: i:
L ~g Z)f)gzZ Z$
+KZ yZxX Z (,q
-Z F,
/
g ZVp~p ~ \g- J WwZX 7 ZZ n
@*
g ~ Vz Zz Vp~gzZ Zz x qi Z { c*
i :
L *
& \g- ~ A kZ X
Vz} (, k
,
+F,
5
**
OF
~ y q
-Z c*
Cr
# Z e ;gq
-ZwZp= X :i Z
133

} Zx c*
gzz X gzg/H y
0*
ZX v
zz W: 0*
X Z e} 4~
R@ 6wZX Y 1wg Z
/
0*
s 7Z 7
"gzZ"XegzZ n((~kZ ZZ`gU*
W
g i aZ
Z Z`
X ` Zg ~g Zi !*
ga gzZ Z$
+X Vc*
h {
3g: w0*
V 6 + y ~ Vl]X wj
] ZZ z gzZ8{ Z$
+ D W VzI xsZ X
F,
D 4x C& Zo~V k {gW{z HyZB
a 6,200 ~ F,

z kZ X N Y J

-
ag ZD
{gG Vv
u ~ w k yZ X my~ w79 Xvs
&**
LE
~uzp ]!*
Zz hg~y7 **
Y 6,g Zl{ c*
i
twqg~w,gzZ Z (Z ~A kZ bV!*

z yg Z WZk
,
iz V;z VXX _yXv
ag ZD
12
kZakZC
X H b Z } e Z Z~szc)q
-ZF,
}g7 kZ I kZX
Hc*
w wY VvJ
-Vz}uz
F,
zkZX @*

7,
**
Y~Vz} (,
i Zggza^cV
xsZ
tgzZ YY3g~ VCc*
F,
\g- x Vv
X
z$
+
c*

g g L gLzZ
(k#L L#

wZX y*Z x zx VzI xsZ sg /

G
x } wgVz+F,
Cc*
F,
gzZy O)-!*x } wgyzg0
+Z
134

% i X Z t Z ^~ kZ p Z X @*
&
!2F}i LG
Y c*
gZ
OF
{x Zg WgzZh
+]
.Zx4Z~sg DV
q :ZVz
)~Xfg3 Zg WVpx gzZgg%X V~
{x Zg WgzZ
!*
~ay

z! p~(,

gzZx e ^
,ZR,
a
X i Zz6,
"~}i\ W 7kZt\ W~T^

Zzsg
Za5Z Z e
$!*
z
!*
V- Zsg
gzZ ~9~h DI Zx kZ vX
}g7C
!*
wZX Diz0
+Zsg=g &
+
^ J
-{}uz
6,kgZ Z
# [ Zg X CY ~zS6,x sg ~ F,
]w2~y
W~" e sg Vz
/
LZ x Zf ~0*
^a 3Zz {g !*
z F,
Z V;z Pz gzZ D Yg Z
45 X qz
G
6,uvgzZ ) ~ ~g Z w iF
X @*
Z Z'
"7,
$~{ kg6W
zu 0*

ggzZ , g g! Zz
@VVvzg0
+Z /
6,VvwZ [Y c*
CX N kZ Vq0*

wZ X $
+ ~ /**
gzZ ]) R,
" Z+g
Zz WVF,
X D Wb (VwC
~T Z Z
DZBy Dg
/
~x qi ZgzZ ~ !*
C
WkZ Z
Z )
x YgzZ lg6,Vv3IVwwVj (Z
# ~V
/X
G
Vp~^yZgzdZ
L !kZ ygZX @*
Y0w
135

+F,
+]
h
.g0
+Zy 80 {z HyZt [ } x Z**
g F Zj
X y 6 6#
kZX 3`
@VVzZ Vq
X}]!*
`VV~.b <yc*
(Zt
\6Z OY~kZgzZyuvtzgz s
@V~
z Z
X x Zz hg,6,
zZ LZpw~g ])C
>
!*
gzZ
gzZ ~}g !*
! x kZ oZX
HWB; q * q
-ZV
LZi *" qC
t Xg!$Za3 Z 5#
G8N~x
X Z
W~zy

uZ 5Z Z
z'
,
Vzg ZaX
HE
{g y 10 [Zb C:Z OY6, kZ {g y 70 Z
#
ZC
X 6,
`zgzZ~V-wZX qz2
yQQX
Y sp^y
6,x Dg
/
gzZ g x vX y 8 y 9 X @*
C

Hc*
^ !*
yz L LizgTX ygzZ @WF,
~g7

VX I~ ` * b Z "izg ,zZ y kZ

/
g kZ
#HZHX Wx gzZ

YN
X E
Z6,**
g yg Z {z @*
^~VqyZ ~wZ
Y

zgzZb *h
+]
.gzZ {x Zg W~_s X Y{g7%b Z
~ ~h yvX C~ lg ] kZ| (,
a6,Vz
C: ; x Zg W~9~h ~yZypgzZD W
D 0*
] 6 } m
m
gzZ D X z
z^6,Vq yZ ~ ]
136

E
4hg$ zZg g !Z x ]VqyZX
eg q
-Z \WX l G
5E
lpgzZ V V 4Z g0
+Z Vzi Zzg g p )g f kZgzZ B
X ;g/N^ CZ@xt aZgX Z9g g \Wot Z
t q J
-1LZ [Zp
H Zg7 t } F,
Z 'Z
#
Y Vzg
ZB; kZ Y7 q
-ZX
H0X
kZ ZX C y!*
i Vzg
ZX ~ F,
-Z X c*
J

\W~ 1B; WX ;gN Z9{zX ;e 7 }uz

X V@*
Whg
^BX
Ht Z6,.X : { c*
i, X Z:g Z
b gZg e~ y!*
i F,
kZ } F,
Z . V6,{ ;g Z
# X } 7,
!$
+Zg7Zg7 kZ Xbb pg ZZgzZ c*
I h
e
z7,q
-Z X c*
: Y K wz(%gzZ 1 uzg 6,3Z f
e
M{ Zgz { Zg Z
g c*
-Z Xo
q
p Z 8E
# ~g
/[pX
HWxy)F,
+ 0P X Nx];z m VE 0*
h
VF,
~T
X Vzy,7Z~
HW~]uZz
}g
z kZX/ * VE 0*
x ZuF,
/
Vze Z c*q ^g70*
+
/L L:
L V@gzZZ
*Oh!}g ]!*
gz x ZZ z x Z Z X @*
Y z 6,
,Z o z s* ~ wq]gkZX D YK w 0*
t ~
C
Zg~VzX F,ZuzgzZ ]
d~uq
-Z : x Z Zz]VE 0*
V
137

y%nI *gzZ ` Z'

n Zz ]
d~uX 5 Y
Z zzY0*
x3,
~VyZaVE 0*
X v %
} ]g ]
d~u6, yZq
-Z !*
$\vZ'X 7*
uF,
%Z X
rg q sy 0*
6,gZz O% Z e yiz CZ~
];z kZgzZ ~ ,a
]: Zqz : y 0*
]Z|
X ]g @*

!
u qzg z (gzZ kZ h z I z Z kZ

~F,
-Z}g ~ Z8g- ~xzxk
q
BZ
# X
]) ZZ V V y*zy Is 6
-L gLzZ ]ZuF,
q
-L gLzZ
q
q
-L L~R'
,
X c*
]oz
V uF,LZ V V gzZ]g @*
w zg g
kZ , V*!*
bTgzZ H {C

b ]!*
.ZZ wV" Xa
_

z kZ Z]
.Z z Y !*
W }g X N> : c*
> ]Z| uF,
yZ g p+Za {z 1 a }g wYg Z
x Z0
+{ uF,
X g {h
+z
/VE 0*
gzZ y 0*
VF,
ZY
7nv Z0
+{ zZ vs Zz #
6,VZ'
,&X
alpzmvZ -wgzvZ VX D >
SG
5_(zY q] Xnxq
-Zs:} !*
aD

X g C3hF~g VTF
F6,
.ngzZ 70
+Zgz +Z
gzZ ~O# ~g DD
pVX]!*
HgzZ ~(,
kZ
138

e ZzF,
f
Z DgzZ V`
gzZ Zgiz}g {z X r Z r Z ]
y 0*
x {z 7Y7 Ly 0*
x VF,
XgzZ
bzg ]{z wZ e ~ D 3 y 0*
V)~g I
~ W;g Y 7 ~'
,
Z'
,~ ~g Z'
,@ ` WX}g
u
X D Y0*
]!*
.~F,
_
~}g !*
VzgV@*
C\W
kZpce )OGzg]Z|uF,
Zz W6,
{/ze=ZZ
zg {\W+],
ZiokZ AXVTg D
\W {@x
Z {@xx tX 4 YZ X ZX%
O{
gzZ wj ~E x 7wj u
a{/z e ~XVzf ] uZz 4Z~
X {E
+ )OGzgW0Z]x ZuF,
fg ZY)x

s ZgzZ @*
^g ]Zz)]Zz) [{E
+ Zg
f kZ C V; yZ ]Zz)gzZ Z **
p Z vZg
w= VzI xsZX
) !*
gzZ a qg ZZz t Z
~
W **
wZ ~ i W0
+
i ( KZ Z
# yg Zq{g+F,
x ZbV +F,
gg !gzZ 0Z ]}uz kZ
H[x
6,g#
& C4~gz Ht x q
-Z Zzh
e
A w
3sg ~g u}g Z Z
~sAt 7Z aY 0GE
yZ V ] m{z bkZX c*
wax ZQgzZ HyLai Z
yZD YKy}]ypXqNZ x Z
X W~{ C4gzZ ~x~_s
139

tugzZ V`
V (q
-Z +Z}g ),i
[xZ
# X
Z
Hc*
sp~ { x x Z]g qmaVzg
&g

HD bX g LE
gzZ 4Z
q
-ZT
HW~w;kZJ Q} # LZX Wy 0*
qgpi ZgzZ qg ZzTkZ Vd
$
Zg fX Ha
X q Zz%: {z HwLZ D ;B; Vz~
Z V'
,4V- h
+Wlp kZ x
/T~ i Z0
+Z
**
Z{Z q Sq
-Za \W ]i YZ kZ VZi Z X
z
~(,T bm{q

-ZX Z:g Z N m kZX V Le

X 7 =
Y7 X
HV le uF,
gzZq
-Zg #
}
. Z: s Z kZ Z
sr
# }g t 5 [Z X :
~ }g t
{z X ]i YZ%q
-ZgzZ ]i YZ VrZq q
-ZX
DwEZ $g " t bVz X q h bVz
WX Z 7,**
y
YB **
3 Z H CZ c*
Z{ Z VrZ
~(,a } gzZ WJ
-} i Zzg a g r
# ~
oyZX WyV; }g
z 0*
` W ]!*
gzZ p
{ x kZ Vg @*
C t X ;gu| 6V SB }g
v ~V+ZX YY H T
Zz}g *0*
:i Z
X DwEZ~g e
$?
Z
140

kZ VrZX@*
Zg f V1 }g y Z
$ ~
d
V;z a3V {zX c*
Zz 0Z ]{ c*
i
ah
e7Z {zW]Z| 0*
` ZzAX g
: {zX HgzZ HkC[s VrZX Vq
-~ p~ W
V
z 0*
]!*
ug I**
Zt ayZ0
+{}gzZ}
qg e**
7Z X V: q
-~ d
$ yZ0
+{ }g gzZ V
} (,~ d
$gzZ c*
B A 7Z Y kZ X ~ 7,
G
z 0*

}g ~VpgzZV E
5O.'( ~g B}g ` W HyZ
~
VZx 3V; }g ) ! CX q
-
V; VF,! g q
-Bg ZZ ~ d
$Z0
+{
kZX lpa}g GtgzZXaVE 0*
Z7
Xce**
VZ {Z
+6,
R Z ZgzZ
;gE- X c*
W7yZgz]g c*
i K <yZz Zq
-Z
\WY7NgzZk]Zg kZX Zc*
WV;z\z
/
-Z yZ
q
~g Zgi : kZ X y 0*
:c*
C }g ? n
pgm
4]6,
X
H^gx=Xo HE
Xo
\Wr
# ~g Zgi : ~ OZp~(,7Z
z^} g%Z
4]6,i
4]6,
VrZ t X BHE
+gz yz 7Z BHE
X 4 Z'
, 6,yZx\ Mt }g Z
# Zg
g ~
/]g z OgzZ} V;z F
g ~}g !*
y 0*
# 2
Z
141

~g X ,: Z~:W:}V 0*
X @*
)
\ M H{z yZ X B *aX X {
Mg$ Z kZ )g fk
,
kZXN gzJ
-Mg 0*
x
~g^ So yz}vZ X g Z Z n
CZ J
#aV7gzZ Yc*
0*
W,
@*
YZ~}g !*
}g ~V Zzp
pg
V2zgzZp
pg8
-6,J
g OaV2zgzZ
X V
) !*
]zp

142

,
k
~(og Z'
,
6,
Y 2013] !*
NZ /

QX %
gz
g ! x VzI xsZ ~ F,

Vz c*
qZ
+Z ,z h
+
n ryZ ~ y 0*

X g7sd
$
V
sX ! x Z F,
g ~ f ]!*
t
3Zz Z e ]Z W,
Z ! f} Z6,]z ]yZ xi Z
Vz yZ d
$
a Zg X iZ% FZ ~^
OY6,
] (yZgz^}C
LZX H{@xVE
~g Z'
,g Z +gzZ x KZ ;g @*
}@xgzZ - zZ '5 kZ x

~ 6,[O g
@ 3 b]Z|}g VjC
vZX ]!*
V gzZ @ V\W{z V ;gakZ ?g[x
X Vg[x~]!*
F,
$
d
|gzZVjt: ~}
kZ B 6 V;zaKVzI xsZ F,
143

x ZX Z 7,
]i YZ[xZ
z LZyq
-Z ZgX c*
{Z
+
X Vz:i ZV2z LZ5#` W
V { { F,
rg V;zgzZ s;gE- c Z6,
gCg
V { { Z r
# Wz6,q
-Z ~ ;gE- *
* vZX s
f *Z wGr
# Wz6,X ~ 7,: ]gzm{ KwL Lp
H~
V Zz <L LyZ qz]!*
kZ WyZXyZ
(4gzZ
~g r!*
X ` 3g 3gMX ;g} b [~:L L
! x VzI xsZ VrZ Z=
]Zo
p{7ZQX ;gK
%N[y kZ {zN C~V!*
VrZX ,Iq F
V!*
];z
x **

) ) I xsZ V;z zt 'V Zz c*

] XyZ c*

w Z'
,<
L xkZa kZ C V;z Sh Z ea X g
yZ O kZ {z M 7Ve " c*
V26,x % kZ
~g A 7B; Z yZ ~ ! x ' Tg 5 x **

))
X
yZs
Cc*
:
L V@*
~g vt V- VrZ s
# z kZ
H qz Z=
yZ K}z VrZ
A ~]!*
NZ
gzZ, Z$
+X,i ZVJZ IZ **
t w Zg X z}g7 7Z
Zg gzZ tCZ yZV- ZO ZXN Y Q yZ v
] }
.+4 VrZ ( Zg r
# Wz6,t) 0*
- Vz g
q
X H ]c*
Zzg ~gz6,!*
Z X c*

X u x X , x Z
144

yZXb Vzuz: Z ]YX U*

Z o yz pX H{ Z$
+
g OZ kZ vX ~ qz **
"
$U*
qZ KZ VrZgzZ f(,q=
4X3 O }g7 }z LZt ~
,gzi6,}C
b ] G
5E

^ CZg g VrZX, 0*
,ys yZA
'
$
XT e w vKx {zab #~E x gzZ 3g ~g Y
yN*
} (,} (,@*
YaVz@ Cg o zZ
# yg Zq
yizZg X I C3!*
iVzbkZX @*
YB
wZ k#}g ZxsZ g Z vt X
H@*
~g
DByZ v{z W WXf
e 7xsZx **
'g CZ
gzZD YKg#+F,
+yZ Dl{#yZ c*
$

X~g OZ!$Zs yZ
LZ yXD YD hYwr
# Wz6,
VX VrZ : lg Z
/
VE 0*
z XD Y D~
.Z '!*
hg6,wqkZyZ H e
$Z ~g Y 2013 ]!*
NZDq
r
# Wz6,X g D c*
}zyZyZ ,: e
$D{~
ZjkZ
rg]g'~T X ,
yZ~p Z
i ZzW6, k& Z
z'
,6,g #
X} Z Z n
CZ
: { c*
i
c*
W!iZ
# ~ y 0*
X}{ Wx gzZ}
aV CF,
g._q :Zq
-ZX ~ #
uF,
ZZ
#
uF,
g Z'
,{z $
: Z Z x 0*
]ZzVzg Z Z uF,
X
145

kZ
/ZX Hg Z ]!*
.m_"VE 0*
_
Z Zk0*
LZ
k0*
yZ tu~E ) N {Z
+
A &KZVF,
~$
+
**
Wd
$
VVz N VQ {Z
+]!*
yZgzZ ( { c*
i
uF,
ZM Zz x ~gX w(axsZ}g7
I xsZ H n~ qz 6p p
#
/Z ~ Vzg Z Z
ceg~fgzZt
kZaZ Z'
,
Z'
,
Vz
6! V; X I xsZ
:gzZ .
tzg VF,
:

Vp}uzgzZ **
b & Z V!KZ { ^
,Y bzggzZg Z kZ
sk& Z Z x Z ]|gzZ y%]| **
VQ {Z
+
X yZ
~ VzI xsZ Vz F,
gzZ MkZ ]!*
~uz
]g 3g VrZ 0*
B#
/Z ~(,gzZ 0*
6,
g
0 U*
& 1 yY { X B1 7s }uz q
-Z ~
6,wZ kZ VIgVz(,vZ Y
1}C]Z c*
]ui **
Z
zhgL
L M
h}uzq
-Z ! ZZ
# I yZX c*
0*
g
X ,[Zy
}uzq
-Z H[ZX g
W N ZX 0*
!Y
V; }g OgyZ H ?M
h7VY (Z ~i ~i c*
Y q
G
4&gzZV.g LZ LZ CZtzg bZ )
X ,x YZV G3G

146

$ VzC
{6,L F
b##
Zz~ Y 2013#~F,
[V1w~gEZVz
/]g
/
w {g
H6F,
X g }
: Zg$
+p L L: gg
y Z X
H: VzC
bs #
Zz x k#wV" J
~],
#
ZjZ: igwZ ;g Ct c*
z@:
L VzC
b
kZX ~qzy
/
%Cg(yZgzZb Zz9Z|
# g {g !*

w g ]4+ g^ VggzZ Vzg Y { c*

i V
KZ6,x
Xg q
-Z }g7 ~ T6,] 1j O: pkZ {zgzZ
H g Z
# gt]!*
|
X W6,
Vvb h 3Za
|
# g
` Z6,kZgzZ Zk
,
+q zb ~
5
/Y} h 3Z
gzZ ^g7k
,
Z wZ wJ kg`!*
~#Z
# Z qz[Z t
b qz{z c*
\6,Vz@CZyV1x>
kg`!*
147

X
H17
~Vz
/]g @ayZgzZ
t)X g6,
~0*
6,
[Z}C
bt IVzg t
],
ZjZkZ [Zz ( mgzZzwZ g D
+wZ ~0*
ZVzIxsZ (Zp b 0*
~V-1
yg Z q Z
# X D Y Vz Z yZ gzZ **
g
K "s!z Wzg "
Z kZ W#

cZ (,

* { e Z cwZ +F,
{ i @*
~yZX
3 ]**
k Vp {z Vg Vz%ay kZX B{ e Z
+]
h
./Z (,Zuz q
-Z bkZX N Y xn2 z{)z
: ig6,
>
kg`!*

Hc*
g Z
/xq
-Z J
-[Zx F,
&gzZ W
Z e [g Z 80 6,T y+F,
!>
q
-Z ~i Z
{0
+
i F}g) kg`!*
kZ X ;g Y c*
gZ
/ * CZyh
+]
.
b+ 6,kZp x O Vggzg Zg Z0
+Y
}
.zk#VzIxsZ~}g !*
V1
KZxbkZ:
Z\WLZ
D Y{
(
gzZ ~izg(Vg P ~ ug 0*
~i ],
ZjZ %Z ]P`

+ yg c*
-Z gz gzZ
q
~9Vc*
h
^IL Lx **
T]g q]g @*
V c*
Z6,Wt
X
Hc*
x]g q]g @*
Zug 0*
tX
vsZz3,

x: img c*
kZ 7Zs]!*
148

]i YZ [sV !*
cF,
]!*
Zs: g c*
~
yV-ZzByZyWz],
ZjZ6,kZ ~}
t]!*
Z WC
!*
0*
Zzu Y]ZggzZ
gi Z
Z6, 0*
6,~I sZgzZW$;f #
yg Z
6,4.5bt
/ZX W6,4.67
/[Z {z 6,63~Y 2001 b
F* t kZX Y n2 b W
Vz u +p Vz
/]g @ uKZ Vg UpgzZ Zi W
yg Z
/]g @gzZ! gp6,
kZX YwVdZq
-Z X
c
eQ #
I xsZ {)g f V1w4Z s
` i W~ {)z zzgzZ , c*
C1 {z kZ g
6,y F,~ g @*b ]i YZ [sgzZ ~0*
6,[ZX
kZX ;g} 3 @*
{ nwCZV7 yZ +
M
KZ YW
yg Z qZ
# g yZx4gzZ .
F,
t zz Z q
-Z {z
\6,
z yWgzZ q
-Z ~i Z kg`!*
W Cg
* b C 1z^
,
1gzZ 5 {%% {Zd b
) ~ u F,
kZ X } c * q
-Z
( gzZ u
+F,
+]
h
.wZ 2X g 0*
78 g- & Y 0*
,[zZ
'
V c@pwz KZk
,
ZF,
y^g7k
,
Z +F,Wz*gzZ
F,
I xsZ ~ V c b 0*
gzZ .bkZ Y '6,
~i L L V~gEZ yZ ZX Y F,
, yZ .
'
*
149

w {g
H{za T 1l {z x **
q
- X ug 0*
h 3ZVg #
kZ w{z6,kZX ~ u @*

Z6,eWz Z >%}C
~0*
6,
W [ZgzZ
" }uz c*
z
[ZX
H wpgzZ!uF,Zg7 ] }
.k#
F,
gzZ K Z
Zw Zg izgV Zz x {
{ (gzZ
@ X
$FZ x Z L L ~ Zx Z{z
X g7]gz
0*
~N^ }g )~0
+
b e
$g!
al ( ~i Zg) ~i Zg
6,kZ kZX c*
W
X z
1E
,
z$

+ 7 ?gVY 0*
? L L:kZ
L '
-!
/.G
X ;g Ws~ s\W 0*
!gL L:D E
i Zg bZ w ? L L: s$
+Z: b
b6,kZ X Z: Za w~ ! Zz [L L:c*
X
: Dg ~ i Z0
+Z: Zg Z p kZgzZ } [Z
Z'
,]
X c*
c*
xgz$h MogzZ t X N*
?[Z ! YZ L L
: ) ]i YZ [sgzZ ~0*
6,[Z]
Z'
,] 6
VzC
bP#
T{z ]!*
ZtX } [Z ( ~0*
yZZ r
# gzZq]P`
Z { Z'
,
u kZX 7gz$Z {z T e b Z
/
Zg Z X n
pg e
$Z Zz ~ g0*
L L:s kZ
.)X n7|
]
# z
[Z6,] Zx A [ZXN 2Z
150

LZ #
Zj],
ZjZX i ZzWyZ f ZgzZ Y y
yZxF,
+]
h
. X g D}C
b e g z)Yi"
g(Z
wZ eg Vz
/]g t g: Z8 kZ
X g :Zz W WZ w
Z u 6Z {zgzZ
X W6,
w{g !*
z]qgzZ ; gyDg ~q

tZzX 7Y" ]P`

gzZ OZt yZx+F,
w=g @*
F,
+]
h
.
+ ~ kg`!*
X #
}
.{ C " x ZLZ VUF kZ
zzVzenX @*
:[
7 0*
s ~wZ~#
gz
Z9~ VzCc*
F,
\g- wZ ` WX w **
g
/ d
$

F,
X 7 o y4* ] OZgzZ ~ kZX
gzZ ] b kZ X ~9 W~ V~(,k * u
@ x`
{z 'X q ! x wV" ~ J (,W b
g !gzZq
-Z b m,
z
{zgzZ ;g7
Z'
, Vz
/c ~ OZ
kZ {7ZgzZ gkC{gppt yZxfgzZ
kZ szZ ZgX 0*
3 Zg Y ~yZ * ~g7 b
{g
Z Zz~ }pgZz m 6, Vz
/]g L Lswqg
BkZgzZg c*
~ vs ~],
ZjZs~uzX [
-g@*
q
g ZuZ6,
ZzsVzge],
ZjZ6,
gDy
/
%psZ
gzZ
M F,
z b &Z V Zz g !*
zg {z( z
gzZ z
]~ VX lpgzZ t+ I s Z F,
6,Zg izg w
151

V 2~V{h
+I**
~* ~g7
H[x/t ;gW7Z
yZ }g \
gzZ Y wV
Wz }a
q c*
X Y x~izg g z gzZ 0
+
i ]&Zpz %x
g[x~Zg7}zkZK[NZ LZyg Z
[ &ZpxyZ yg Z qX K x ZLZ VrZ
{ ZggzZ]tX g^}gvIxsZ L L:D
D Z9 CZ &Zp ? Hg Zg vA
$X , } Zg 6,
Z {]%q
-Z\W L L:H{z D zggzZ
# yg Z q ` W X ,7k- \WL , ] x
Z
2X ;g Zg7 {z CZ Vz
/
%sZgzZ
/
% Cg ~ ],
ZjZ
] V!@gzZ '~ V cgzZ ~ F,
.6,*F,
{zce OO$v W6+
HVd
$

R
gzZ L O6,_g Zz g @*

KZxJ
-

XgZ]c*

152

& ~ yZ Z t Z Vg c*
X~^ F,
s
# (:f VyZX a
VYL LgzZ : { ~L L Z [!*
LL
Oz Cc*
{a m yZ X }Y { c*
i yZ : ~ [

H~[] ,ZgzZV,Zsb
tgzZV
/
u
~ UB, c*
iz
ZyZZgzZ {@x ~qVakZ
yZo{g3kX Vzq
-~yZMg VLe~ ` WX Z[x
Xgg
X {g Z Zq
-Z Z c*
VzIxsZF,
a) Z [!*
LL
b) z LZ LZ
W Z*~ kZ
g6,b)Z)ZVgzZ 7t }uzq
-Z
155 hZ Z gzZ4 Z g ~ F,
X @*
Y c*

yZ}g Z Z Z [!*
L LX k
,
iV;z{ c*
ig ZD
36
Z**
X
M F, Z gzZ ^B p
pg w'~ V
/
u
153

x VgzZ **
q }44 bz ~ ]q
gzZ8
-gC
W*~wj : Zg Z'
,
-ZVX **
q
f
gzZ wj gzZ ` Z'
}uz @*
Y c*
.
kZ
V M
h6,gX x B yZ ~ w
X @*
Yc*
f B#
Z ~g7gzZWa#
Z;gE-

7x6,~i f c*
m
F,{!*
a nkZ
? b b @*
6,mgzZ}g e wj }g Z Z X D
W Wzg0
+Z Zz Ya q o)
\W :}X @*
Y qz W'
, y
KZ;zg q
-Z kZgzZ
Z (,q
-Zt LZ Z @*
4Z y
KZ ~ }g Z Z kZ B
-Z L L:
q
Hc*
ZC
] q
-Z ~ kZ X M Z ~ V !*
i Zg 3Z
Zzu **
~9Zzu **
}gV { i Z0
+Z X x {0
+
i
Iq
-ZL
L ;g]!*
q
-Z Zz8
-g T Zz8
-g gzZ
g
u bzg y
KZ V;z q
-Z **
gzZ ! xagzZ pb)}g
) A tzg Zt \W N YW\WQ ?7c*

q
-Z N Yg0
+Z\WQX Y
yL L Y: )
Z
ZX A Zle c*
oC
~Vz# LgLg{
CZ f KZc*
oC
X Z t Z Z! Z Z Vz
M F,

kZ**
Y~ZB CgzpVyZQgzZ|
#
aZ
k0*
V ` WtZzX a~
C{
154

 nlz
;gzZ Oq
-Z }g X 7` Z'
x N ZgzZ
6,VLZ VrZgzZ D C : {gp: uF,
@*
ZpyZx
bz@ VyZ c*
{ y 0*

L La% Z e {6,
]0Z ]y
KZNgt #
Q
L L~o
X @*
Yg
u
}uzyZgzZ Z yZ P 4Z ~}gZ Z kZ Z
#
y {z ZxXg4Zg0
+Z VZ KgVzk
,
P
Vv ] sz^Z ) ,k
,
6,yZ Zt
ZgZi
q V x x
~ yZ X }g )
Zz UI~ kz7,x uF,
#
)gzZ {X
Hc*
3 V- zZi
X W :Zzy Zg t [ZX ;g ~g Yyt W
x
gzZ N Y6,Vv{ ~uz c*
o}uz y
XN ZC
~g !*
~g !*
t ~i f: aV
-Zd
q
$
} i ZzgX y - ~}g Z Z kZZ
# %~uz
X \Wx y-L L:~ F,
gzZ 1yT uF,

((X ~ t~y!*
iyZV ZzYFJ
-i gzZ 1 c*
]tF,

(
F

g D
+j F,
gzZ ! ~
/
%kZ X g gVc*
H?E gzZ C)Z

yL Lx y SX D}gz mgzZ C_X C

# X @*
Z
7kZ ~gz y7Z CY d
$g +Za
i Z ZyZ~}g Z ZkZ D Y:Zzc*
Qy
155

LZyZ @*
YZi Zx ZZzi Z Z, Z7ZgzZ CYd
$~
W)N)OGzg kZ ?V Dq
-~ pyZ H
)F
Hc*
C=X D YyQgzZD Wd
$
xsZ W
V X W xsZ W,
O t Z gzZ u|
)Q~ VZ * i{zgzZ 4
~ V
/
u
Kq
-Z y!*
iF,
X D Yb ZjiyZgzZ b)7g
v~ V !*
i ~uz b}vZ X ] ~g t ~ [
yQgzZ gx V**
}uz }g Z ZgzZbkZX N Y
Zz g ~ V
M F,
bkZ~ V c*
k Z CY
Vo)x 6,
ax wZ eB;~B;}uzq
-Z~*
XV} )~^

156

-Z gg
q
/}g) ( yg ; y ) ,i c
L Ly q
-Z
~r gzZ ZX gd
$ yW
kg L L~]g qn{
t ZxX yV{gz ]g qkZ ? Z`
Ht Z c*
c*

&
Zy s zZ 0*C {& : { ~L
L z i *
]|~ b Z : { ~L LX c*
wa V
/
u ~yn
-Z(t X @*
q
Y V{ sM
zg+Z w **

V{gzZ kg Z]
.)v~gzuF,
@*
ZX C{ { zg6,~ i
gz!*
t { Zg ` WX
Hc*
wZ b
kZ X : + c*
+ uF,
@*
Z L
L g Z
X H
t ~ gz LZ kZX t X H
t V
kZ { {t Z
# X gzZ wpgzZ { c*
i kZ dY kZ
~}g !*
kZX v W~kZ tc*
Z {h
+ Y Z}
.~ i
~Y 2005X gV]g q~g7 X D Y0*
]2z uJ
- `W
157

x wb 7Z
zVg qg c*
* #
VzIxsZ
6,X qz#
%zy n
pggZ
'
,6,i Z0
+Z Z6,Z H qz
}g m]kZX { i @*
]Lai ZZ ~6,~gzZ
{ {Z
HH4
) ) +Z V Z Z : ~
/
u{ i @*
X: {!*
p7]!*
: z y
KZ {z1m 7
]Z ZgzZ i]**
yW
gZ V Z yZ~ i Z0
+Z kZ
sZgzZ ZpsZ *VX 1
/
% V
/
u~yz)g f
-Z Z
q
# X Tg ck
,
i ]wz Vr
zDgzZ
zmVzI xsZX ;gyW
kg~ w; g Z0
+

x
X g ! l| ZzYK7yZgzZ+qD
+
c*
# {1a IxsZ uF,
|
X Sg CnkZ g Z ZgzZ
hV Z ]**
ZZ{zakZ M
h7Zz{ c*
i]
Za kZ Cc*
Za Z: *z } } gzZ
:Ve**
V V&~]!*
kZX D
wZ c*
Wat V Z **
wZ V%q
-Z (1)
x **
.wZ L LX ~gzX ,Z Pgz ]g @*
y~
p7]!*
+~kZ kZC
X yZ x g UL L>t
bgmg @*
B
sZ Zj: 'g qx t7Zg f 't
X ZpI|g **
zsyZ V Z gzZ
Z q Z (ZyP D7 ]**
~ ]g qkZ (2)
158

Zs#
\W~ WqkZV Z ~T
aVgzZ Vg ZgzZ ]4Z]Y%Z
-g~ V1 wLZq g & gzZ VZ g
8
W V1 Zz { c*
i { c*
igzZw X M
h
0kZ ZbkZX CY iaWg 6,yZ
0 V1Z ~g tu~
Z Wzg {k
,
iz q :Z
Z
$z Z yZ Z
# M
h \WX } Z
]
~ Vsszc: Y Hg66,
~
) ) Z: ~$
+Y
uF,
gzZ~t?7c*
}qz
8f lp{z o ~g Zg
]y
Wz +g Ng LZ {z t
Z (, ~ VzI xsZ
X D~/ugzZ *B
Zz W~{ }g )gV wV~(3)
&
z jV~ ]zZ x
~ V OC Z yZ yZ
]BJ 7,}pzwjZyZX @*
Y 5a
M F,
t V VrZ D Yb 40 ] ] Zj
&
V B a ]~ y}!*
OC X D
g Zz ] @*
Y c*
J 7,y*z j7Z yyZ .
q
-Z
z ^ ~g6gzZ wZ @*
6,yZ Zj ~i
6,kZX._< azf : ._xsZ]g
7] q~^c*
) ) mVyZ tX Y7

159

D aZ mq
-Z ._0
+
ig yZ'X
VzIxsZgzZxsZg y
W{Z
+kZy
s !*
p7yZc*
x **
T
X @*
Yc*
` W~^:
xsL Ls~uz t gzZ Ksq
-Z 4Z ~ ]g qkZ
kZgzZw; g Z0
+
}g )g (,
WX
Hc*
x *
*tDL ZX : {
26 ~pq
-Z kZ X } # Z~g s~uz .

5L L6,}u!*
~y
WVz#yZX~g Yx OgzZZnZ
Zz WC
A
$
M F,qzggzZ sV Z
# ZxX : {
zg/zg kZ X @*
Z #
}
.~ {5i W
M F,

Z6,X Z t Z g0
+Z{5X CY ~(~ Vz#W
G
A [Z~ Vzg Z- ~ha ~ha i
} (,
Or
-~ yZgzZ F
B;X
H1{ _ZyX (Va} (,
& V!*
yZgzZ
A ]!*
- yZ q
-ZV
g
z kZ V X `g ]Z|}uz 6,
zZ
}uVzg Z- J
- ` W~kZX ]g q~
/
%{ {t w;Z (,
}g )
sVzg eg Z g
zg%~+F,
]gzpnZg f 6,
xZ
# ~ x c6,kZ}g )g Y Y g0X k
,

kZgzZ k V H V D Y 7,g Zt ~ Y x
{ Zw; Qx ? @*
~g Tz]
.z 6,9~ q
6,VzyZgzZ {)z V(~O6,yZgzZ AKn X X5 V*!*
160

 *gWe W~g 3 Zg W
zZl7]gzp
VF,
X k
,
~ V/} (,yZkg` W6,g Z- t X 4 g$
+
)gzZ e} (,x % ~g Z * c*
] +t w
~yz h
+]
.{ x Zg M a Zz M V X D
,qng Ot Z lpwj g| 6,] M
VZggzZ ]Z W,
Z/6,g ZzV +Z
X CY 7

161

tV BMg X 5 r
VYL Ly q
-Z
~
/Z%OyZgzZ x **

/
%Oq
-ZtX x **
x m
Sh Z e g v yZgzZ 6,RVsC
~ F,

}a
~ x ~i f Cc*
%KC
q\WLZgzZ% 8I
6,R Zgt X x **

q
-Zn
a
VYL LX
i z ~ kZX C ~ha DZg fV- q
-Z
~gzZaVa{ za
X ,gZ
/~
/
u
z rg V;z yZ c*
a @*
D
X D Ysp~{
) {}g t
zyW
kg ~g Zz
Z
] i Z eF,
L
L V @*
: {{mF,
sq
-Z
w2~v : J
-ukZgz ~ ~y!*
iZ
# ~F,
X CY
kZ;g7 7
-w9 D]!*
6,
Vk bkZ
C qg s <
z + ~ i
162

t t Wz 'X
HHnq
-Z Zz zg i W x X g
GLq+ IZgzZ +
kZ ?YH HTg !gzZ Tg _
/
6,g Zi
gzZ ;gt
t
x ikZ ` W Z e
'
,Z \vZ~
x kZX ;g Z Z~]Z|/ ZgzZ&ZpV Z V
& 7(Z% vZ gzZ
( ] }
.k# s
M F,
Xg V: e
$
/ RC
VVz kZ ZZ sg |r e kZ~
yZ {z]Zp
KZgzZD Y ex
v
V X 7g V!*
ngZ
z kZ Dc6,b)
Z ? M
hibZ ygzZ H[ Z kZX
uF,
X @*
Y3g b)RgzZ CZ fV.g {zb)
)g f~~/g C
{ z St~VzIxsZ
tyZX Dyz bC
gzZ _" ~ Z96,V 0*
LZ
zuP" ~ x ZgzZ O tq
-Zg Zwy
6f:VYOoHy
KZg DVE.6,
X Y
iyZgzZ b)q
-C
~ Vk bkZX @*
Yg D
%i
'~ yz X V [y ~u zg0
+Z X @*
Y c*
gLG
C~O _
otzgz~Z?nT @*
y c*
Bq
-Z
X @*
x OZ zgzZ {)z] sq
-ZX
VyZ VX sw; ZzB Zg f [Z
163

y{vZ x Z y1 ZgX x OZ 2ligz K{)z L Za

ZkZgzZ V & Z hkZa kZX gq ~qi *
# U*
/E
G
PX V }Y J
-u gzZ w ~ i Z0
+Z
]5 *ZyZX [wig Z0
+Y Z { i Z0
+Z Dg Z
/V;z
uF,
#
X Hg 0*
kg`!*
VM~VyZ Zx
ZJ
-}g )}uz }g ) q
-Z kg`!*
~
/wC

D Ya } ^
,Y VhZ
q KVzg ZzyZ X CZz
G-.&
E
B
4
5
~ ]i YZ
~~ ZpgzZ EG 7Z VZi ZX
V Zz
gzZ D
Z
Z :F,
~ kZ X CY
VM~yc*
i Z ZyZ *Zt L ZX D Yb] ZS
X g 0*
W~haDt
V
/
ugzZ hZ~
V rg
/
%kZV Z
]g q!2F6,, }g Z**
Y~
/
%Kagw'~
Kgq
-Z ~ gq
-ZB; z Q 4Z g0
+Z X ~ }
VX K
M F,
~ {
) X kgzgzZ {
)
zyZ~VkgXD]**
+gHyc*
~k
,
V
a * gzZ _7,~ VjZy a C ZC
}p
c*
g : C]gzg D
+Z~ yZ 7Z c*
Dgz$~ kZ
X 2 R,
B kZ X x OZ V sq
-Z X bgzZ
( F,
z g gzZ l
zgz 8
-g Vzg Z-
164

yZ/ Z } F,
Zng Z
/V P X [ 0|
# Vzg Z Z
a`ZgzZ D46,
ux }g kZ ]5 Vg )
,

) )q
-Z VF,
` Z'
lp Zt X D Z
$z
B )OGzgg7 .: g )
,
gzZ HwL Z Zg D Z T
X Zg Z
/
B}g
z
@*
Z ZG
!OzgVzg ZgzZx ZVo) yZ 6,
R
{m,
?yZV LZgzZ BppDIZ x yZ
@*
x **
: V.g yZYDkCgzZ p~ V
/
u
Z c*
Zzg #
6,g 'q
-Z VrZZ X |
# m:
C z Vx
/
ux {z {zyW
g ~gZzgzZ i C
VgzZ @*

ZsZIgzZx zyZZ|gpC~'Y
X Z
yYgzZgZpZg !*
zv'
,
T @*
Yc*
1
@{z]Z
kZX zg 0
+eL Lx **
{g6,g~g u kZ ~ T
X ! x ~(,VzIxsZuF,**
;6,RV0zg b
76,
D 1.
]**
+Z
+(gzZVzyZq
-(yZ
Ug Zz WC
!*
V X 5%Vk bkZ
}uzZ Ys~x kZ Z
# gzZ f
e wzL L

ai W L LV;z~V/}uz c*
ggzZ
M F,
V Zz
X @*
Yc*

X ]!*
Z&pgzZ
5:K]ZP]Z|yZ~
165

X6,
63e
$WwZ g:[Z ?D6,
bv\W (1)
?Y gzZ 5 xsZ : [Z ? ] q (2)
?Y;gVbV
yDg6f C
:[Z ?gZZVY6,x 6,R(3)
/gzZ X Dg g bz X Ct
/OgzZ
X ]Va&Zp&ZpVz%%X @*
yW R0*
t

X CyWb & Z YgzZ ykZ

X ~]Z Z#
Q :[Z ? @*

/
YV!**
6,
kZ (4)
nX D **
g"gzZ4CZyZ ?5#(5)
a u|: # bC
~ x (t ]!*
gzZ D7Iz c
X CYpzggzZ])x uq
-Z L LXcexgg
`gyxg +zZzL L~n~
g6,
~y
WkZ\W[Z
g" x x TX {Lq ` Z'
] ~tgzZ ZcHX
~ bkZ 7x a yW
g t ZgzZ v
S CZ V * x kZ M
hx Zz Vz
C
? Yuzgy SZgzZ Zi RCZVE 0*

166

X @*
Zzq
-Z~]uZzg c*
0
+
i KZ\WszZ Zg ` W
X xi Z~F,
gg ~jz ~x4,
V; }g ~d
$

:Zzg cugzZ H o^ e V.! wz ~x4,
v:Z V
E
Z V1wgzZg & xi Z%ZX Z hg ~ y G
5k'
,kZ
!*
kZ} LZ X gV uF,
}g 7/Zz
ac*
i !*
xsZ~F,
\W **
X W~
/x
[Zp [Y F,
%Z
+Zi q
-Z szZ ZgX **
_ 4z]
. Zz
Z ttZX :gz {z
H7 Bc*
WJ

Hc*
{ c*
yT
$kZ[Z 1 <y
L 3Xce **
_ g & V Zz 4z]
. K{g !*
z
~g ^~**
^}g7 kZ \WQ ? **
q H
z ]gc*
i z }~ **
kZ +ZgzZ ~g O
,
k
Vgx gzZ& pZ 7f d
$z ] ]5
167

X q
-{uz]Z f Zz%$
+VgzZ{Z
+X Yc*

6~ **
WZ GZkL LwZ y q
-Z
t | 7,i [f~K ~
,W W Z ]|xsZ
NgzZ V- VkI Zz
3O8E
A
D z =
D X gZzY ~ y V E
zkZ y X 1W lg !*
rg ~g Zh
+y

Kt gzZ y 6,1 ~g t [ZX } 9 y

-Z6,} i ZzgKt Xgg OZ 1 lg !*
q
} 9gzZ { i Zzg
-Z kZ t wqgX: }g x t X ;g
q
@}g Z9
\
d zi !*
N !*
}g } &
+e EE ~ }g1 } (,
}g1yZq
-Zq
-Z {zX c*
g y{z}g EEtX
VwJ e~VZyZ ]g 'gzZ ~!B; V; gzZ m
EXg Z Zz 5gzZ 8I ` @*
X ;g ,qz {z Hg ZX
& e {z}g
g Z Zz3 c*
8 I Zz}&~ Vw^j 4E
}g ttX ZkZ qgzZq
-Z ~g YZ
tX sp~
ZgX ;g.
$!*
c*
7%jgzZ ;g} Vz(,
{zV
{g q
-Z Zz}g ? Z`
HB Y d
$
\W L L:q
-Z LZ
lz
{g n{
!*
Mt @*
7) kZ Y c*
Y O
vZ kZ d
$
X ;g Y !*
j Zz Y WC

e b VrZX ~ 8 I}uzgzZg Zq
-Z~yZ }
:Zz]Z|yZX
HzsV}uzi ZVVZ7Z {z
168

b t gzZ ~ ^g ZgzZ 8 Is}g kZ & W

Z
# C t ]!*
q
-ZX ;g Y Zz X ;g 7
{g ^ { Zg q
-Z kZ
z kZ ?g 7VYb \W Y7 kZ

H`gz {z Z
# gzZ c*
: [Z J
-ga kZX ;g
jakZ}} =lp{zgzZ~yZ ^dh
+
c*
C
~ " c*
w kZ d{z} c*
(
:akZt agzZV@*

X Y:
kZtD Cs Z
FX Zz J(,wqg
Vzg uIuzg Vz(,{zX ~{zz :q
-Zat
d e
$Z Z V l7 t b VBQ X ;g i Z
Zg1Vzg kZ Zg ?VYg ZZz rZ6,Vzqzg ZgzZ 8 I2?V
VrZX 5k0*
kZ {g !*
zVQgzZ Hg OZ { x Z4 L L
kZ X Le *
*'!*
?{z X 0*
-ZB}g Y
q
ZX
HWnyZ@*
ZX 1kh Z~
A Zg1 {J
-A
$
uF, ? Z`
HC s s [Z :} kZ L L: y)F,
3g
gZgzikZX D` Z'
lpgzZn
pgx3,
aVE 0*
{ c*
i1g lg!*
t 1h @*
s~uz uv ~ gzZ c*

\W L L : {
/6,wZ ~ X ~ g OZ rg }
~uz a ? D VY g ZgzZ 8Is hN Vd
$
wgzZ ~qg ~(, Dg (Z kZ X
= { c*
i Vzq
169

 x gzZ
0 ut 6L L: ~i
g Zs ZgzZ ~g B; }g gzZ F,
Z 8 I]u}g
~ VyZh
+
V @*
[t 7Z6,yZ kZ ~ X f
X } N*
:Zz=g f wkZgzZ#
t]
Z~ M
hak
,
~h
]iz
ZyZZtkZ
SrSh Z eX : q~Vsszcg Z ~C
{zX {g
{iZ ~t wZ Z xX ~ sz x gzZ yG
T y
Kmt ~T c*
3w eg
A X xi 56,}
CY W~B; g ZgzZ6,u8 IZ
# L L: X D gzZg f ~
]6,
] X D YZg fgzZD Yr6,
VzK
'
,
+
D
gzZ iI xsZ V g agzZ ;g
X gx V._i Z0
+ZagzZ];x Z
kZ ? D Zg7 V ay
? D (Z izg\W L L: kZ
yZ~(,
~X V@*
x w$
+w$
+y&z~L L:
x vZ ]!*
ay
J
-V X q ]g '~ Vzq
a1zg Z$
+VzfZ ~g u~#
yg ZqX
]6,{iZ~t wZ ~X CY ~]1z]Z%
bx **
LZ [ {g yg ZqZ
# gp~ iq
-Z**
V V
X N W~ }\WX T e 7**
x **
kZ gzZ q
"
4G
5F
X G
e
170

g c*
-Z Zz y kZgzZ '!*
q
kZ%Z nY: kZ
6,wm~gzZ~ ]gzZ 5 y kZ /
Vc*
0*
XC
Y F,
Z ~ V yZZ Z
# !vZ y4X
H
X
8wp3 Zg CZtN Y
///

171

tN ];z! xgzZg & VzIxsZ~F,

/
**
g yg Z {z @*
^~ Vq yZ ~ wZ

z gzZ b *h
+]
.gzZ { x ZgW~_s X Y{g 7%b Z Z6,
yvX C~ lg ] kZ| (,
Y
6,Vz
C: ; x ZgW ~9~h ~ yZypgzZ D W~ ~h
6 }m
m
gzZ D X z
z^6,Vq yZ ~ ] a
!*

gzZ e
$!*
g g ! Z x ] Vq yZ X D 0*
]
V4Zg0
+Z Vzi Zzgg p)g fkZgzZ B egq
-Z\WX
^ CZ@xtaZgX Z9g g\Wot Z lpgzZV
-1LZ[Zp
J
HZg7t } F,
Z'Z
# X ;g/N
Vzg
ZB;kZ Y7 q
-ZX
H0Xtq
kZ ZX Cy!*
iVzg
ZX~ F,
-ZX c*
J
Y
172

~ 1B; WX ;gN Z9{zX ;e 7 }uz

X V@*
Whg\W
BX
Ht Z6,.X : { c*
i, X Z:g Z
b gZg e~y!*
iF,
kZ } F,
Z. V6,;gZ
# X } 7,^
!$
+Zg7Zg7 kZ Xbb pg ZZgzZ c*
I h
e
z7,q
-Z X c*
: Y K wz(%gzZ 1 uzg 6,3Z f
e
M{ Zgz { Zg Z
g c*
-Z Xo
q
p Z 8E
# ~g
/[pX
HWxy)F,
+ 0P X Nx];z m VE 0*
h
VF,
~T
X Vzy,7Z~
HW~]uZz

z kZ X/ * VE 0*
x ZuF,
/
* q ^g70*
+
/L L:
L V@gzZ Z }g
]!*
gz x ZZ z x Z Z X @*
Y z 6,Vze Z c
,Zozs~*
zkZX D YKw 0*
t ~
C*Oh!}g
Zg~VzX F,ZuzgzZ ]
d~uq
-Z : x Z Zz]VE 0*
V
y%nI *gzZ ` Z'
n Zz ]
d~uX 5 Y
Z zzY0*
x3,
~VyZaVE 0*
X v %
% Z e yiz CZ~} ]g]
d~u !*
$\vZ'X 7*
y 0*
]Z|uF,
%Z X
rg q sy 0*
6,gZz O
X ]g @*
];zkZgzZ ~,a
]: Zqz:
!
uqzgz (gzZ kZ h z Iz Z kZ
173

g q
-L gLzZ ]ZuF,
-L gLzZ
q
q
-L LZ
# ~R'
,X
aV uF,
LZ V V]g@*
w zg
uF,
kZ , V*!*
bTgzZ H {C

b ]!*
.ZZ wV" X
_
wYg Z
z kZ Z]
.Z z Y !*
W}g X N>: c*
> ]Z|
ZY yZ g p+Z a {z 1 a }g
&X x Z0
+{ uF,
X g K {h
+z
/ VE 0*
gzZ y 0*
VF,
X D >7nv Z0
+{X zZ vs Zz #
6,VZ'
,
D alpzmvZ -wgzvZ V
gz +Z SG
5_( z Y q ] X nxq
-Z} !*
a

X gC3hF~g VT F
F6,
.ngzZ 70
+Z
~O# ~g DD
pVX]!*
HgzZ ~(,
kZ
eZzF,
f
Z DgzZV`
gzZ Zgiz}g {zX r Z r Z]gzZ
y 0*
x {z 7Y7 Ly 0*
x VF,
XgzZ
bzg ]{z wZ e ~ D 3 y 0*
V)~g I
~! W ;g Y7 ~'
,
Z'
,~~g Z'
,@ ` WX}g
u
X D Y0*
]!*
.~F,
_
~}g !*
VzgV@*
C\W
pce )OGzg]Z|uF,
Zz W6,{/z e=ZZ
{\W+],
Zio kZ AXVTg D
\W {@xkZ
{@xx tX 4 YZ X ZX%
O{zg
~Ex 7wj u
a{/z e ~XVzf ]uZz 4Z~ Z
174

X {E
+ )OGzgW0Z]x ZuF,
fg ZY)x gzZwj

s { ;g qy CZ y Z F,
}g
y }g
/t Z
# X Zz y q
-Z Zg f kZXg Y
hu ! 0*
! 0*
L L:1 gzZ c*
WZ @*
hz uF,Jh1 q
-Zg0
+Z
: Z F, y 0*
} }L L 3g kZ X s ~ g Z
Z
gzZ @*
{g
Z gzZ 4z V; {zBBX H qz CZ
}}L L'X CW: !*
~ m,
Z c*
zg Q uF,
h1 X O
}n} (,{zgzZ @*
W: Z {z !*
WxsZcZ L LgzZ y 0*
gg
/r
# q
-Z ~ d
$
X @*
Y p Z xx~ {gzZ
kZ X c*
b7 uF,
kZ Z`
t VrZ X
Z #
uF,7]!*
. uF,{g /kZ st `
_

#
/Z~wZ c*
Cy)F,
kZX ]!*
.VF,
_
I q
=g f Zzsg p 0*
23 ^zg T'q
-Z
gzZ F,
Z VrZX vg 6,
gS y 0*
X H
y 0*
}}L L6,kZX g Vg `z%~ y 0*
gzZ} } 0*
xsZcZ L LX c*
zq
-ZtVF,
kZX c*
Z (,Z (,
] Z zg Q kZ 'X K c*
Vz kZ x **
!*
W
wZ izg't X ;ggZ VE 0*
{z)g fT
V 0*
LZ x ZuF,
y gzZ C^6,5 ZgLZ ~
VuF,
yZ c*
h1gzZbkZX C c*
yZgzZ Cd
$

175

]!*
.yZX DkC3Y}g Z ~w VE 0*
_

X $

z+4~*g
gzZ @*
^g ]Zz)]Zz) [{E
+
Zg'/
kZ CV; yZ ]Zz)gzZ Z **
p Z vZg s Z
X
) !*
gzZaqg ZZzt Z f
i W0
+
i(LZZ
# yg Zq{g+F,
w=VzIxsZ
g g !gzZ 0Z ]}uz kZ
H [x~
W **
wZ ~
C4~gz Ht x q
-Z Zz h
e
A w x ZbV +F,
aY s g ~g u}g Z Z 6,g#
&
kZX c*
wax ZQgzZ HyLai Z ~ sAt 7Z
yp X qNZ x ZyZ V ] m{z b
& C4gzZ ~x~_s yZ D YKy}]
X BW~{
V`
V ~ { x q
-Z }g ) ,i
[xZ
X
Hc*
sp~{ x x Z]gqmaVzgtugzZ
&g
HD bX g LE

gzZ 4Z Z
#
-Z T
q
HW~ w; kZJ Q } # LZ X Wy 0*

gzZ qg Zz T kZ Vd
$
Zg f X Ha
X q Zz%: {z HwLZ D ;B; Vz~qgpi Z
V'
,4V- h
+Wlp kZ x
/T D
176

q Sq
-Z a \W ]i YZ kZ VZi Z X
z Z
T bm{q
-Z X Z:g Z N m kZ X V Le **
Z{Z
X 7 =
~(,
X
HV le uF,
gzZ q
-Zg #
}
. Z: s Z kZ Z
sr
# }g t 5[Z X :
~ }g t Y7
{zX ]i YZ%q
-ZgzZ ]i YZ VrZq q
-ZX
DwEZ $g" t bVzX q h bVz
WX Z 7,**
y
YB **
3 Z H CZ c*
Z{ Z VrZ
~(,a } gzZ WJ
-} i Zzg a g r
# ~
oyZX WyV; }g
z 0*
` W ]!*
gzZ p
{ x kZVg @*
Ct X ;g u|6V SByZ
v ~V+ZX YY H T
Zz}g *0*
:i Z
X DwEZ~g e
$?
Z
VrZ X@*Zg f V1 }g y Z
~
V;z a 3V {z X c*
Zz 0Z ] { c*
i kZ
e7Z {z W]Z| 0*
h
` ZzAX gd
$
{zX HgzZ HkC[s VrZX Vq
-~ p~ Wa
0*
]!*
ug I**
Zt a yZ0
+{ }gzZ } :
g e**
7Z X V: q
-~ d
$yZ0
+{}g gzZ VV
z
~d
$gzZ c*
B A 7Z Y kZ X ~ 7, q
177

G
}g ~ VpgzZ V E
5O.'( ~g B}g ` W HyZ} (,
x 3V; }g ) ! C X q
-
z 0*
VF,! g q
-Bg ZZ~ d
$Z0
+{ ~
VZ
kZX lpa}g GtgzZXaVE 0*
Z7V;
Xce**
VZ {Z
+6,
R Z ZgzZ
;gE- X c*
W7yZgz]gc*
iK <yZzgzZq
-Z
/7gzZ k]}g kZX Zc*
Y7NG
WV;z \z
/q
-Z yZ

: kZ X y 0*
c*
C }g ? n
pg m \W
4]6,X o~g Zgi
x = X o HE
# ~g Zgi :~ OZp~(,
r
7Z
z^}g %ZX
H^g
4]6,i
4]6,\W
VrZt X BHE
+gz yz 7Z BHE
]g z OgzZ} V;z F
g ~}g !*
y 0*
# Zg :
Z
X ,: Z~ :W} V 0*
X @*
) ;g
N]!*
.yZX B *aXX #{ ~g
_
Z
# x t uF,
X Z 6,g Zi
q KZgzZ ]
X ~ ~0*
6,[Z#
uF,
W ` Wg J
-\W
bkZ 7Z \vZ X wVgzZ q
-Z ig D
+VzI xsZt
}WX
Vxh
+'

178

? ]wZzi
4Z~\g- +
$Y Z c*
X Zz6,uu\g- F,
4c*
X WZ'
,
~kz7,
gzZgzZ#
X { i Zzg ~
/
%gzZ
XqVxwV" VzIxsZ~}Y m
6,
~gzaVrzVzg Z ZgzZ]x yZ
8{ ^
,Y];zkZ
E
X gxsZ 0E
0gzZ + Z( KZ 6,}i zg

wZuDgzZd
$*g Z o LZ VzIxsZF,
*o LZ *g Z ~z*gzZ Zc*
VZ Z]z b #V

[Z c*
52- ~g7Bq
-Z~V!~(,
k
]gz g Z CZ \WX 7]gz
W \W
[g Z 23pZ * Z Ws6,o {{ nV;6k'
,
PX
412) m~y
WkZs: F,
IPX Z Z Z
# Zz n
Z e

t X Z e[g Z 125
z kZ~ Z

kZ ~ [( Z e
q
-ZP X 7)**
g q
-q
-Z c*
,q
-Z t s ?Z e
179

X c*
6,x kZF,

Z
zgzZ'
,
+
D
zKZ VM, Z
i Z0
+Z Z bkZB ~g Z ZzggzZ x Z Z}uz q
-Z
X NV\WKZ !vZY
KZ }kZ }
gzZY 5F,
~ V Z q
-<Z Z qg[Z D M
G
:(
x **
X'
,#
Z ~&~,W]|
zSX @*
Wx **
V{
ZgzZ ` Zg }0
+Z ^NC
Z
# c*
r Zl
zg
zkZ VrZX @*
W
yZ J
-ekZ !vZY
x Kqz#~]q)**
~ yZgzZ%$
+V)g fV Z
vZ L(
L (+h
+%Y #
pgmC
F,
VrZX ~ % vZ)
Y\W tgzZ Z e6,{ Zg ~g Zgw "x Z Zz
kZ Ys+%q
-Z cg g Z ZgzZb~
Cy
KZ
W`
V @*
/~ kZy

s !*
!**
6, ~g Z
/
g zg Z
X D
Kg 0*
{ g L Lyg Z+ZWz6,
X
(sD N
# 3g x ~ gZig yZy kZ s VzI xsZ
Z
z kZ
I
?\aVzg Zg
t ~]q Z**
ZX
Hc*
}g Z
NLE
(
wjZgzZ @*

Zpg zgzZ V yZX *

@Y k0*
xzY f
DX Lg ~ VZg V& #
i 5gzZ Vz`
@*

` MX }g *VzI xsZ6,Z (F,
D
Z7{zZc*
yg Z *Z:
L Z (,
kZ BZ (,
CZF,
yx
180

F,
VMXK Za yZxw r
# gzZ fqZ
# g T
! x~ Z ] ~
/]g @wZ e6,5 Zg F,
z b#
X gn
CZ e
$VgzZ q
X @*
Wx **
Vzg Z Z k#yZ F,
x 6,Zg }D O
y
KZd
$gzZywZuD* ~g7
zkZ6,
}
#
._"gzZm
#
z kZ x **
e
$wz h
KZ L L Z * Z WX M
hg
X ;g}x Z] }
.g V~ {0
+?gzZd
$Z* {g Z Z
{ Z * Z WgzZ yg Z q WZk
,
iz yg Z +Z *Z
C kZ
!iy 0*
T {g Z Z zt X g~ *`
xgg
, x Z ] }
.~g gzZg.
{ c*
i izZ Y +Z z x ~ [cgzZ
;g `" gz( ~ZsV;zYg
/g ]U*
qyZgzZ
F,
#
z$

+] }
. ZzY~x Z)gzZ ~g yZ F,
X
(V Zg"gzZV'X gzZN * x ZF,
gzZ
kZX Y } } F,
z$
+ ]Z: gzZ N
{zz ~ Vz{ gzZg7 ~C
aVd }g Z Z
~g ^Og Z CY ~ ;ggzZ (
F,
o yz }gZ Z ggzZ (t X Cq '`
Z
X A gzZ D akZ g \
gzZCc*
} 7,a#
VzIxsZ Tqq
-Z D P
] +
gzZK g wYg Zz pg kZ~
181

X HV ZzgV Z #$
+F,
{ c*
itX v Zz9;{z Z
wjZ ZzWVzLg~Vz} (,
F,
VrZ
CY ~ +Z uZgpgzZ ;g V XK 9; a
g gzZzkZp
/Z Zg ?VCH~T
Zz}g *0*
IZ gz g Y ~ x ~ ; yZ @*
: {@x )z
kCgzZ@pg66,gzZ
t}@xpX &
*
@Y c*

Cc*
M F,

6f, Z jkC)~yZ X
yZgz { ZggzZ D J(,]6,

Ct Z E
L j8gzZx ZZ 6
Zg { Z'

,7Z6,YW
z i X Dyz yZawiZ
gzZ _7,i qz q gzZx Zt yZ O] i
B KZa ! x ]y
Wz* y
KZ W,G
& t 7Z
QgzZ D YZgs+6 W WX ~gz]Z I
~i Z0
+Zo ZkZV F,
3 V f Z
#
GB+G
B kZgzZ ] {X D h +V 3 gzZ D V+
3Re~x kZX

0*
M F,

; bZ ~ Zz
{k
,
ezgzZf: ZgZ YX n
pgm 6 vCc*
dZt Zz
0y+tg
/
z
M F,
gzZX :~yZ ` Z'
Zz6
,Za~yZgzZ y2, Za#
VzIxsZgzZ
c*
Bg7gzZ l{ NLZ ~
z, Z VM "
$U*
} i6,
_ WyY#
VzIxsZC@gzZ 6 ` Z
#
182

pg wY ~ 0
+
i ZgzZ ^
,6,Vz dZ ~ ~X
wyZ n
pg7g #
{h
+IKZgzZo LZ s Z
Zt Zz
^9; X Zp#
Z ~g7 ~ s Z@ZyZgzZg #
Z ~g7 ~
vWg bC
~}ayZ XZZ ZtVzIxsZF,
~

X ]V7Z Cg Cc*
gzZ
# Zzpg x **
zg 0
+e L gLzZ a
VY LK
L Z q
-Z D Q
gzZ V Z V6,Rbt [{E
+-yZ ZX
}g J Z X D ~i f ~ V!*
V!*
&Zpz%/ Z
gzZ Vk+Z ~ ~i f 6,R ZX Dpg } h
b)Yz {z
M F,
z V gzZ H Z ZgZ]g @*
VzZ
"{z CY~ZgzZ a@bT~yzb!*
gzZi
&gzZ wV
@ ~ y* **
a
VY L L~ [ Z ,X LE
X $
Y
6,u }g V.g x**
yZ [x q
-Z D R
(~ F,
g g", ZX g Z ~g ~B; gzZ 8I]
Z ],
sZ6,jkC)~ i Z0
+Z LZ LZ {zgzZ (
g ~g Y gZ J m
yZz6,]!*
. gzZ ~ V
_
q
-Z ~ VbkZ X 7Z[gyZ
X [W~y* **
g ZgzZ8 I W~~g C Zf
V% YYHf VyZ~y
W~
zkZ D S
183

Zg dZX g
/YZpsZ)g fVz&gzZ VPsZgzZ
V~g kZ
Z {)z6,
} } l ~Q
y
KZ CtgzZ ggz%q
-Z Zz V;z
i Z0
+Z W,
Z i Z0
+Z kZgrL~ Y } }ZgzZ%$
+0
+
i
X$
7(zV-/~g C
4J&g
{ o g Z'
,
XV,Z gzZ e!x Z E
LG
{@x c*
)C

pg Z~ J m
yZz6,a! zZgzZ sp
=ZX Wt kZ @*
0*
y ~g Z $c*
qkZ Zz
yZ c*
Wt %Z X 7g Z s Z Z ] }
.
VrCc*
gzZ V , J
-Mg tzf E
#
L 8gzZ w r
G
*9g Z x ZgzZx?Zmy%X n
pg p + Y[Z! x
[Z V{KZgzZ YVpVzuztb & Z mvZ
X $
gZ{ Zg `zgzZ $
]wZzi YH

184

]0*
Zz'
,
g .
sg guF,
+F,
w=
+Z[:F,
!

:sg yg Zq
zz yg ZqZ
+kZ q=
) ) yZx{F,
Z yq
-Z{ 8 g- wZY 1954~gz
26] z XX
~gz'
x HZzyZX Wx **
{ZzgzZZx **
ZzyZX ~
V\
0*
~Y 1965i M wjZ VrZXD
LZ X 1Z ~ {
M F,
hz[Z VrZ wjZ X HB
# *ZyZ 1qx t zz yDg gzZ ` Z'
r
{ 0*
yZ~ ~/X c*
gH6,
2i vyZz!*
/Kg
t yZV c*
g Z "7,i (+Z VrZt
t yZ Z
# r
# *ZyZX !ggzZg Z Zz Vzk
,
&Zp{6,"
yZ LZ X Hg Z p M ] VrZ x]!*
185

 L L gzZ[ZyZzz V
5.Zx Z {z[kZgzZ
4EE
VrZkZX B EG
HZi Z
` M X q]gxEgzZ]ci
+Z)
,~~q Mg
X x gZ OZgzZ]L L;gE- {%%gtwZ
W M zg m,
gq
-Z~ ` ~ Y 1970 VrZ
) Z

jg Z0
+
] }
.Y~ Y z Z kZ X g (Z #
i5 w
I],
Z eg~ VgzZ Vzg Z Z C1 VrZkZX , x Z
X Hg Zp.
V6& OZ KZ

:ez~
yg Z
yZgzZ ~
y{{6,
!*
-Z **
q
M VrZY 1978 14
gzZ t Z'
,Zx **
q
-Z ~ VzX ag eVHzgzZz
3g w +Z uyg Z +ZZ
+LZ VrZ x **
}uz
X )gzZY ZuZV
z
6,t Z sZ X n
pg ZZ qzyg Z q [
yDg I g kZ {z X 0*
<
L zmvZ -vZ wg gzZ g
X H eB~ KZ
~
VrZ n
pg y~z
=g f w'tigZ 7g ~ ~gz'
X g Z {0
+
i
gzZg Z*z
]YZy
Z y Zz LZ yZgz {z X B~
wZa}g7]YZy
Z (VLZgzZ LZX D JB;~
5.\L L~ y!*
G
i F,
&) UgzZ i1F,
"
$ V}g )Vv
186

kZgzZ B~gza
KZ {zBkZXg (
[ZgzZ ~h +4w!*
~gzd
Xn
pg p~
{z X { 0
+
i Z0
+{gzZ CZ f yZ X G w!*
yZ
ugMZypgX F,
g~x Z yZx, Zq
-ZxsZ
X 3 Dg ZBVx ~] Z
zg Z~
yZX D Y y M x ag ZQ VBZ yZ
/Z
Z
Z LZz!*
WZk
,
izX 7^z gzZ ~ ]Z gzZ 0
+
i
:gzZtu ~o): X Tg~*x q
-ZB: {
vZh MgzZ Z$
+
z!*
C
Zz zz! #
z
(X ZZ
+Y
V Zx m<!*
( yZzz g Z MZ [!*

g Z gzZ p
gzZ 5Z Z: Zg Z $c*
Z
> Zpx z o #
}
.
KZ Zz
GG3E
V# Z$
+
X p

:i(gzZZz
(

xsZ yg Z +Z Wz6,zz KZ yg Z q
kZgzZg sZ~oX{h
+z
/
yZgzZ W,
O Zz iz ~ ~
+F,
g Z kZ b Zz w ygZ s: a VZ

(yZ {zakZX T e
Cq
-zyzyZ~z

) ) yg Z~ Y 1975 Z
# X
~ Kg 0*
s L L
))
yg Z C g ^
,
F,yg Z gzZ
Hc*
} g Z
)
YX 3g {0
+
iz ~g Y q
- yg ZWz6,~ ]g ] V Z
187

6,Vkg 0*
(~ F,
~Y 1983 X ~ ~0*
6,Vo) x [zZ
7Z X { Z'
,
u c
LZ Kg 0*
z yg Z q ~0*
'
**
aRg g0*
g !*
z~Y 1991 gzZY 1987 s Kg 0*
kZ
cg7g wZ ~ Y 1994 %Z Xn: g !*
Vzt 1
HH
X Zi M q= ZyZVX
yZ gzZ g Zz mZ +Z gzZ gy**
y g Z q
sZ ~ F,
t **
~C
yZ z!*
~iz ~qg
gzZ ` m<!*
~gza q x z wj
gsZ~x Z%K Z
i Z #yZ c*
:
K Z
Z
LZX Y q e
$]/Z ) Zg
/YZ yDg z
) ) ( yg Z~Yx 2001VrZa ^i~kZ

X
) )5q
-Zx **
Kg 0*
}- e hZ=L
L g (Z e
gzZg b Zz s 2VzyZgzZ] }
.yg Z {zz!*
ekZ
DgwZ ]Z ZgzZ]2zu~}g !*
q
-sZ yZ
x ~g/ DyZ 0*
~
C Kg 0*
KZ VrZXg
qlpY F,
X,7Z ~ ]5` X,D
a X ,7s ZZ VZ uF,
@*
Z ~ }g !*
F,RgzZ
VZ ~g/akZ V 99e
$Z Zz V-o
XOgw ~ Zi M Ie
$Z~V0*
KZ ._
zz hgc*
g Z
+ gz$0*
tyg Zq
188

G
,jzuT~ VU i M VrZ:
/
zX zz i
L .7 7
ZwyZZ
# YYH Zz kZ { i Z0
+Z kZ H{C
b ~q
VrZX y -X gB#
/ZgzZ pV Zz y
V LZ 4Z ~ gzZ Z Z- i ~ < yKY
:H[V-
7a wZ sX VH q Z Z ~ !zg \ }} Z L L
@*
7 !*
ug I6,kZgzZ V x zgxsZ F,
o LZ
` Z t~ ~{kZ i M ?V @*

Zpg ?X V
" ]!*
.LZX z~g Zizt
_
/
g[g LZ O` kZgzZ
X zg ZgzZg7~[NZ { M yZ OwEZ
X U: ZgzZLZyZ V#
C
ZgzZ
m
Zg { Z'
,
x ZVrZX g k
=g f h
+'
~x yZ i M
[]{ V5 ZX g CZ g yZ X Hg (Zi
=g f x gsZZt}uzgzZ HLZgx Zq
-Z
X _7,gZ EZ uY ML
L
F,
~ V5 ZLZ {z X c*

tx|

xZg gzZ

X~g ]
.)

H}g ~i gzZ

} 2[Zw}g g f

C+ LZ

` kl{ztgzZ

189

:Y g Zzi M q=
wZ~Y 1994 {z Z
# Z
z kZi M q= Zyg Zq
zz ] }
. Z: Zgg Z $c*
gzZ_" yZ
aQgzZ
a
ti% Z e16,
x ZVrZX
H`k(,
OZ6,
yZ x Z

HF,
Z {z
Z e [g Z 26,t s: TK Za bz , Z
T)**
g Z (,

yZX Z
Z e [g Zgeh
+'
aF,
zy
s gzZ s u~ wZ {z c*
g [8gzZ P V x 7Z
yg Zq xz aLZ vZ1X : eC
x OZ 0*
3g #
GG3E
izgz
gzZ ]z
}
./_
.~q: Zqg
a
UsVzX c*
i MXtZzN
h:izz:
X @*
7,g Z 6,u **
ag* VC M 1$
+gkZ 0*
gzZ k%Z y0*
Y a .

W gzZ s 0*
kZ #
F,
yg ZqWZk
,
iz {X~Y 19967 1 \ggzZ kZ q
-Z ~ } h V Z0gzZ i bZ uF,

c*
6,gzZ[f Ya Vj ((kZ s z s Ug Z1$
+
G
4G
54]Za0*
3E
$0*
U
D
aVzaV-5 F,
w E
s B
VZ @ y yC
wZzz T, w O
~ wZX YY \ {zwEZ wyx ;g V0*
(Z ._
bTX Lg0*
] a~V,
Zg { Z'
,
7k 0*
E
58gzZzhZ
*aVZ ZgzZ
Z h VrZ {zkZX ~ F
190

Y J$
5 (g
Zz a M C1j X ]1E
k~wZsaiX x YpR,
X Hx OZ VqVzg ZD

J
wZ igzZ $c*
KZX # ZC

VggzZKy>
6
_" KZX H Z9~ Vz+F,
]gzpgzZ +4*"

) ) ( yZX D F,
w= w=~x Zzz ] }
.
0WZk
,
izo {zgzZ qe
$Z g 0*
)g f]!*
NZ
x Z ] ZZ F
F6,](z
Z
ZZgzZ: Zq]Y Z`
y ZgzZ
X | (,
p Vz
zgzZ Zq=yZgzZa{w

:~p~zCc*

g (Z 0*
m,
/

x
) ) ( yZgzZyg Zqp
/Z
M M gzZ yZ
(X: Z sZ yZ1
C!*
.VrZ1X zu~#yZ[DgzZ ` g Z)f
_
uF,
@*
Z X ,!Vx
/
uKZ ~ x ZO g (Z i Z0
+Z 9Zz
CZ@xz igzZ Z'
,
z b]**
v yZgzZ y] ZZz ]c*

~gzgzZ sZX
/YZ x sZ~x ZZz V V
yZ~ r z wx ZVc*
t
x Z Z F,
x z d
$! f F,~ OZgzZ ] Zd ]z ~g c*

X 7~];,+yZ {)zx4,
gzZ]c*
+m,
/<

yZgzZ s 2 **
yZgZ gzZ[fIZp ` M X
yZ |x , Z gzZ [@*
" a
3 w]Z W,
Z
191

t }uzX} ] VE.6,Cz (z V Zd z C
g zz `z 7
) !*
wZzi 6,]c*
Z@z ]xsZ ~ gZ
z ~gt }X yz 7^zg ~ { Zg F,
=g f
+ LZgzZg ZsZg Z x ZZzi Z Z Z Z}g gzZ]
q WZ k
,
izvZ gX 6, 6,kZ gzZ Zz
Zx Vzg IZgzZ y)g 2zY Ng (gzZ yZgzZ yg Z
=gf ]Z Z0
+{zgzZwEZ gzZ! Z)]Zg (Z
]xzmvZ -xZ wg q nZ A z +Zg #O
gzZ V- gZ )f KZ pgzZ=gf z b # x Z"
$* vZ ._
[Zt =Z [g z { LZ~}g!*
]Zg (Z
qWZk
,
iz {~ Vz x ZgzZ #
~ F,` M zz X {
Y ZsZ ~ ]g4z]
.~ ] gg Z yg Z
X y'
~!si[Zp
~ F,
s: ] (z ] yg Z qZ
# gZ
+uF,
x
x Z [m<!*
xsZ }g7 HLzq
-sZ
yZ [Z X 7wVF,Z
Z,ja y~z yDg sZ
kzggzZ Z
6'
,k%Z:%z b #
KZa +Z
+4gzZ x Z
pgzZg!*
oC

zkZX I6,
F,
yZXg7{)z
X g ] <c*
gzZ0ZHyg ZqZ
# g Z
Z Zz e

:zb #C
192

~g iz X g D ~Z
Z { F,
#
yg Z q
x Z Kg 0*
( yZ dgZ MZt Z
# 1X y Zz ZX x
(z Z #+ gzZ ] YX Hx Z Z g ZZ I
CZ x ZuF,
X c*
~ZA [sz!*
VIzg
( ~5
CY {g
( + Z]
.)ZgzZ x
^R^~g Y~oX ~0*
(yi Z +'
w
,Y**
^
X , N Zw ~
/V Zz pg ] gz g&
+Z gzZ *]g X H
X c*
g
/
yZ)c*
Vv#
{z{ ZpV Zzlg \
y {)z VvX c*
Z V CF,
VzMx gzZ Z
pyZ Zj]c*
gzZ wx CF,
x #
%z
:
D6,j V
!*
LZ v XC+ ZkZ L LX c*
wdgzZ g U
x z#

zkZ t]**
DgI~o ._
X g Z *z 70*
i
z0*
sWZg Z

:[zZ
DZ-
Hc*
g Z
o (Zp uF,
~Y 2001
1 D M 7g U*M C
! x F,
~ yZy ~ OZX d
$

F,z zz v F
F6,~ / yg Z q Z
#g
X
HM 6, ~ * ~g7 p x PZ ~ Y 2011
~ Zgf ~ OZQgzZKgHs Z@ZF,
~ OZ
VrZ
Vzg Z Z C1 a ._ x ~ OZ sZu 0*
x
193

X c*
rz
s
# (X g 7 Z Zj ]g V z X H{ M
Z: Vj (~F,
I MgZ MZu'
,
Kg 0*
Cze hZ=
gzZ _ VJ
#
-hzz [Z| ,
( J
-z
a kZ X g~/J
- Z
Z hz&MkZ
{z<
Z ZgzZ ~ | y c*
Zsgs
# ( I
YHzyZX D^a]oIOs
# (z Z
Z
X ,^a ]g c*
i ] klgzZg U*M I LZ~ F,
{z
F,
)g f V1;ggzZ s
# (X ~ bgi o Z
Z
5Z Z~Yn
%gzZ qzY ;X ~ F,
{ c*
i
s B:g7g Z Z X ~J
-w J (, wz ]
Zzpg
C]g Bx u0*
XK]Cg 6,Vz
C
{],
Z ~ OZ TF,ZzyxgVZ'
,
&X Z
Z,jv M
F,
X [Z Z" ~ ]~g ZzZa F,
X [ 6,R@ [Z
-Vg 8g- ]Z M'
J
,
gzZ6,
]Z M'
,
gZ F,
{ c*
i ]c*
OZ
F,
~ ] X @*
Y ~ 80 }uz !*
gzZ (
6,! nbg ZE q
-Z O! nb{gHX
H Za x PZ~ V
F,
kZ g| (,bTg ZzZa bX Y Hg Z
gZzZa gzZ k
Hge h w ~g tuX [g
Cg ZzZa bq
-Z
7 5 % ~ w ( tu ~
C)wZZ kzg X
H| (,k
Hz w
100%~g tu~V~g uJ
-Y 2008 Y 2001X ZZ 80%
194

Z ~g ZzZa X g 300% ~ Vm{X Y J

X LugzZ
Hg{gX | (,
]gz~

:0*
zg {[x
TX ]+4 F,
* ~g7 Z LZuZ
z kZ
7 Zg Z
~{x Z Z F,
~ wq YY c*
]!*
kZ { i Z0
+Z
4G
5!g M kZX e
5E
$F,
V191 ~V197{x Z Z
G
yxg 2- e
$gzZ y!*
g f M X * # ]g @*
B
V[X 4]^gzZ t Zy**
- X H>
q
-Z
F,
~ V76
z kZX ~ w,uugzZ ~ o} m,
za
~zK~y!*
i ~X H!Zi Z VZ c*
iVzX 7]gz} m,
za
gzZK ~g YM
m
TX Z qz y!*
i ! M
mq
-Z~Y 2010 #~ F,
X ~]i YZ {!*
%^zg#
F,

:sZz])
~ kZ xg ) Z gz Zz ~ k- e Cg ^
,

K ~ { LZuZ ~k
,
425 KZ icygLZuZ
bkZ {z ~ w~ 7,]gz
/Z X 7q 6,x O
6,yZ0
+
ggzZx ZZ: Xz gZuZX }7m,
/

x ZZ
# g WZk
Z
,
iz F,
~ kZ kZa [Z k
,
: Z-kZ
t kZ {z6,g ZX
z yg Zq
kZaX V 7q
-L{ M ~ kZ kZ {z^ M uZz
195

: Zg ZY~ hLZuZgzZs V xtzg

7aVF,
ssq
-Z i Z0
+Z: Zq]Y Z`
t ]) yZa kZ
LZuZ s~uz
) !*
e
$aV x xsZ
T o sZ {z F,
0Z ] p kZak%ZgzZ \gp kZgzZK ] Cg \B kZtLZuZ

9
G4
Z d
$knRyj6,C
g Z -G)t ygZq u **

;g}~g ZsZ!*
gZ
"a Mt gzZ
gzZg { gD 0
+
ggzZ
A g Y: Xz LZuZY 2010#31 X
y 0*
~ T~ ] r
# xgu ~i a V x
47E}r
y**
)HZ uF,KZ !*
M xsZ c&
+ EG3E
# Z *0
+[
LZuZ6,jxi
+
i Zz Y ZZ X q
-/
WZ k
,
iz uF,
X i 19 gzZ Lg g 9 F,
~ TX H

KZ D#
h
+: Xz kZLZuZ yg ZqZ
#g
HyZ g (ZJs LZuZs:gzZ H6,
;
V { x Z Z gzZ ["
A g Y ZuZ
LZLZuZ6,gggzZ ` Zazsr"z
{a td KZ X c*
Y F,
ZuZgzZ 1 :Zz
yZ 8{}@ yzY LZuZ X c*
J (,Y~ xzg
kZgzZ , cB ` ZuZ ` uF,
D
{x Z ZX c*
uzg wEZzu cF,
Vzg pZuZ B
196

t}g Z
|s ^g7g 06,jxi
+
],56
A }{ ] Vz!*
uF,
gzZ c*
gZ
GLZ@
LZuZc_F,
~}g !*
kZX HVZ~s Z
x Z Z LZuZX} Z Z gigzZ f F,
6,: \kZ LZ
X ;gg Z t_kZ Zzpg_ VZ{
]!*
kZ x ZZ: Zq] Y Z`
t ] uF,
g +
M ZggzZ xsZ
z` M @*
Y~ ZgzZ
z LZuZJ
-F,
;g{g
Zs
@*MugzZx
/
u{ c*
i
~ sZx ~#LZuZ F,
@ M ~ V\ M kZgzZ Z N*
e s 0
+
ggzZ
D z LZuZX
A kZ y Zz : tLZuZX ;gg ZwZ e
X
l{ hzZg eVA~

:#
V
Vq
-Z #
vZggzZ yg Z qWZk
,
iz F,
o p C
u D dg Z MZ #
kZ X #

5IIZvt
HH Z"z6,s yZ~x ZX ~gw$
+
q
La'
, VrZ1XN ZVc*

g eg eX, w$
+` Zzgzxg F,
X
gZzg LZVx ;~}g !*
LZ M g Z MZ
]sZ6,yZX 7Z ~ 0
+
ix ZX c*
gz
$U*
"
6,* V Z- I yZ X Hg (Z i Z0
+Z F,
a kZ O
gzZ V|#+ Zz ~0*
],
zx Z sZ {)z { izgi c*

197

h` jLgzZ 4 { c*
M
i x #
~ Vzg Z <

( yZ ~ ]!*
NZ Y 2011 z!*
} "z6,t: #F,
x X
^zz{ c*
ik6,
CZzxsZ }- e hZ=
))
kZ \g- gzZ k%Z X c*
qgzZ {i ]\g- gzZ k%Z m<!*
*gzZa

z kZ sZ x t Zx
r ^ y.6,a
p 0
+
i CvF,
X gNF,
:%gaZZ
} p IgzZ[vg 6,
$! fh
d
+]
.
kZX Cc*
F,
o p X ~g/#
x VX y
kZgzZ g wZ e @ M ~ V\ M LZuZ T ouZz F,
z

!*
zIZLZuZ6,V gzZ ]KZ V Zx
$ F,
F,
gzZ]gzX c*
~*C
z!*
e
${6,L F
x
gzZ ]p Z t ]X}o{ c*
igzZ ]LZ y 0*

g z Z Z gzZ F,
d.
gzZ& G p
gzZuF,
zkZYX "

$U*
vZY
yZ p x z
G
( F,
5~
X [ 0o ~ggzZ Vq
-Z p C
x
Zi M E
*z c6,j~g/yZMgzZ Z X g UpgzZ
K
M F,
V0*
Zg t Z~ zg kZQgzZ D 56,
g
zC
a[Zg Z}x Y ZgizgzZ WZk
,
izgX
X Zi M !*
DX Tg

198

-
J
-4X
O& T \z
E
/ szZ Zg ~ **
J
- E)GL L
Dq VZs #
uF,
{z c*
3~ wjuF,
u 0*
LL
Zc 17 Rs #

yg Z ~ F,
X WC
!*
~ wCZ
#
yg Z L L:c*
WyO%Zc 14 y & Z7~
],F
5.G'Z \W[Z : ]!*
~g VrZX z
gA V# c*

'Z(g1yYO%ZV X Bze
],F
5.G
uF,
y &sXn Y H96,#
sZ yg Z @*
HwEZ
xsZ Z
ZCc*
VwjZ\z
/e
$Z~XD
DZzg
Z #ugzZ+F,
! g @*
KZs #
VzI
Zj ] LZuZ z k%Z 0 r
# c*
"
$U*
^#gzZeZ sZ r
# X: Y" {z D Y 0*
]
}
.
x {zgzZ F,
-Zz CZ6,
C];zx**
pT esg CZ6,g
k
,
+x ~ k%Zhg }g Z ZgzZ wjZyZ V sZ
5
199

bT6,>X\IV2z LZ6,kZ n
pg*Zzg R
LZuZgzZ
G
4E
& Zq~"#
/F
sq
-Z ] E$ x kZ E
yg Z
X V} &
+Z eq
-Zz (yZ c*
Cs *g
-~g OZ
q
z gzZa6,uJ
- ` W{zgzZ
Xg `
~g i {6,wjZ uF,
u0*
gzZ\z
/~*q
-Z Z
1:g _
OZ zz @*
p
pg {6,J
-u 6,t |
` yZgzZ wjuF,
u0*
L LyZx Z Wt ta [Z
uF,
B]Z| 0*
C
x X
Hk
,
/**

**
Zzsg R
V Zz
t | uge6,f yZgzZhZz yg Zq{g Z Z c*
^
Z 8 g- `{ F,
F,
gzZ LZuZ z k%Zyg Z
g q
-kZX q
-( .x **
yZgzZ \z
/ L LA7{
gLZuZgzZi Z+
M=s'
, LZuZz k%ZgzZ|
w}g Z Z F,
yzgzZ F,
a = q
-
HWt ~F,
Y 2012~gz
{zuZzyZg
wgzZ ......
X Y(Z V;}g
z~
Zz g !*
~Z
# X C qz Y 2012 ~gz
7
Zyy{yg ZqZ
# gWZk
,
iz+F,
w=g @*
uF,
wVKZ~ $;fgzZ /KZ t gZ}_s X HgH{ Z'
,
u
gLZuZz k%Z kZW7I\z
/ { {z~kZX \W
200

e
$Z { rg Vzg Z Z (hZz q
-s~uz X **
:
yg Z {z c*
Zz CJ
-ukZ ~ Vzg Z Z z :7 gzZD VrZ
Z
Z 7,V; LZ q
-kZX T e 9 : { Z'
,
u CZ W
Vzg Z Zz yZ {zX ` i ZgZz C~:7 gzZD
g ~ ...... wzN V
6,
u KZ c*
...... wzN LZ o )g f
Zw%Z kZ#
yg Z VrZgzZ :Wq
-Zqt 7Z X T e
uF,
z i ZLZuZz k%ZZ 7I LZuZz k%Z yV
g Zi !*
zZg wg+z t?
Hc*
VY { Z'
,
u OZgzZDVzg Z Z
-Z vmq
q
-Z~OZa: g Z*k~
c*
Wzz : ZX Zz Cai m
y;Z'
,
u ZzZz C7Z **
z~o kZVrZ:
g Z MZ s 6 mq
-Z pg
ue
$Zp
/Z X **
Zz
juF,
u 0*
gzZ V}g p
pg~1V
: 'Va LZ uF,
sZ L LyZ x gzZ ~^g?
(z VVfZ~}g Z Z t i Z+
M=} hg
Dw 0*
*ZzZ s #
uF,
` W 6 M
h
7WZz Z}
.t Zz 0*
6,gX g Y Vc*
g s
X gg a~i Zg EZ
Zzg)gzZ x
/
u:7 gzZDi Z Tz Zuz
0*
*Zz Z : { kg L L H { W6, ] l
Z #u
201

~ nz wF,
knq
-Z : { kg L LX
{ Z'
,
u{kZZ
# X zS6,#
yg ZX
X D k
,
i a 60 ~
) )q
-Z~ VjZF,WgZ MZu'
,
gzZ
HW6,tK wjZ Z~
z }q
-Z
))
(Z h
+'
x #
ygZ X g 0*
a 30
kg L LyZ tzq
-Z kZ X YW6,20 ZtN YK }g Z Z
id6,DZgzZ ~g ]**
JZ~yZX Y H4g V {
"
5G
4G
5E
a nkZ X Y ~ ~g {!*
: rZ6,2G
$Z6,}gZ Z k LZ : { kg HyZ #
f
uF,
t
~uzX M
h n
#
asp~wj
ZX Y1C6,
gf *Z ~g u{ E
+ZyZ Z

kg L LF,
~ yZ X gyZ VZ { E
+ Zg ZD
k #
uF,
}uz {z \z
/ L L{kgX Y1]{ E
+Z: {
X aLZ_ ZyWyZgzZ y Zg {z x OZ
Hh Z \z
/
DkZ ......N D YB; { kgt kZgzZ
yV2$#
...... ~u3,
C Z
ZI ~ :7 gzZ
yg Z yZgz{ {a * Z
ZhZz kZ~:7 gzZDX
~g ] l: { yzg s V Z
(gzZ Vzk
,
iz hZz #

I{ z Zz ]!*
NZ Cc*
~Y 2014 ag gzZ ~ qz
ZzgkZK {
$
+~yZXbqz],
Z] ls yZ
202

Q [z
Z'
,
gzZ Z\z
/p Y|Z ^
wkZKZs #
yg Z Dw 0*
*ZzZ x ]Z|
:X g
#
yg Z T D ` {gZ Z z q
-Z e gzZ g
Cyg Z -1
O !
y h * [ZX ~q~
Z~g 2 7ZX 7m
7Y ]ZZXZ% xFgzZ
ZF ~q~
Z
d
Wyg Z~i ZxDi Z k%Z \z
/
zkZ1X @*
YH
X Z
M i,
-:gzZ c*
z@
Z
kZ ;g Y c*
W,
@*
t ~}g !*
CZ VZs #
-2
{ Z'
,
u~gkZX ~ ~g6, Z
Z 22~g Zzg
rZs #
: {yzg Z
Z mP7kZ yg Z Z
?g `Y
] l~}g !*
xFK~
Z y * -3
QgzZ @*
7~
Z~xFVX @*
Y H7{ W c*
z ,
X D Y
~c*
zt ZgzZ~byx
) ) ;g Y H7 W,

@*
t q
-Z] l Z Z & -4
&RVzg Z Z Cc*
gzZR *]gRJX g 3o
;g Y c*
3 q
-Zh 7Z sDpp ] lZ
\z
/n 7!*
w1 s Zz n @*
x TX
X C
!*
9WN D Y}g Z Zz:7gzZDB;
203

/Z L L: ~g q

-Z W Z i>Zg i Z~ c*
z
X !*
{0
+
iLZuZ !*
{0
+
i k%Z XZg LZuZgzZ k%Z
{z X uZg Z ! l | wguk
,
i yg Z q
6,

u yZ D #
Zg { Z'
, VyZ O \z
/
VrZ X g Za wgt Zz e: F,
I yZ X
Cg \)Va4 !*
o LZo
/Z s
wEZ6,gg7]Zg (Z LZy Z Z }] ZZ
X,
~Y 2013 y #* Zj ug 0*
~i L
L Z s Z t
x Z:7~kZ ` s #
yg Z Vi ZLZuZ
\z
/~ yZ VZzg %] Z a
+C
bBD
+
gzZ]gzZ"LZyg ZX B; ]c*
Z@
w9Z~x ZyZfZ
~:7 1g
yZ ]gzZ )OGzg ~g* {z X}
/
6, #
!4,
gzZ Y
#
uF,
w=}g yZgzZg EZ Z Z 10*
16,]5
XT e**
0*
,
'
s
kZ t q
-Z ~
z] ZZDs #
yg Z
bkZ X L
Z
Z g ZD
F K ]ZZ V2!*

VzgZ ZvuF,
K 7 #
( {z Kp
/Z ]ZZ
]g Vz
/g u'
,s o {z ~g Z)f X K
204

&
gzi '! f /GG
wX ~yZy]zc*
6,
]ZZX {
Z
# gzZ Y Hi
A ]!*
O
b) zg0
+Z
W~ yZy7
-^n'i Z[fs kZ ;e **
yg Z x
~ ag gzZ c*
g s'
,g@*
Z ]!*
sx \z
/X
gzZ sZ kZ Z V Zz zi !*
N !*
a ]!*
NZ Cc*
Zz
y Z J
- ` W c*
{ W * a {6,: ]c@*
z ]>
X ;gyT
kZVX LZuZz k%Z} &
+Z e^c*
TtZz
Zz[Z%Zt X YY HyEZ6,z +
M yZ: $
Y 7
PVYBLZuZw yZp~k%Z Tgr
# [
Ts '
, #
yg Z {z ~ sg yZ 6,,
M ?
tzgx3,
aLZuZ [~g 6,+
M= jxi
+
LL
*
@Y c*
g Z
t i q
Z yZX qe
$l{ [f7Z X n
pg
Vz O [ b Z ~ xsZ yg Z
F,
yZa kZ X T e [
y- gzZ Z
X ~gzZ Cc*
g yZ [gzZ ]5Z'z
x
o z7,g 7k0*
\z
/[Z kZ p
?H H \z
/+F,
gZ kZaVz`
'gzZ VkZ B
X c*
{ Zgl
wz{h
+ayZ VF,

Cc*
{gW7CZs #
yg ZyZd {F,
nZ
205

i Z+
M= k
B ZkZzi !*
N !*
gzZ\z
/~]!*
NZ
`{g g ) F,
yg Za X Le 9 D Zg7 ~ F,
6,Vzgzica kZ c*
7
-
CZgzZ Wt '
-4X
a kZ ;gE- kg`!*
}g )kg`!*
~L L: E)GXg0*
c*
g WX
wDsZ V ~X H V < y
-4X
kZ[ZgzZX ;g J (,
W E)G\z
/ X Vz ( wZ )
G D w6Z V1 sZ L Lr LZ ~E Z}g
yZp Z}Z e [g Z 12 ` ~^bT [~:N
E
~ Z
/#
yg Z yx Hi4 H Z ZgZ ~
/
%~ !*

6^~ wj h F,
X Z e *LZ}B zi !*
N !*
gZ

/cyZp Z V;zX ~
w} $J
- X x
/
c
ZC
~ ]!*
NZ {gWi Z c*
Z
/#
yg Z V gzZ
Hc*
}
gzZ ]yg Z c*
D Zz w 0*
Z x BX Vc*
g
?D[x~Lh
+'
(KZ~wx ZuF,
] }
.
wCZ C1 Zg7}g7ts #
yg ZJ
-W]:Z ~y
W
%t Z VVz gzZ ~
/
%t Z
HH Z9akZ
X 1{@ J
L L F,
agi zgzZ F,
=g &
+F,

f
e x #
yg ZX :
Z'
,
t Vz
/c @
O%Z {@t{g !*
z t Z[ZX c*
yZ ~g Z'
,
}@kZ
7,Q~ m Z r
# /_
.\z
/ H kZgzZ k%Zh
+
1 J
206

~u kZV ] !*
Zt X N Y W:Zz(KZ ]5gzZ Y
[ Zh
ei p
6,
gZzwKZgzZX 1g ZZq
-KZr
#
X @*
YHgz!*
ayZ Lg: %zx {z~Vq LZ {z

207

} Z WgzZYpZ
+
$Y Mg
}pz6,wg{ F,
T g @*
yZ q
- ( Y pZ) vZ zZp K ]Z
! fgzZ x|] V- yZ ]c*
yZ ]Zg Zz
( {~ F,
m<!*
yzB yZ sVzg Z Zvz
4E
& ~##
/F
~X YKxZ{6,
: E
IxsZgzZyZd
[ x H~kZX Vzn'!*
Pz [' Z vZY
yZ
yZw
/
]} Z WgzZ V- yZgzZvZ
X YH_]Zg ZzT
~ Y 1986 { Z'
,
u K W* Z L L}g Z Z Vg r Zu F,
7@*
g r Z F,
WZk
,
iz F
L L~ gzZ ],
g
~kZX @
R
gzZ[zZ L Lx **
T[q
-Z~Y 2010
^gq
-Z } Z Wq
-vZ ~ p Z Zz s
E
.gzZ yi ZVzg Z} Z W 130 ~ ; Y 1990 T
y*E
G
208

O !
} Z W~ yZ {z @*
Hg~ \zg ~ VjZ LZ~
a ` L LZ
# ~ Y 1998 vZ x Z q
-X x a
E
~ k%Z )g f `g Y k,gzZ N*
/5Z z } Z W k%Z
kz J(, Z} Z W*g yQyZgz kZX Hq)**
]i YZ ;g
x x g
) )L LgzZ ~ ~0*
6,VjZ q
-kZ #

kzV.g { c*
i 20yZ yxgY 2004 Y 2002 gzZ
Hc*
uzg
~ Y 1992 X x a } Z W
C ] ZZ X
Hc*
4 "
\zg{ E
+Z} Z WX ~ ~0*
6,jZyZ #
yi Z
yZ ~ Z L^z kZ ?Se H Vzg Z yZ LZ K C~
]gz
1y4t Zz g @*
qzc^
, sZ)g f
E
{E
+XN*
/
5Nt a& V!*
yZX Wx yZ
Z F,
VrZ X r Z ~ .
} Z W c*
W6,
zZ
]gzH q kZ 7ZX H q 6, b~[r
E
~k%Z VMzN*
/st?mH yZzZpgzZ
VMp]Z f ztgzZW! pZ~q r
#
gzZ Vc*
g^yZX eggx **
CZ~
Zpg h
e eg +
/~ k%Z
kZ ?
qgzZ @*
y*Z H q ]Z|yZ syZ
G
(
5a
V
/
u]Z|yZ~ F,
[ZX 7]gzh
e E
X Ws
-Z LZ F,
q
WZk
,
iz c6,
W Zz Y 2013 c 17
209

wCZBc 17 k%Z x L L:6,gZz ~ [ Z

],
ZjZ wZ 2013 # 31 WZk
,
iz bZ X
k%Z~ F,
X k%Z kZ : 6,gZz ~}g !*
]Z Y
Zz c 17 VrZ X ~& kZ )OGzg LZ
i Z0
+Z mLZ D[Vz 2- 8 g- ~ }g !*
Zz
VrS pz ]ByZk
,
Z 7Z L L: 7~
y t O%Z X B Z @*
/q

-Z
\W[Z X :
#
yg Z q WZk
,
iz k%Z Zz c 17 i
:~ p Z s Zz yg Z qWZk
,
iz6, A
$X li Z
/
x Cg \ CZV Le **
C 7Z ~X g ; ~0Z w9ZL L
X 7g66,
pg~o LZX z
p
.
$ Z TwitterLZc 21~[ZkZk%Z
~}]k%ZgzZ F,
gzZ 7
~ li kZ k%Z
F,
#
~ W yZg VZ m,
/ Ct {z pXce Z e 7

k%Z e Zzt \z
/: ?~6,
C7Z
/
W,
@*
H0yZ **
wEZs #
F,
a C7
? @*

{ 0*
,\z
'
/ c
u &
a{ Z 2014 ~g31
4,
E dZzN F,~ OZ
'
,
i F,L L: Zj yZd
#

) ) yZgzZyg ZqWZk
,
izT e {zgzZ0*
210

Z'
, VrZ e: [xp~kZ Z
# k%Z X Y H
#
IxsZ F,
wEZq
-\z
/ Zz6,x **
F,
X ' g "m\z
/kZk%ZX g7Z
/
x **
gzZ Pc 17 WZk
,
iz F,
X
G
!Ozg CZ yZ ~ yZ
ngzZ iuY z ~g ugzZ VVzfZ:7 yZ Z
# sR
LZ vZ 6,g[ZkZ
kZK qz
$
+{ztX ~ $
+J#
yZgzZ yg ZqZ
# g~[q
-Z
$ #] ZZ :tp ZkZX ~g zmvZ-vZ
XX^m (
yL L:c*

vZ c*
V- [Z $
+kZ yg Zq
gzZ6,
$
+L L:gzZ XgpyZuzy!*
igzZB;T {z
] gzZ6,
$
+L LX
H0{q
-Z~F,
wtWZk
,
iz X ]
gh
+ZVYVrZ n
pgg V gzZIxsZvZ
/Z
|~w $
+akZZ
/
#
sZq
-Z ?Hg Z
? C~i ]!*
.
_
*Zzg R
LZuZgzZ ] V-
) ) kZ [Z
c*
y F,
WZk
,
iz Zz2013 c 17 X D7y*Z
xi
+
L L Zz Y { ~ 2010 #Zg li Z
/#
F,

Y7
Z'
,#
+Z ~ F,
LZuZ X g j
6,]g @*
Zzg jxi
+
L LkZX B
bgx3,
aV
211

ce h]i YZ LZuZV Zz Y jxi

+
L L:c*

vZ
F,
6,y kZyZ X 7LY Z Zz g* yY6,jxi
+
gzZ
t]!*
]X hgyZ Zz + FyZgzZ c*
Wt gh
+~
F,z ( V- )g f wjZ~ LZuZ
m
) ) vZ
!*
~ V c*
{ wj yZgzZ ggzgzi}g7 #
}
.
yZ L: gzZ V/xz g6L
) ) kZ : 7
$N , Cc*
#
Cc*
F,
E
xsZ X 1 x **
#
}
.
r V- w0*
\7 V|gzZ
8zg7 ~ Z
/
] ~ m~ { CZ f KZ g ] R
J
-V!*
g
]B~
{6,
g +Z ,q
t **
VZ m,
zW x Z
X C

212

y W0
+
iyW']z
y WgzZ 0
+
i
KZ ,q+Zz]z IY 5
t oL\vZ~VZgzZ Om{X +F,
G
z i Wg kZaX 3C
] 0E
b]LgzZ @*

yZ gzZ % Z e LZ Z
# ~ ^X ,q Vz ~
# Y 2~ eZV
/E
ypw Og:t [Z N
/Z G
zz zg0
+Z bZyg Zq~ F,
s~uz Yyp
BuQw kZ] B ! x Vi
X CYW6,
Vb" Vxh
+'
gzZ
w**
b
kZ VyZp ZgzZ %Z e
k;Z w2~g 6,kZ yyZX ~g Y
gzZTaJ
-w2Hp?7w2yZZr
# k;ZX
kZ : c*
@*
w 6,y!*
i]!*
w {z ]gzx
kZ
zC
{zX @*
u *~} #<yX @*
7,t
6,
213

R
LZ]!*
w1HYZ}
.),6,'\g- ~
^zg~wgzZs ~ KZ **
t V
{g 7Z'Zg 52kZac*
g j/X &
c*
C: s A
$ ;g ZgVV6,Vz! l
w6,.{z Z
# XH
{zCyZ kZ ~l
L L5 SLZ'? Le H **

g Zu5g Z zgzZCc*
M F,

kZ *QgzZ,g*
: m11 Le{z c*
3{z| m
6,
gZ- W
~$
+ D z k;Z \WX x ~ ^ z$
+z X
E
G
GQ N !N N L G
N4QL 4M]QS L LLLg Z X C z \W#
)M-QL E
&L Q Q N Q Z Q3E
Z ~g7
^zggzZ @*
s ( x Z ~g Zi Zg~ V LZ )
X @*
Y0
{zXn:x J
-k
,
YZ'
x~^}g ~Xq~uz
x3,
t ZyZgzZ ~g ]{ Z
ZCc*
M F,

LZ~0
+
i;%Z
F,
X
Sw x Zx c*
y)g Vo))g fu|gzZ YZ'

` Z ZV%q
-ZX Zs~ekZ ]Z|
$U*
"
bx **
LZp{z}vZ )yg Zq
z Z
# VZ'
,
u
% .
6,%
O g kZ [Z 6W H7 Z ( }
sVagr-ggzZ 3g~i Zg Z Vyj
wey F,` Z Z y;Z'
,
uq ]c*
kZ y ZX c*
J(,
B;
XyZ
/
uzyZp ZzyZZgzZ`
214

6, Z'
,
u ` X
gz V ~^}g \vZ
70
+ZgzgzZo Z Dy)Z'
,
~ Zig
Z0Z
UwYIVWg X izgPyZX ce
8x
ypgzZg OZ X !*
: i ~ 3gzZ UY
\vZ ? ]gz H ~ ! }X **
Z Z 9
! Z
ZgX} 6, wp}gvgzZ}gz ])~gv
x Zah
ewz c*
CV ZzY^Z
#
H
zkZ
6,
kZC
Vc*
VzZ e k0*
V Z X ,g DF
Xg s #
% g gz
ZXg^ V : g#
+Z ~ kz7, { ]g
X ~gzgx7
-Y7
-Y
yZx+F,
w=gzZq]P`
fg@*
F,
~ wq~ F,
gzZ X6,R Z Z~uzgzZ6,R X qVx ~(,z
~ 140 * LZ \z
/r
# vZ zZpt 6,R
C~DgzZ:7Z rgzwjd
$
1500
m L Ls { Z'
,
u \z
/kZ g 6,u Zz
5_Z6,z QgzZVzg Z:7 g "~ F,
R,G3G
LZ}~k%Z `
a Z
/ #
sq
-Z X qz z )g f ]Z|
yZZg yg Z s~uzgzZ N Y ] ZZVEZ$
+
~ F,
ag 30akZZg~gt X Y H
~
) ) KZ
215

6,
]!*
kZ'! fx ~ Z'
,
uLZuZzk%ZX ]!*
NZ Cc*

yg Zx **
~ ]!*
NZ Cc*
yZ
) ) yg Zq _ kZ
eg kg @ % agzZ h
ez~ ]!*
NZ Cg Za
F,
QX ug 0*
~i X N Yb} i Zzg
~ ] r
# [ZgzZZz h
e wtu7
-eZ Zi !*

z a Z
/#
I xsZ Dg eZ sZ
E
-Z ~ ^ ygZ qO Z X ~
/ eZ
Zzg
L 8 (Z q
W6,x O~tyZg^sq
-Z [ x uF,
u

a} '
,w Zy{kZ @*
y
KgegzZ @*

@*
0*
1! pkZ6,
yZdoyzg0
+Z {zs~uz BYag Z
gzZ @*
wV rg pkZ @*
D Z$
+k
,
izTLZ
qzc6,
W Ugs Vzg^` Z% @*
ZQyZd t Z
#
Vz kZ ~ Vz~
/
%z wZ gzZ { Z J
-
z kZ X
5_Z6,z QgzZg Z z yZfZ :7
Z$
+ VrZ b! n c*
s'
,R,G3G
6,}g
Z ) D _C~ Z$
+p 7a8{
X `
6,kZ x ZgzZ **
VZx Z (, Z%q=z $;f Z Z}
.C

{n yZX
Z ~i !*
r
# OX 7ebB yZxLZ
ZuZgzZ \7 | z0gZgzZ {z [ Z X
H ["
r Z"6,
x sZ 0Z LB
L S'5!*
gr~
216

 H yZ
z kZ ~ F,
X : z
B Z ZgzZ V;
Dqg [ k
B )**
izg { Z ~
/Z :
o**
? ;g
:qy
{ ZX Vz]Z Lg&
zZpvZ ap
pgo
/KZ~ F,
k%Z LL( 1)
zzC1 k%Z {gzZ 3g ~g Y ZZgzZ e
$ p C
q
-
Z KZ DwjZ ~ * ~ V P q
-kZ
-w]~) wk
J
,
e yWZk
,
izgzZ ]Z WZk
,
izX 1Z
6,yZ6, wjuF,
~ Z ~(,~ ) Vz ( g
( Y 2014~gz
5 k
B )**
izg X Hm,
/

% Z eB;
LZuZ z k%Z IV; z yZx zX N
5 Zg f
yZ ` WX D H s Z eB; 6,
) ) kZ Zz x !*
W
Wt yZ kZgzZ c*
H7Zgf yg Z _| (,

gzZ 0*
y V {kgyZ~ F,
X 3 ]P`

H Z Zg Z{za ~gZ {g YZ yZ~ VOZzD

- ` Wp 7 wX ` ZZ
J
) z Zg&

/Z [( uF,
!*
!*
) uF,
@*
Z L L~g
: 7,
kZ Zuz[ZX Y yg Z L
L vZ {z
Y
q
-Z ]Vzt XzZp<X Z gzZ ~g ZC
**
LL( 2)
bzZp ~g ZC
**
X agzZ ]c*
I
yZzz T og~ Z~(,~ )gzZ y 0*
217

{zk%Zzz ]ZgzZ q]~ * bzZp

g ~g Y ZZ s: q
- ~g ZC
**
! fv
X H Z Zg Z Z Z (,
~oq
-kZ bq
-
gzZ ~g **
T e It g h
+
! s ! Z"
kZ !Z gzZ Z[ZX cgz O]q
-Z Vz C
zZp
XN
7oq
-ZV- gZj yZgzZ k%Z [f
z kZ LL( 3)
yZwZ e ,i~ V 0*
yZz m,
Z @*
]gz Kg 0*
gz$q
-Z
! fX 3g Wg VrZ6,XnY zgV1x
( Y 2014~gz
5k
B )**
izg ) X
gwEZvZ akZ

Q~c ZgzZ V:gz$ I xsZ uF,

}vZ
b
zLZp7r}c*
7,
%x Zg X Vzg cu
X M
h{gmc*
" b
q6,R Z Z yZxuF,
m,
+C
{! x ~(,~uz
T yZx * {z qi Z Zt bTZt {z X
ZZ +g{ i ~d 6,V.g ggzZ VA)z
z
( T yZx {z q g Zt Z bTX 5a
kZt{ i @*
[ZX ]gmoLZuZ[%
Z

%O
~6, jxi
+
L L LZuZ
u
W
(: ZE
)**
izg )X ~ 7 e
$ Y Z gzZ yZz@* yv Zz
218

~g@a h
+zY [)g x H} kZ ( wZ Y 2014~gz
4#
Z
" @*
5G
)**
izg VrZ CW G
[Z ]DZ ( r
#
[Zo ZgzZbVZ~}g !*
#
F,
~ Z
X
g Zp F,
V^X ]Z f *z y!*
$gzZ g zg^\vZ
zx B]zV Zz ]c*
OX nz S Vz c*
g \vZ ~y
WXce ` ZZ
) z
Z
gzZ o Zz x x

X CYq~VgVz {zgaCZvZX

219

VZza
z
xzg g Z" F,
~ Y 1941 s6,
Z 27 vZ zZp
F,
X qI VrZ DX Za ~ Uzg L LV q
-Z
f *Z c*
x ZK~y!*
iF,
zjakZ 7 c L
L a~y!*
i
I X @*
Y Hk
,
gzZ 16,g z
Zp L L ~ g X @*
Y
zx Z Dq#
i 5~gQIYF,
VrZ
.)x ~oY~g utXbqz **
]
Z Z Z
6,g
kZX x ZugZCV ZgzZw@*
7,
Y]hwN
EO5!
6 { (Z "
$X D Y Y6,g E
x
/
uq
-Z {z yZgz
)}g {z%ZX ~g ZC
)V; }g 'l c*
'
VrZB)~ yZy"
$WB; q
-Zg Z kZ
,
k
50 0 <
D gz ZgzZq
-Z
t}
Z
Z 30 7Z b yzg ; x7[Z X BZ e
E
L j8? KZ yZ c*
~~^ pOpwbL L
220

}kZ {z~Y 1981Xg: R lpkZ4z@*

ceg
~g Y BB"
$zz VrZ @*
X p
Sg~l]+Z~V Cc*
F,
gzZy 0*
! fX 3g
w1 Y {z Y Z
ZZ6,x **
D
L
L yZ
% CZ }uz q
-Z sVz X gwJZ
kZ Zz 3!*
c*
W@*
6gzZ Sg ~g **
aa
gzZ/_
.m6,A~ qz ZX Tgy
s !*
M
h7
A
N L L6, : Zz@izLgzZ ]g z y
s !*
p(
gzZiZ ~ qz r
# Z D Yg D x

Zg t) VK *Zzg V26,
u! fa +
M(
W~Hu ={zgy
W ( ? $JHt
gzZ qz:gz
KZ
W s@ ] ZZ ZY 1999 ~gz
28 X s KZ
zJ
-[ZA
$X kC~h
e{ C~k%Z DuF,
os
X +
/{ Cc*
,
k
+;g~ykZg dZ~Qq
5
-Z
]5` WBr
# vZ zZp gIdF,
X X Y { c*
i:gzZ
za- zZ: {zX e
$.
%N~ ykZg dZ6,x cF
%Nq
LZ~ * {z yZgz;gnF
-Z
Je
$.x kZ X g6,D1 .
Zg f h
+]
.g Vzg zc
bg 6, Zz Y WC
B
@W{h
+ **
z {h
+ gzZ
HH Z
gy
%NkZ yZX
X YJ
-yZg y
Wq
-Z Dg 0*
zu g ZuZF
221

,yZ ~- zZ kZ X g7~ #
}
.\W- zZ kZ
{
\z
/D~r
#
Hc*
C D U}6,
i ZzW L LVM
~]100yZ { +
GN*
LL
6,yq
-Z 7Z g VzI wZZ L LgzZ H
c*

D qg V!*
# VrZ {zkZX
6,]c*
#LZiZ%g Z ~
{z 7q7Z~s Z Z ]!*
kZt2X U*

K ( ~}g !*
g z ) g
$ q ZPgzZ]c*
W *yW

)Z ?kL Lp gg D t~
g z gzZ
'
, <
Z E
{ z [ ZX
Hx|g
$ q Zz ]c*
WyZ6,yZw B
- zZ Nt nZX Tg D (Z~ D7W6,LZuZ
{6,
V UZtI]]
.Cc*
F,
DqgzZI#
ZyZ
Z}}~
@X YJ 7,
gkZgTkZX @*
VQ
yQ X
/YZ gkZ yZ yxg ,%
XB~
.Z! xpi Zx|gTMg
: q **
! Z F,

gzZ I F,
-Z vZ I VV *gzZ F,
q
LL
~ * ~g7 g zcyZX { Z'
,
uq
-gzZ g qzg
t [Z X g wwjZ (~ 90 k%Z VrZgzZ
6) f *Zx Z Z.
t X _ VJ
-VjZ 1500gzZ 140 Z
222

X }iuF,
~Y 1998av ] ZZ ( @*
YyZ
gzZ,
MZ VV !*
W~v'
,
k*Zy
s !*
VzgzZF,
{zX g ~g YgVzg zcLZ)gfyn
,
z8
-X q
q
-ZJ
-[Z {z~ k%Z @*
gzZg ~ Z
# ._ xsZ nmLZ ~ - zZ Sq
-Z g
?VYl7zgw 14{z16,
qkZX W6,
q
%NLZ ~ k7L L,qzgdt
X Tg~yknF

D +**
yZ A 7gkZ cg z W,
R yZ yZ
]5 r
# = ~ wqp- zZ }g **
zf
{ zX
%NyZ~X B]i YZ - zZgzZ
( bx mq
-Z ) ykF
F,
]!*
ZyZX k
,
+;g w 14{z~ykkZX Zq~
5
kZ szZ ZgX p kZ6,
C];zk
,
/**

F,
t B
:sfzgq X 7>%
? @*
g **
zf
- zZ \WzzH -1
B ,~ yZ0
+{ Lgq
-Z ~ :r
#
wJ7x Z ZyZ
VzgZ
/
Zpg - zZ~X V J (,
X V F,
g Z
/0
+
iKZ~e~:gzV@*

? 7
/
y{\W ~-2
Tg `x Z
/
z6,q
-Z }g ~F,:r
#
x bkZ V X gq Rf
$
/~ ] Z ]]
223

X gq
-~kgB~0*
&Zp@*
YYc*
`7
?zJ
-
WVkZg Z ]g._e
$ZzgsZ H -3
p sq
-Z wklV X 7(Z ! 7:r
#
n
pg]c*
gzmt Zg ~g ~}g !*
Vg
**
eVi 5x {)zgo QWWY ~Z eayZ
}~C
0
+
i Vgy~ g @*
~g7 |g Xce
( ~ ] zmvZ -g)gz } xsZ X H Z Zg Z CZ ~
E

~}( ]Z0` Zzi Z ) E

O ;X- vZgx Z]|gzZ~E8]| ]|
]!*
t g6,V VyZ X c*
J 7,/
VrZgzZ B
bg x q
-Z
wZ ~0*
6,yZzV
/
uVg CW~6,gZz
~V6,
C =] ZsZ` W $
+X @*
7Za
xsZ~* ~g7X CY{e0
+
i CVg
X Zq} "z6,
s
~}g !*
]xgzZ ]Z NZ ]Z f \Wv ~ o kZ -4
?,x H ebx \W
/ZyZX Y7
g~V~Le7**
J (,
W\WLZ~:r
#
]c*
LZBV
/
g Z LZ s~X 7L
ZX tyZt T= vz!*

kZ
/ZX V @*
! n
~'
,yZ3 Zg W g- iV eJ
-Vt t~
C
: ]z! X Y0{gZZ *~TYH ]Z
224

 X ceb7hg6,
gkZ $
Y7qq L L
R,
g e {+m\W x H \Wax ZO%Z -5
i Z0
+Z W,
Z b6,0
+
i yZ \W ? q~}g !*
VjZ
?n
pg
6,g CZ f ~VLe **
Zzt ~
:r
#

/Z cgz W,
Z ZX V 7q
-~ `ZgzZp
pg
CwjZ
=yxg}
/ZX )g fg gzZ VzZVzk
,
~
Z
Z,jyZ6, }g Z Z (i Z Z kZ ~ q i Z Z
*gzZ Z~ * yt ~X HwEZa
pg a: Z**
p
hZ Cc*
M
hq)g flgz6,V, Z
7~ #
}
. VV6& KZ gzZ Zz V
KZ Zz
X V Zz
6,g CZ f \W ZgzZ N e
$.
(t izZ !vZ y4
X q cgz W,
Z~ yZ\W%Z 7q
-~p
pg
CVjZ
}uz VrZ g Z
Z Zz a: Z**
gzZ Cc*
Q ! [p
kZ zg~ wq v W ~ o LZ V
KZ
X _ ZgV r
# p
N*
\Wz!*
kZ D7qzV\W -6
Hi ZzW VM
~ Z
Z 100 yZ {+
G
` W? zz H kZ X g Y kC ] ~(,` W]gzT
225

?'G
g]!*
yZvTM
h Hh
+'
IwZZ
7Zp,i ZzW~IwZZ~*p
/Z :r
#
t ]!*
Z { c*
ih
+
X @*
Y]zZ **
6,y.q
-Z
? YYH76,
gwVkZF,
HX ,76,
g%q
-Zp
,' CZ
/Z =? Y0wVkZ {t gzZ q
-tH
kZh
+
X g 7~g^gzZ p~ * 7 \WLZ
76,ggZZ KZ :gzZn7wVhZ zz
F,]yZ}X gz (ZvZ Y
yZ yQ6,pn
c*
\W
/ZX ;g Y HwJkZ W W ` Wp
HH7xl~
T (Z q
-Z e
$g/ ~ 6 w 20 ` W
X q #

z kZ Vc*
zm 7q
X c*
:
KWh
+=gzZ Hg Z u
\WV Tg~ x ~g/, Z q
-Z \W
/Z It \W -7
HX 7]gz#
ngzZ Q q ~ Zi WZgZ
?:q ~ Zi WtZgZV VM
h} wV+Z\W
?ce**
H7Z~wg+ZgzZ
- ; Y 1950 ~ Z * F,
J
:r
#
~0
<
+
i
J
-VX 7q ~ Zi WIV
# c*
Z
=X @*
Le **

/ZX 7]i YZ 6,
yZgzM zwj%q
-Z ~/w 6 ~ wjZZ~
226

X c*
~ {6,g Zw 6,= Z Z i ~
~ w~ ZZ~ [ZkZ sq
-Z ` WX @*
!*
{ c*
i Zz
<
X g pys~uz g D v
7t! [p! r
# [pX 7]i YZ
/
a1zg
C
{\Wh
+
? H{z c*
]i YZ qT<
6,
,Z c*
C
` W X Y c*
7 w Zuz ]i YZ kZ <

X g
z ,q XV| o V ~ V
}~Eq
-Zstpce **
CZG
!OzgZ6,q
-Z+
M
KZ ~g7
E
t wZ?M
hqkZ HX Yq )g f6U*
> hI$
E
?Y H HJ
-A
$: q6U*
> hI$gzZ G
!Ozg Z6,t J
-Z
#
[Z N +
M ~g 6,
kZn:qgzZX,qZe
X A
v X {
p \W gzZ D \Wv -8
h\W {
M
p ] ZZ yZgzZ N YW:Zz F,
\W T e
?ce**
Y\WHX
~}g !*
T ~y
W:gzZ V W(Z : ~:r
#
V26,hVz9 vZ ._ g @*
X V CY 0*
Zg W
V h
+
4NwgkZX H o #gzZ VIzg
# z b 9]!*
s
KZ c*
H77 j
g \WLZt
Zz]!*
t
/Z L L:ce IV- Dg6,kZZ
# X 0*
7
227

q~ }g !*
T 7q +Z a V k0*
}g n
{Z
+ X N 0*
7# ~ V LZ s }g {z YZ
vF,
gzZ yDg ~ Vz *Xce bVzuz
ugzZ]Z W,
@*
tyZ)g fTce **
CZtzg (ZX W,
OkZ
bzgJ6,g~vce t|tpX
<XX M

z \W7 et Z E
h7sp{zTD Zz
X V,{h
+IgzZ[8
kZ \W0*
# '!*
~ VZ\W -9
? H~}g !*
t]!*
X YY V- zZiZA kZ :r
#
t gzZ X Lg @*
g Z ~ ]c*
gzZ aKZ y
KZce h
P ~~ y*q
-Z LZ wFX Lg
zC
y kZ
$` W\WHVZ]Z
4E
\WgzZ ?\W zE
0G
{z \W~ V Zz Wt [Z
kZ ? v z
X ` W\WV7
W,
Z6,] gzZ ]c*
\W)OGzg yZgzZg Z \W
+Z
yZgziZ% V>k<
Z E)Z L L~ ; Y 1990 X Di Z0
]!*
kZ=gzZ 5 4{ c*
i K Z
Z q ]c*
)Z=
s Z Z ]!*
kZX Vz U*
6,]c*
LZ~ Z kZ ]gz
t~Kx|g
$ qZgzZ ] c*
W 7q= ~
228

gzZW6,] Z ~ g
$ qZgzZ u0*
yW
t = X V ;gg D
x {z s@kZ 7g zc<
ms@kZ y#

W~ Z (Z ]zZ X $
Y 0*
~ ]
~ V Zzp
pg } Zg Z: 2X
H7~:
g
]q
z kZgzZ:yZgzZ Vzk
,
gzZ Vzk
,

)Z L LX c*
~ ~ e V>k <
Z E
7 7Z % A ~
V ~}g !*
V|gzZt
Hgz Z
Hc*
:
KWV@
}g !*
T H7x (Z L ~X x3,
]c*

+Z x?Zm\WX ~ ]x?Zm\W: t = ~
-Z @*
q
} 9a { i ;g ~ q
-Z ,
z > }Zm\W7~kZ XngZ x Z Zay
KZ {]
kZ t wZg Dg (Z G
!Ozg x3,
a /x?Z
]z z Ys \WgzZz Y6,x?Zm\W ? H H~$
+
CY{gRyZ kZ HV@J
-h
eyYgzZ C
i
XOgtzg: {zOgtzg: *z
W6,] ZZ LZuZ ~ ~ |q
-Zt
#
V.pgzZ ~
/c ~~VZK4Zp
X D~{ k
H":
KX
?Kg (Zx VY~*Z \W:wZ
o VIzg n=~Y:Zz F,
p
/Z :r
#
229

{z ~ T , Z m}
.= @*
7
W{z~;*gzZ~Y 1990i WT~g/
D VZ {Z
+3Zz~t h]!*
kZ=X J (,
-~*gzZ F,
q
X,% Z e~#

X *
*y!*
Zph

+3Zzz={ Vzg g
1 !*
Zph
+3Zz z=V @*
kCt~
]
}
.0 e
$~g/J
-Z
# xg DJ
-
z kZB
x ZZgzZ VZ Z ~}g !*
LZ ~ F,
~ yZgz kZ VW'
,h
+'
X D Y 7
yZ ~ V X VY[ b &ZgzZ {g e s VZ F,
X @yj6,
{ c*
i(t=X V@*
W,
O gzZVgzVE.6,
x
WkZg ;g k%Zr
# zZpgzZ Zr
# ~g )
o LZBB +
M
KZ yjV;z ]Z|Vz X
@*
/W[zZ~yj6,yZg rLyZgz kZX g#

}
.
q
-Z gzZ g q
-Z c
eZ V LZ LZ {z
VrZ bZ o VZza
p Zz k%Z X i Z0
+Z
g ~h r
# zZpgzZr
# )aVg Z'
,
F,
zy 0*
! ]g~y4X Wx ]gz
1gzZg @*

230

'3
:gq
-Z
s { 3
]5 V2z LZ
g''q
-k#z (LZuZz k%Z Z
# V yZ
% ivZ [ 'gzZeZ uF,
F,
'' g^] LG
gq
-Z V; }g Z H Z9yZd s #

Z e ~ }g !*
F,
x **
)
,
L L( ~g@a h
+zY [)
Cg y 0*
F,
6,
C V!*
P gzZ CZz ~ T
yZd { F,bkZ X b }gt Zj ]
$U*
"
t z g @*
Z [ q
-k#z (sZ \z
/ L LV
Z I: Dx Z
z ~g }g H
y 0*
#
Z
z `z yZd F,X n
pg w ]Z
Vzk
,
)gzZ ~g ) ce Wp]!*
.: Zg^ 7ZV c
_
231

 Z bt ~ w}X c*
g O$ c: Zg Z'
, g
X#
}
.Izo:
kZsX VZ]& ZjF,
g szc}g
\z
/]VttZz ?
z Vzit a kZ H
m \z
/X PM tZg
z":7 gzZDuF,
W,
Zk
,
i
Z Z W L
L WJ
-ukZ V yZ yxf
$@ Zzp
pg
aV
/
uk#~* ( e
$wzt
KZ L L ) {g Z Zk#uF,
**

X c*
qz**
Z/
!4,
6,

rg]( ZgzZ szc
~g Z yZgz]W[cgzZ!i~ y 0*
}g Z Z kZ
@*
W7X
KZ V~*X ,x Z] }
.g Zg dZgzZ
x
~ wqX @*
WWB ] }
._" KZ {g Z Zt
k n
L Lq
-Z X g Y ZZ uR,& kZ a +`
'
**
6,x ZZ kZXZ~ yZ Z h Zg ?Y6,yZ r
# f
$@
V26,
uLZ {z c*
Zz Z
ZhZz \z
/pZ:
Z Zq
-Zo LZakZ7Z eX M
hYJ
-u6,
%kZ ZX} 7,**
: VY x ZZ ] {Z L L6,}g Z Z g
VA\z
/~r Z Zg f uF,

H7zgVR,
Z
X ZzW'
,
Z~ `)g f
X/w{i WkZ c*
qz oeg {z LZuZz k%ZO Z
gzZ ;w9Zg
/
ggq
-Z
~Zz6,uux

232

X g Y g z'
, Za wq ]g]Z Y
~g
/
zz TfZ :7 q
-Z \z
/%kZg Z~
/
%
y ]i 6,uuF,
x
@*
~ x ZB p
w0Z w9Z
YL
X Y ~yZdgzZq
-Z#
yg ZgzZZ9JZ
tNX D Ws]& VZ~!*
{P[Z
:sX ]zBLZuZF,

gzZCc*
F,
spF,
Z
# BosZ Z@*
ZF,
v L L
~ F,
sg eZZ vZgzZ yg Z q @*
"
$U*
yg e
gzZ ~ Zi WWI ~0*
6,[ZyVzK53Zz ]c*
Zzg sZ

CyZX wV]
g7uF,
s LZuZgzZ k%Z
! - Z+Z b &yg e vZgzZyg ZqgzZ
c*
gsZ ` WF,
6,
VM yg Zqt D Y wt pD"
$U*
}gz F,
g LZuZgzZ H {gz LZuZ ~ Y 2005
{F,WF,
~Y 2007m,
cygZuZ ~ ]
[ g 0*
uF,
yZ HwLZ wNZN yZ s: ]
o sZ 0g,ZLZuZ m,
cyV- c*
Zz
sZ * F,
gzZ Zqi Z Z [ kZgzZp
pgx~ g 0*
BLZuZF,
` W~ Z ZgZuZ T
Ho
( Y 2013c 25|$
+ Z)**
izg ) X ](gzZ QCg
gsZuZz{zyg Zq w
z
tx Hs
233

~ kZ xg ) ZgzL L Zz ~ k- e Cg ^
,
T
^!*
kZ6,Y:
z k
,
~ [Zk
,
m,
cygZuZ
LZuZ VrZ~Ty: p{zgZuZzzkZX c*

~ w{z } 7,]gz
/Z X 7q6,x O K ~ {
X }7m,
/

x ZZbkZ
6,bzg VzLyZ V!*
+Z ;g a
z _7,,St Zg
X { ~d ~ ZZ **
jxi
+
L L Cg* H
Z Z W,
t ZZ J
-yZh {
/
V
N ZgzZ * ~g7 V.g k#gzZVAuF,
~TX
gLZ {%%} z L Li ~dq
-Z~ Vzg { Z Z XK
a1zgkZ VZuZ X 5a ZZ V xz
uF,
J W Zz LyZX c*
w1ZzJ6,kZgzZ H{C
b
*gzZ c*
WZwL ZyZZg7 qwZ Z
# /V.g
o {z F,
c*
X ~ 7, ~ V/ALZuZ Z W,
Z (Z kZ~
CgzpkZ f
eZg ]c*
Zzg Z ZgzZ ]P`

tT
xZ Z x { c*
Zgz!*
7ZgzZ Z e hfV~f *
g @*
Z 7,**
{q ZZgzZ Wt e
$'
,
,
'
z
D z LZuZX
yg Z {z~ 7,
#
**
]gm#
osZTZ%~
X
]!*
V; LZm,
cyc*
{gz LZuZJ
-V
234

y,g Z- aV~LZuZZ
# ]!*
VyZt7x
uZz }gz kZ X [yZ Zzgg Js +ggzZ
X} hg 'Zg " gzZ ZuW" !*
V/{z **
kZZ
]!*
.V *kZ ( d
_
$
kZ: ) Y d
$
kZ 2

s sZ 6,eg kg ]!*
t X **
{ W
Y
& F,
~g7 F,
gzZ ~ I L E
]BLZuZ
K wEZ p Z +F,
J6,R~g uaLZuZ T ouZz *
uF,
#
{t ]!*
](Cg LZuZJ
-VX
i Z x ZZ yZX jgzgzZ A ~ PgzZt X 7{
X ~ !*
Y Za r ZtTYYc*

7#
kZ
:g szc}g X:
i Z0
+Z: ])gzZ {)NZuz

tD YwtD b]c*
ZzgsZ~F,
LL
ZgzZ qNG~ F,
~ T gz vZgzZ yg ZqI xsZ
D Y 3~ F,
s:Zg etgzZ g0Zg e ey
/8Fp\WX g[Zy
p y 0*

gzZ yg Z q
/Z ! G
qNGgzZ y ZQt ! - Z +Z b &y` WvZ
~ F, Z s]!*
? g } VY ]i YZ VZg e )
o yg e Cc*
F,
-Z sgzZ sF,
q
Z
# gl
c*
g
uF,
M
ho sZ yg e Cc*
F,
{ c*
i { c*
iZ
V Bt ` yYt v h
)
,gzZ Zz ~ ] LZ
235

 F,
tX7~gZa *sZJ
-u {`
X C~ Zi WIsV;z@*
7<

4Z Zg s
# z T ~ Z e zgZ y*q
-Z bkZ
e gzZ i Z
# g c*
gz Cc*
F,
Zg et V
gz X gq}C
yZ i X : ]i YZ
kZgzZ x **
qg sxsZ #
uF,
{ **
+
$
X rz
J~ *gzZ M
" 2 ~/ [Zy

WZg **
6,Y `~y 0*
VZge yZ #
{F,
h7~0*
M
6,kZo {z Z
# y op Hg Z
7 ` V; LZ 7Z Z
# yZx y 0*
? et o yz
kZy
M '~ p Z q
-Z
gzZ \ M ?g x Z zg
?A H
a e vZguF,
w kZ Z
# c*
Mg
6,kZ ~q}wyZxuF,
~ w,L L: qu ]Zg Z
y LZ n
pg |
# LZ uF,
~t:
VrZX: Z
Z,jVzI xsZ } kZ ~gz **
c*
)g f
[Z F,
X 7o6,g~guF,
:t kZ L L:
KZ ~4~wq]g bTIxsZV X o
gzZ : ~g^ : Zg Z'
,Z
Z,jyZ g
V!*
x yZ[Z X : ~Is Zt X CuyZ { k
H
236

X *
@YH ZjC
b0
+
i! f ZzY0*
~}F,

#
{V;z ~0*
6,k]sZ e i yZ f Z J
-w,V
#

/
m7! Zy
C
V#V#{z b x ZZt wk
s Z E
LG
~}q
-Z kZ~kZy ` ~oTX 7
{z )OGzgw): Z
Z,jkZ H#
ygZ
yZg x H}g zz ~
CkZh
+
X YY H
{W{z yZ yZ bTX,{C
b bzg4gz{z {WX 7
X,7(~k
,
KZ ~g ZaL L
:
5X Ne
$.nZ Z Z
g eg WhZY gzZ ~g Z0
+ZZ^Sg~F,
yg Zq
gtL L
-8F
4F
5.G
ZZt H Z96,VLZs:g F%Z VrZX EG
q
z D
tg~f t \WpW ~ g
F,
X T e pgzZ Z F,
st X 7xsZ ~ r yg Z
~ CZ yg Z q +Z
+}g Z
# 7 ce )
,
` WX gw5VE 0*
~wF,
x ZgzZsz^
y6,8{ uF,
~ Y 1922 g D i kZ
` WF,
gzZ~z quF,
- ` W{z`q
J
- z hgy*zy
( !*
!Zj ) X g @*
|z !*
kZ

gz}uF,
ay q
-Z gx H}g 4
R'
,J
- ` WuF,
X J 7,qy
Zz { Z: X 7
237

xk
B ~ ^g- igzZ ~ VrZ7yZ kZV
Z X g- i kZ J
-qy
X 5F,
yZgz xz
` WgzZ
HHwEZ6,g Z
ZZ J F,
wJ e~ V O]
R'
,
ggZ
M ZkZ ~96,
x TuuF,
~ D 3 V y 0*
!*
t Z]
.Zz Y !*
W}g ` WgzZ
gZg egzZg Z0
+z uF,
} Z{z
H 0*
~ F,
X g
{z X H g L LVE 0*
WC
J
- x
V o {z * ]
d~ugzZ F,X @*
: t
K:
\W~
z
tOVZ {Z
+ kZ X CY ] w VE 0*
{zXg Z
/ VzVyZ\WLZp;W,G
&
&tzgtGX 7x g~
bkZZgX b & Z LE
VF,
X K `g ~ V> 6,F,LZ ]uZz
uF,
%Z X @*
g Z " gzZ _" y 0*
g }g n
pgtzgzG Z
ZhZzwjuF,
u 0*
gzZ\z
/
ZgX B7 CZy 0*
uF,
x c*
uF,
g Zgp
~i Z0
+Z]gzp y 0*
}} L L6,T8 Yk
,
'kZ
F,
X c*
`6,gg Z y 0*
Z #
uF,
gzZ
t |X _7,: Z F,y 0*
( y 0*
} } ) V/&yZ
D Y 0*
~ w x ]Z: Zg Z'
,, Z}g ~ *
/Z
+4KZaJ m
yZz6,"_
.]g[pkZX uF,
{z
238

454Xe**
G
~ uF,
x gzZ uF,
q
-ZXce **
4 cX G
g z'
,/z
xz Vzg^ LZ g O$ckZ:gzXce **
t

XN Y

239

+
$YwjZuF,
u0*
!r
# i
+Z[

# zq
s
-Z

CY 7s
# z q
-Z6,e
$Z@
jZ uF,
u0*
L L}g
L L :yZ>~ }g Y 2014 ~g 9@*3[{ izg 8
X g{
/]1Z ?'k
,
tX 0 J
-
BB x Z Z w+Z gzZt K ~ '
y 0*

jZ uF,
u 0*
L
L B~gzs
# z ]!*
kZ }g
yZ~ y 0*
X ()gzZ gt ~
d
$6,gm{X {Z
+VE 0*
x ~T F,
zy
KZ~
$ g f CZ {z @*
gzZl 0G
**
Z
]c*
gz~
CV gzZq]gz
{z @*
*
*Z
Z,jVyZX .
lpg izg
X 40
+
iLZ{ "
$
Zi W6,
g #
D
L Lq
-yZgzZvZ [
jZuF,
u 0*
LL
240

gZ IgzZx ZZzx OZjZ uF,

u 0*
[X )Z ~'
,
gzZ
~g^
KZ {g Z Zt X cgz W,
Z yZ6,}g Z Z :gzZ 7m
kZgzZvZ [gzZ ~gUpKZ}g X ;g Yc*
`6,} Z
(Z B kZX Dw ~gz0
+
K Zz) q
-
T e **
Zz kZ @*
C
mB [ t
kZ c*
)jZ uF,

u0*
gzi6,kZz}g X
7!*
~g^ gzZ mZz n ZjgzZ c*
( V- Z
X 7 {z~g^
KZjZyZX
gzZ F,
q]oVkZgzZg Z: kZ vZ [
}g %K { Zg Z q c*
Z
Z,j ~ yZ ~ yz
+Zi q
Z
-Z ]uZzDqgzZ Z6,~ g @*
F,
I
X $
Yg (Z]Z
]uZzgzZ g@*
V@yt5\W Tt~ ZZ
gzZ] g Z~g@*
{gzZgZ[X @*
i Z0
+Z W,
Z6,
X q[**
} i Z0
+Z
6,g ZjBV~g aG@*
gzZ s
# z ZgkZs
Z
+Zi606,
b)V gzZxsZ [X $
Y7
X YYH7yZ
7**
7,~ i Cc*
gzZ }I c ( z }g @*
4~x LZ)g f}h
+`

\Wc*
$\W{z :gzZ T e
e
241

X DkC]gzyzag
os

# z kZ~}h
+`
LZ\W
/ZVg\W
Xg(Z {g e k0*
}g:gz,(
yN\W
yZZg yZo
M.A, LL.B Hons, LL.M.
Advocate High Court
For and on behalf of Juridicum

242

!
+
iq
-Z
!r
# Lzi
+ZyZZg yZo[x H

M'
,
zvZ G
*9gzx?Ziz
c*
gzi\ M~kZX ~\Yzs
# z\ M ! ` Z'

7Zz nc*
m \z
/ VzgZ Z (!\ M

s
# z gZ sf `g)g fLZ
Zpg \ M X
\WX Y c*
x Z { Za Zjq @*

X,kCpe
$.Ys
# z
( (hizmetmovement 4z$
D
x ^ r
# vZ -1
: `gBx Z
/wjZuF,
u 0*
6,
$d
V
$zo M

~ | s ^uF,
X ~ c Z {g !*
z F,
V; 9
X
VjZ
wjZ uF,
u 0*
~|T f "kZkZ
X K
243

6,
http://hizmetnews.com V
$d
$zo M KZ r
# -2
uZz OY wjZ uF,u 0*
6,g Vp
Vzg Z Z k#z ( yZ
X Y^izkZ C
X {E
+
6,
g}g Z Z
Zz q
-kZ ~ *6,v [
+Zzgz wjZ -3
: ~
zVj

q~ yZX x **
uF,
u 0*
~y 0*
wj
S~}g!*
Z F,
F,
gzZ uF,
@*
Z w ]]z Zz
x9LgLgy 0*
~ T ~ k
,
{z BX H
uF,
@*
Z~:gzZ ;g : Z F,
O we q
-Zt V
X k
,
x M
~ k
,
q
-Z r
# ~ V
$ d
$z o M juF,
u 0*
-4
u 0*
~sg k
,
kZ ~ d
$q
-Z~gX
: CC+**
$d
V
$ztwjZuF,

yz ;gE- [gzZ +
$Y +
GQ 2012 21
yZ ~ zg ]c*
vZ { VgzZ y
KZ V
uF,
u 0*
=q
-^kZvZ X q
-Z~g
......... g `wjZ
:p Z^g7gq
-ZZN*
ug c*
E-5

p Z z} (,
kZX XZ r vZ wjZ uF,
u0*
X
HHf sg q
-yZgzZr
# ~
244

:V- QTq
-Z~yZ e)**
izg2012 '
,
Z -6 13

a F, ~ "#
| }g Z Z uF,
-Z
q
t #
|X
}g Z Z ^g M ~ "}g7
~ ] { Z'
,
u 4zvZ s M 4 hZ wjZ uF,
u 0*

yZt gw**
zZ X ggw**
zZ ] z X z Zz M
(~T
q
-Z6,] zhg $ZZ|izg]Z
(Murat M.

^g **
zZ Z%F,
~d
$X H6,
~
X
Vzi y FvgzZ ( Onart

zg6,g Z vZ a F, (~ F, g **

hY K i l &
M
+ Z
/q
-Z b) x t s Z e
{g VZh
+'
~VzJ Mo {zkZvZ h
+'
VrZX
hZbs M ^3ZyZg 3Zzf By 0*
X g `wjZ
wjZ uF,
u 0*
gw**
zZX
HHyz~ V1ZY (
gzZZZ {g Z Zg gzZ Hg Z p ~(,
~zugz,
M 4 hZ
~ } }i~ c Z
/Z g !*
a F3Z ~g
2012)'
,
Z 13iEyZ e )

X Y

http://dawn.com/2012/10/13/turkish-firm-offers-to-set-up-schools-in-sindh/

sgg~ yZy(4z~ c*
bz-7
:

Zz q
-kZ X u ~ yZy (4z
245

~
e gzZX gq20 ~ VjZ
q
-kZ ._} i Z0
+Zq
-ZX { c*
i ZVjZyZX CY
uF,
u0*
~
zkZX wjZZ
+Zi1000 ~*gzZ 300 ~F,
X sfzgqX
x **
4 hZjZ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement
http://www.turkokullari.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=14&Itemid=22

}g Z Z (\z
/} aut
/Z x {z kZ
6,

uz Zg Cc*
wjuF,
u0*
} aut c*
? H~ y 0*
x **
(Z y
M X @*
Y c*
C mb!*
gzZ *g Vz Zg Z ? y ( ^c*

)
+ !
X
i tx{ Zgi Z ? VY
x?Zz
g{

246

QZ
# gzZ
kZ ~ F,
X qz **
Q g f \z
/g y
W
% ikZ~ y 0*
kZ Vzg Z Z Zz 46,
uLG
k
,
W[k
,
i
z k%Z ;g h x z Y {z kZ bkZ X c*
qz] Y Z'
,g Z
gzZ J m
yZz6, ! fgzZ xi Z~ * sZ yz LZuZ
sq
-ZX
HYa yp V g Z VzI xsZ F,
yg ZqZ
# g WZk
,
iz +F,
f gzZ +F,
w= g @*
uF,
~ F,
gzZVzg IZ:7470yZ f
ex i: Z8gzZ 70
+Zgz Z
Diz ]Zg (ZzZ
LZ VM c*
! nc*
s'
,
V 96
TWx
6,
ukZ LZ O~g Z z
Zz ~ y 0*
s}uz X c*
Zz Cg a y kZ 7Z
\z
/ yZ s
# zZ ujZ uF,
u0*
G
.*kZ ~ZX n
~i !*
Z OE
pg7mc*
ZznyZ {zgzZ7m
~Z nV 0*
]Z|yZ y" {z 60
+Zt:X :yZ
247

i Z0
+Z kZ[Zg Zz ZckZ Vz~X "
$U*
{ e
$g ~
V
xx H}X YH{g Zz6,]Zx V~
XWZzW~yZgzZ

X () {}g Z Z (t( 1) L L: V- g Zz
{z @*
*
* Z
]c*
gz~
CVd
$6,gm{X F,
zyyZ
X .
ll=g f CZ
m6,
g #
D
L Lq
-yZgzZvZ juF,
u0*
( 2)
X 7Zz bq
-(kZyZX
Vzq]oVgzZgZ: yZgzZ vZ [( 3)
kZ ;gByZQgzZ H VrZ VDq~ F,
bz!*
X $
Y]ZZ
+Ziq
-Z
Z
+Zi 60 6,b)V gzZxsZ [( 4)
X YYH7yZX
X s Z eg ZzK
M F,
-Z6,
q
V<Z[Z
~c*
izZ Y +Zx * ! Zz[ n0 ]!*
( 1)
-4X
L
L !*
Vzg Z Z (~ F,E)Gk],
bjZ
S~{gzZ () x }~ w1 xsZ
1X
/
uk#z (G
{gz6,
VgzZ Z hg wZ L L w1xsZ L Lx g{kZy
s !*

0*
w q(~ o ~g u | g izg
Zg f [Z X 3g } ~ : Z'
,
Y xi ZF,
-w,~ Z'
J
,
u
248

 !*
WxsZ L Lt g izg Z'
,L L\W Bh
e
~ F,
X Y0: !*
W: *W L Lt},g e: VYX p=
t? y B: $ VzDqZ
/#
s\W
Vq]gzgzZ
d
$ Vzg Z Z yZ c*

[p \W
d
$Z'
,L LX **
.
g izggzZ **
Z
] c*
gz~
C
y 0*
}g7 \W Hpc*
CZ [p \Wt g izg Z'
,L LO
Vd
$e
$Z~ T c*
~ d
$ M
h 3 wjZ (Z CZ~
yZgzZ~VQwjZ\W ?CY~:c*
j7Z
XM
h7Z Z LyZ0
+{d
$VP
g Z8 Zzn!gzZW \z
/ wjZ uF,
u 0*
LL( 2)
g g Zh
+L L: ]zgq
-ZX Yc*
g Z
Zz0Z] gz}g
r
# x Ht X X 7 &
+
e _g Zz gzZ D 7
~ Zz j \W LZ VrZ x ] Z a
LZs #
{F,
~ 0
+
iyZ {z c*
sg
X
HZz *gzZ !*
,z { n~yZy6,
'
}g
Zk%ZVCc*

D6,Zz yZJ
- {g yZ {gz6,yZJ
-ukZ
%N YZ}
VzIxsZ uG
t
.X ggZ ]Y Z'
,
8yZ W` W
N x ZgzZ xC
/wgzZ {g 0F,
c*
]ZxVE!*

1 Ug 6,yZd K } 9 s\z
/kZ yg Z q
g7YyZDgzZ:7
) gzZ$;f ~g70*
249

V! )[Z {z HyZ kZgzZX c*

B! xi W
4)O!yZ Zz 6,}g
) X x w V yZ x E
LG
Z
/Z yg Z 5#x Z Ze
#
$2- 8g- gzZ !*
WV!
# ) Zz g gzZ %z LZ g zZ X g W1 t
r
gyZ W~Z (
6,
u qzgg
) )L L
B hg V Z
( 0*
~ eg kg%$
+Vc*
g Z z
V =X c*
{i ] Vzq]o * LZ
akZ q
-(kZJ
- ` Wv Hg Z kZq]o
X g^~ Z'
,
ur
# {zhZz
kz Z ,Z !*
g Z W \z
/ wjZ uF,
u0*
+A \
/E:U! ZkZxZgi Z X 7m Vz0
G
+Z ZL L: ]Zg
~gE- zF,
]ZcZgwjZuF,
u0*
X
-(\z
q
/]okZJ
- 0*
\W
#
}
.7'!*
PaMg X wjZuF,
u0*
g Zb
] \z
/gzZ VzgZ Z (yZ6,R(gzZ D ~g u X
]gz
1 X p,qX Y Zz ! l ZgzZ Z z
X N Y~7 g gZ
#
\z
/kZ \vZ Y { i Z0
+Z XV@*
k
,
'!*
PV
b#
ZgzZ HyZ Z (,H XF,
yZd{ Za
TV }Y ,kZv:Z~X $ ni 6 c*
FZ} (,q
-Z
250

~y 0*
aVzg Z Z (yZ~Y 1994%w ` W
_" yZ ~ i W x ~ y 0*
X H m,
?x **
w jZ uF,
u 0*
LL
V.g O W*gzZ c*
{ ZyZ r
# 6, yz
]Z|Vz y VX 3g ySCZyZ y &~ q Z:
z Z r
# yZ ~ X @*
~ w q
-Z**

W8 yZ VrZ ZD*Zzgr
# LZuZzM%ZgzZ
~p ~]i YZ '!*
tBx **
LZ VrZ ` WX g (Z
wjZ uF,
u 0*
X V
rgpa
z
osg yZ wZ
\zgVAVzt X D yJ'
,yZX ysZ ~]I],
Z e
wjZ uF,
u 0*
X : mJ
-gzgz yZq Wy 0*
~
~ Y 1996 wP X $
& ! lgZ yZ xg cZg
X c*
} Z6, ];zx**
}g Z Z kZ Y :Zz F,
Vz yZ
(^kZ}vP ~ &
/Z Sgi Zgv];z yZ
X @: ~0*
6,
Vzg Z Z
x a} Z Wt CtzzgzZ ~0*
6,
yZkzg

t CtzzgzZ c*
g Z
q N7Zy!*
g f WkZgzZyZk,
ZQX D
q
-kZ~
zkZX Dx 6,
ga gzZ} Z W
rLZuZgzZr
# ax u(kZ~LZuZ%Z7wj

kZX ]5{!*
~wZY 1998~gz
25yxgyZgz !*
g
Vzg Z Z (\z
/
Bg Z og7gzZ n`~
251

yxg
~]5kZX C
p~x ~LZuZ
X M
hNer
# X pk
,
z ZGzg )F,
y)F,
http://www.turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/101-114.pdf

E38L L V gzZ
\z
/ b
/
% G
/
%
MZL
VEc*

6,w C c*
q
-kZ ] V- q
-#
D
gzZg
))
T
) ) ~\z
/V
z yZX y
KDZ Z (,
Ig !*
g !*
yg Z q ?VYy
WX D'5 !*
g ZuZI ]
{g
Zs7X
/
CtV;v)PmyZdDq
? @*

pi [ [ dZk
,
izgzZ pi Z[ x Hy 0*
WZk
,
iz
gzZI xsZX ,t
~ vZ gzZ yg Zq
Zpggzi6,
LZp ,zg VZ sX B ~ Z Zf
~ y 0*
\z
/[k
,
i#
F,
X 7[k
,
i c*
x **
+~ o
$
~ y 0*
X YwZ eg~]}g o uF,b ]i YZ x
JsVzg Z Zg Z)fs6,}gZ ZyZ~ZZ gz s
X ]!*
e
$. )
60 yZgzZ [p ]!*
g Z: r
# ( 3)
g Z y igzZ ZiEy \WX '
,e
$.!Zj V1Z
+Zi
+G
7Y Zg s Z c{ c*
iyZ r
# W A yzg ; H ??c*
7VY!Zj
R@yZ ? {k
,
KZ yZ q
-Z ~yZ Y ?K
252

 6,~ e Z 8 gzZWz6, ` Z Zg7 ]5 Z

}
# '
' bz@}g gzZ @*

x **

yzg;
- ]Zg x
J
~ l7 wZ ( zZ y**
x **
Z X)
]o yZ X 7x Z)**
g {z y gzZ =
c*
: Z
/ZgzZ Cc*
: Zg Z)f [ ~gz **
C [Z Vzq
? @*
t
H~Cg
yZ~F,
D7V1r
# \W( 4)
ykZ?
V.g OV;z g Zu \Z {
c*
Vzq]oVg o yzgzZor
# gzi 6,
{ Zg Z q c*
Z
Z,jyZ D
t BgzZ D Z;
gzZg Z bc yZ ~ V!*
V!*
g} Bg7X 7
m yZ Zg Z: ^Z}
.gzZge
${6,
g
t Z]g7 7 }PC
L L:
y!*
,wgt X 7
)
)OGzg z ~ q
-Z ~ T @*
7tzg kZ \W~ ?
s De
$Zzg h\Wx Zgi ZX V CZ
pg]gz Z z gzZ { Z'
,
u^g
) ) G
!OzgtX Og7
X @*
37hVzg zc, Zz

253

 Zzs A
E
sg3 Z ]Z|+kgzZ Hi4
/

zq
-Z k
B Cc*
L L~i Z k
B ~jL L6,
xsZ L t
X**
VyZVgzZV ZxVV ~T
/
X ,{0
+
i]c*
Zzg+',
Z]o
) z@igzZY =Zcehf
%N+Z
X ,{0
+
ie
$Zzg Vz(,
LZZ]d
$
F
/

a i W q
-(KZ r
# vZ [ ~ y 0*
yZ x **
}uz Z
# ysgZ ~]x **
q
-ZX 5]Z|z ~ Y 1994
-8F
4)!Vz X 5BG
~g u VrZX W ~ y 0*
]Z|EG
F
G

F,
gzZ ]~g udZ~ y 0*
{z @*
Xq ]Z%: 5
BBX : m Z
Z Vz yZ |g X 4Z ~
254

g iZ =g f T vf
$Z6,q
-Z VrZ
X]Wv~ V0yZX IWg Zz s A
s A~n @*
g x Zp { c*
i7yZ6,
C
Y Z%Z(KZt X N Ws ox t yZp: c*

Z%Z )g f ix zX s WgzZ ]gzx Zz ~ Vk

Y 2000Vzg Z ZvX ]Zg Zz T NgzZ 3 Zq
-Z )~xzgs
` W|]ZX Zg ?Y6,yZ~ !*
WxsZ~ qz;
} (,)gf kZ ]Z| L Lt ]!*
Z X hu
q ] gzZ Zg yZ X 4Z ~ Vzy Y Z%Z } (,
gzZ L LX 7]gzy C ] tX X
{g g Z y i L LF,
Ht VrZ x Z ]g L L
c*
zX H q
-Z g Z kZ X Xq]Z%6,V Zj
V yL LZ iE q
-Z KZ VrZ Dx ~ yZy
K qz q
-~ F,
g Z y i L LgzZ ZiEyL LX ZzeZg
H kZ 7]gz X b qz V X
Zz ! egzZ **
(~BZZ o)gf ]g gzZ ?
F,
` WwEZ 7Z ]gz
1 gzZ
8~B; LZ V(
X~Vc*
q
-kZ**
Za]q
cgz W,
Zt ]Zg Zz!
i Z q
-Z q
-kZ {z
yZ
yZ )g f yZ } 7,]gzgzZV V Z yZ Zz pg
255

A kZ X D Zz}gz mn6,z 6, F,
+Zz
-Z X Sg 7]gz~ V Z yW,
q
Z !*
yZV0 Zz s
0g payZ p{z Yiz0
+Z !*
n6,yZ%
N X @*
/8F
yZ Zz F,
+Zz yZ a Z%Z E
Y
$ kZX g T mgzZg yZ *
g LG
* cg z W,
Z ~ V Z0
+{
t yZt ]!*
u **
gzZ ` Wx Zk
,
iyZ vZ
k%Z 7a]Z : Zg Z'
,
Ic*
4z uF,
u 0*
*g c*
m
**
YZgkZzF X wEZa]Z LZuZgzZ
)fkg ZgzZY f[Zt Z F,
c*
F,
L L._]:Z ~g Xce
{g e yZ vMX s@Vz ZyZ c*
Vzg Z
Z yZ60
+Z 0 X]Z|{z [Z W: ~
F,
yZ{)zg m 7ZN YeyZZz
G
IG
$ %N
E
O
4

F
6,x **
Zzsg ] }
.]Z|Hi4gzZ Y c*
Y
syZ**
],ZN Yg ???N YZz}gzm

) z @igzZ Y =Z ce hfX ~gY ~/

%N+ZX ,{0
Z] d
$
F
+
i]c*
Zzg+'
,
Z ]o
X ,{0
+
ie
$ZzgVz(,
LZ
{g: ~g Y Vx
/
u ~g !*
zg /Z
# 7,?Y ~ !*
WxsZ
xg )
,
-Z6,
q
V;zgzZ c*
vg]Zg ZzT c*
g !*
zg CZVrZ
~y 0*
X xxxg PZVx
/
uyZ~gX H
256

|g xg zg L Lt X H eZg x **
xg zg L L{g Z ZgzZ q
-Z VrZ
x **
,
zg **
a ]
D gzZ eZg~k%Z
zg+Zw **

@*
g~dZz
Cxg zg~ZX g6,
vI sgzZ ` Z'
x3,
Y c*
W,
@*
t ~ x ZwEZ x **

)g fsY c*
$
+X ;gx ~ y 0*
x **
Zxg tO
X ]Zg Zzi[% * ! f ` W **
q f~ Vz y
Tg 6,VZ LZ)g f **
<
Z E)Z ?kL L| (, kZ
^~i !*
{Haw ZjyZV
vZ [ xg kZ X q
-Z ~ Vz$ kZ xg zg g
)Z?kgzZZx +
X
Hc*
~za@<
Z E
$Y
D
#
L Lq
-( ~ @ ) u .
q
- C c*
r
# xg t
C ~ ~ e xg t W~ y 0*
X zq
-Z 4z
E
E H
0kZXgzZ w O~ 54gzZ
8zP k
,
ze Qgz
h7Zg
M
/
g z ? L L:B Zg wZ W
C
kZ N Y
( 120:>Z ) X g(Z: ~zcyZ ?J
-Z
#
g~ pyZ lps: g z r
#
X Wz6,~ g;gE- `g YX y:0 :}X yuZ
V- g Z ]}yEZ LZ 0 q
-kZ r
# {z
:D
kZ=X x Z Z .
q
-Z vZ ._w}L L
257

)Z g zc x kZ p cgz W,
gzZ Z <
Z E
Z
C16,
%Z kZ=LLX f
ez| m
| (,~#

E
wzN 6,yZ X Dg Hi4 L LyZ Zz%1 s yZ
V~}g !*
( ) yZ @*
6,]!*
kZ { c*
i kZX 7
B; i Vzg Z ZgzZVkZ]>vtX 7D'
,
Z'
,Zg f
]ZgzZ]!*
.y
_
KZ p7z kZpT e 9
t /ZgzZ f6,VzqLLX n
pg
Za ~k%ZX V *Z ~q
-Z~X B
bgU6,
g}g Z Z
yZ gzZ &
}kZ=
C
gzZ 8g- +ZzX VZ
[N]**
F,
x 0]uZz(vZ ~X De
$
X V [ | 7,]**
Zj+W,
O~g V1BkZgzZ V
V <
Z x gzZX D~ hZgzZ s
t
xgzZ tkZ ~X Da 6,xg P q
-Z
VqkZ~X q q
-kZgzZ ~ V lp
n
pgVx
/
ux{zX V}Y6,
gCZ f~XVlpV
/
u
X x^yZ ._w}gzZ
E
gzZ t ZgzZq
-]Z|Hi4 Vzgz Z ~i **

?kL L @*
[ Vg b!*
yZ s: OZ 6,kZ

)Z
xsZ L t X W Z ~)h
+]
.kZ **
<
Z E
~ T zq
-Z k
B Cc*
L L~i Z k
B ~jL L 6,
258

`gX**
VyZVgzZV ZxVV
gg g b ZC
wEZ~ kZgzZ ;g C k
,
!*
kZ 7zz q]Z| +kL L{zgzZ H qi ~Z
V Zz Y {g k
B yZytgJ m
yZz6,7Zzz
X gyWx yZ~
te{z yZ~ Z CHWh
+'
t yZ
o LZ6,
#
k%ZX `~V>f T
K C~DgzZ:7 c*
zX W~ yZyt a2$
~g7 7 O%ZgzZ Z
/
#
yg Z )g f V WLZ
Zx vZ {zX c*
gzi Ka~ l,
Z%K[s c*
na
) z

Z
s: T [Z o 6yg Zt
u gzZ} Z Wq
-t c*
6 Z H o yZ
kZ2X} gwYgV26,
uLZ~ m @*
g^
G
g 0*
Y 2014 ~gz
15 B g$ zZ n yZfZ yZ
Z
Z yZ~D {gW @*1Zzgy ~1D
X N;:+
M Zg y gzZ,: izZ

259

 4Z ~ \g- +
$Y Z c*
X Zz6,uu\g- F,
6,4 c*
X WZ'
,~ kz7,gzZ#
X { i Zzg ~
/
%gzZ
Xq Vx wV" VzI xsZ ~}Y m

~gzaVrzVzg Z ZgzZ]x yZ
8{ ^
,Y];zkZ
E
X gxsZ 0E
0gzZ + Z( KZ 6,}i zg
s ~4Cg Cg gZ o LZ VzI xsZ F,
V wZ uDgzZ d
$ * VrZB kZ g Y
~(,k *o LZ * g Z ~z*gzZ Z c*
VQ Z ]z b #
[Z c*
52- ~g7 B q
-Z ~ V!
X ]gzg Z CZ\WX 7]gz
W \W
[g Z 23pZ * Z Ws6,o {{ nV; 6k'
,
P
412) m~y
WkZs: F,
IPX Z Z Z
# Zz n
Z e

t X Z e [g Z 125
z kZ~ Z

kZ ~ [( Z e
260

q
-ZPX 7)**
g q
-q
-Z c*
,q
-Z tts ?Ze
X c*
6,x kZF,

Z
zgzZ'
,
+
D
zKZ VM, Z
i Z0
+Z Z bkZB ~g Z ZzggzZ x Z Z}uz q
-Z
X NV\WKZvZY
yZ }kZ }
gzZ Y 5 F,
~ VZ q
-<Z Z qg (1)
G
:(
X X'
,#
Z ~&~,W]|
z SX @*
Wx **
V{
)**
ZgzZ ` Zg }0
+Z ^C
N Z
# c*
r Zl
zg
z kZ VrZ
#yZ J
-ekZvZY
x K qz#~]q
vZ) ~ yZgzZ%$
+V)g f V Z
vZ L (
L (+h
+%
x Z ZzpgmC
F,
VrZX ~%
y
KZ Y\W tgzZ Z e6,{ Zg ~g Zgw "
z g Z kZ Y s + %q
-Z c g Z Z gzZ b~
C
X D W`
V @*
/

~kZy
s !*
!**
6,
~g Z
/
g

Kg 0*
{ g L LygZ +ZWz6,X
(s (2)
# 3g x ~ gZig yZy kZ s VzI xsZ
Z
z kZ
I
?\aVzg Zg
t~]q Z**
ZX
Hc*
}g Z
qNLE
(
wjZX @*

Zpg zgzZ V yZX @*

Y k0*
xz Y f
DX Lg ~ VZg V& #
i 5 gzZ Vz`
@*

` M X }g *VzI xsZ6,Z (F,
D
Z7{zZc*
yg Z *Z:
L Z (,
kZ BZ (,
CZF,
yx
261

F,
VMXK Za yZxw r
# gzZ fqZ
# g T
! x~Z] ~
/]g @wZ e6,
5 ZgF,
zb#
X gn
CZ e
$V*gzZ q
gzZ mX @*
Wx **
Vzg Z Z k#yZF,
6,Zg} (3)
g y
KZ d
$gzZ ywZ uD * ~g7
z kZ6,#
}
._"
{g Z Z #
z kZ x **
e
$wz h
KZ L L Z * Z WX M
h
kZ ;g}x Z] }
.g V~ {0
+?gzZd
$Z*
g{ Z * Z WgzZ yg Z qWZk
,
iz yg Z +Z *Z
C
[cgzZ!iy 0*
T {g Z Z zt X g~ *`
xgu
yZ gzZ , x Z ] }
.~g gzZ g.
{ c*
i izZ Y +Z z x ~
X ;g `"gz( ~ZsV;zYg
/g ]U*
q
F,
#
z$

+] }
. ZzY~x Z)gzZ ~g yZ F,
( V Zg " gzZ V'X gzZ N * x ZF,
gzZ
!*
WxsZ X Y}} F,
z$

+]Z: gzZV
47EL L~
~y 0*
4Z {g Z Z g { x **
c&
+ EG3E
}g Z Z kZ X ;g7g +4~ VZ) b #gzZ
gzZ ({zz ~Vz{ gzZg7 ~C
aVd
'`
Z ~g ^Og Z CY~;g
g \F,
o yz}g Z Z ggzZ (t X Cq
X A gzZ D akZ
262

gzZ Cc*
7,a #
VzI xsZ Tq q
-Z (4)
] +
gzZK g wYg Zz p
pg kZ~
X HV ZzgV Z #$
+F,
{ c*
itX v Zz9;{z Z
wjZ ZzWVzLg~Vz} (,
F,
VrZ
CY ~ +Z uZgpgzZ ;g V XK 9; a
g gzZz kZp
/Z Zg ?VCH~T
Zz}g *0*
p&IZgz g Y ~ x ~ ; yZ @*
: {@x )z
X kCgzZ@pg66,
gzZ
t}@x

6 @*
Y c*

Cc*
M F,

,Z jkC)~yZ
iZyZgz{ ZggzZ D J (,
]6,

Ct Z E
L j8gzZx ZZ
i
ZgZ'
,
7Z6,
YW
zi X DyzyZaw
t7ZgzZ _7,
i qzq gzZx Zt yZ O]
IB KZa ! x ]y
Wz* y
KZ W,G
&
# QgzZ D YZgs+6 W WX ~gz]Z
Z
+~i Z0
+Zo ZkZ V F,
3 V f
GB+G
B kZgzZ] {X D h +V 3 gzZ D V
X
0*
M F,

;bZ ~ Zz
pg m 6 v Cc*
n
dZt Zz
3 Re ~ x kZ
z
M F,
gzZ X :~ yZ ` Z'
Zz 6 {k
,
ezgzZf: Zg Z YX
gzZy2, Za#
VzIxsZgzZ 0y+tg
/

263

LZ~
z, Z VM"
$U*
} i6,, Za~yZ
C @ gzZ 6 ` Z
# c*
B g7 gzZ l{ N
6,VzdZ ~ ~X _ WyY #
VzI xsZ
KZ gzZ o LZ s Z
Zt Zz p
pg wY ~ 0
+
i ZgzZ ^
,
yZgzZ ~g^ #
Q ~g7 ~ w yZ n
pg 7g #
{h
+I
xsZ F,
~ ^ 9; X
Zp #
Z ~g7 ~ s Z@Z
Cc*
gzZ vWg bC
~} a yZ XZ Z Zt VzI
X ]V7Z Cg
X # Zzp
pgx **
zg0
+eL gLzZ a
VYLK
L Zq
-Z (5)
/ ZgzZV Z V6,
Rbt [{E
+-yZ Z
} h}g J Z7ZgzZ D~i f~V!*
V!*
&Zpz%
VzZgzZVk+Z~~i f6,
R ZX Dp
pg
gzZ i b) Yz {z
M F,
z V gzZ H Z Zg Z]g @*
&{z CY ~ZgzZ a@ bT~yzb!*
g LE
&gzZ
XLE
]6,
u }g V.g x**
yZ [xq
-Z (6)
((~ F,
g g " , Z X g Z ~g ~B; gzZ 8 I
V Z ],
sZ6,jkC)~i Z0
+Z LZ LZ {zgzZ
g ~g YgZJ m
yZz6,]!*
.gzZ ~
_
C Zf q
-Z ~VbkZX 7Z[gyZ
264

X [W~y* **
g ZL gLzZ8I W~~g
V% YYHf VyZ ~y
W~
zkZ (7)
Zg dZX g
/YQpsZ)g fVz&gzZ VPsZgzZ
V ~g kZ
Z6,{)z} } l ~Q
y
KZ CtgzZ ggz%q
-Z Zz V;z
i Z0
+Z W,
Z i Z0
+Z kZgrL~ Y } }ZgzZ%$
+0
+
i
X$
7(zV-/~g C
gzZ sp{ og Z'
,XV,Z gzZ e
kZ Zz {@x c*
)C
p g Z ~ J m
yZz6,a ! zZ
= ZX Wt kZ @*
0*
y ~g Z $c*
q
w r
# yZ c*
Wt %Z7g Z s Z Z] }
.
! x VrCc*
gzZ V Y c*
J
-Mgtzf E
L 8gzZ
t b & Z Z x ZgzZx?Zmy%X n
pg p + Y [Z
]wZzi YH[Z V{KZgzZ YVpVzuz
X $
g Z{ Zg `zgzZ $

265

/
| 7,
$tXce
8$c{X @*
$~ **
KZgzZ! xVzuz
X Ysp~! x **
{z
/

$ vq
-Z0#
QX
Hg"~ F,
Z

V { Z'
,
uyZgzZ VzI xsZ uF,
X g Z h?
Z
x ZuF,
z @*
W7gzgz~V Zx H7:%(Z
) gzZ

(: NoKV26,x gzZ H{C

b16,g0Z]
aI~ kZax ZgzZ +Z
+ 0*
X c*

X e G V\W?O
t V\W
/Z
gzZK q } ) [Z VzI xsZ { c*
i ])
D :i Z VxgzZ VIzg ! WX c*
jI~ ^/g/
X
266

IxsZkZgzZyg Z0yq
-Z
Z6,
LZtwg
{"Bzi !*
N !*
zi !*
N Z .x **
X} 7,
^ I6,
V
[v~}g !*
XK wEZ } N,Z ~i { Z ZgzZ ] ZZ
Y g 0*
ud
$ 0
+Z~ # X YY7e~ }
yg Z Zt gzZ
vbC
~ Z _ykZ Zz
$U*
"
g } C: ]vZ X Cc*

kZ gzZ
Cc*
yZ VzI xsZ L L :bkZ V 7gzZ } t X D Y
yZ X:q^zz { c*
i36{zX h
+~]!*
NZ
Vg66, pZ ygZ 75 X Y qz^Y ^I~ Kg 0*

xsZ pI V;z CY V; }g '!*

x {zn X
X I"
$U*
6,
V z`zgzZ]P`
z4VzI
kZgzZ ^v: ix **
+kZ LZuZ
$
~ 5#

.6X
yZ r
# vZ [egkZX ^O%Zz Z 3E
VzyZ WgkZ ~ Zg7Vz
g D0z+F,
+r
$
# gy Z #$
+x Hf *ZyZ VM1 Z
c*
:q
-~} i yZX w"lyZ
VGyZ 7xJ
- ` W@D
+
v6,x x**
,Z gzZ
Vzg7gzZ V g 8g- P {zLZuZz k%Z ?
KZ zz ]gzZ u F,
6,1 Z ~) kZ
]kZ yg Z [P X @*
kC{]gzZ u
267

 LZuZ QgzZ ZZ a +g { kZ `{
~ Zz ]g @*
kZX qwz: YC
VzLuF,
~: qg Y
X ~ 7, $J5Z Z : YC
kZgO%ZgzZ ~ 7, LZuZ
~h5#yg Z D Z Zg Z - Zg Z'
, sZt
XT e**
ZC
u|KByZp Z^gzZsz^~
{C
b+F,
+
$
(i { "z6,: No * {
yZ
~ kZ X
HH eg kgv
A ] !*
: { IZgzZ Y Zgiz LZ yg Z X H
$Y.
$
{g Z ZvygZX
Hc*
;~x Z x|A E
L i8.
}g )kg`!*
{z c*
r Zu ]
/
%|]W8
-eg kg
~6'
,gzZ k%Z m ]W Y ~ Q kZ X L Lq
-Z
=t ^ ]gz E
/
% g r Zu
L i8 V;z X
6,D1 .
yZ X g YK Z
Vzg zc yZgzZ r
#
1 VzI xsZ># Vz\z
/#
}
. #
D
L Lr
#
4E
& Zq~
/F
X sz^~ E
(: Zg Z
$c*
#
}
.KZ ygZz!*

kZ
kZ ;g Y H{C
b (Z g Zp! Z6,5#B]P`
gzZ
z
X q#
%g eJ
-w 12 T7yZx6kZ~ *
yZ kZag !*
,v0*
X VKq^zz { c*
i%C

0Z]
! xX gq60vZY
yZ {z H
~ Vzx yZt s:gzZ `! Z b} yg ZX
268

gzZ $E
Z k0*
VkZ c*
4gzZ 3gg Z
'
,~ F,
,KZ
'
k0*
Kg 0*
F,
Kg 0*
~ Y 2009 }uz q
-ZP
36 VkZgzZZ X q
/{g !*
z 6,yZ
c ~$
+y{ 0*
, 5# VrZgzZ } 7,^zz 45 O
'
kZ X c*
ghc g @*
eg kg * VxB h
{ p
8{ ^
,Yc Zz0*
,~Vz} (,&F,
'
6,
XmgzZ ]g @*
i ZgzZZ (,
wZ#
|Zg Z F,
{ ZX :
CY 'Z'
Y 1994 t X F
,
Z**
VzI xsZ ~ { Z
eg kg
A [NZ **
%g e ~ Y 2009 Y 2001 gzZ Y 1991
IZ sgzZ s b i #
yg Z
A t kZ X [
yZ%kZVzX 6,
V16,
F,
.
**
gzZ#
}
.
gz c*
g 3
~h L Lq
-Z zi !*
N Z r
# ~
%NkZ Z X ^zz V Zz zi !*
b~E
N Z @*
H Z9
X g7(
Z+ 4KZ{g**
%z l!*
\g ayg Z~wZ
{ Kg 0*
~ kZ X g ZzyQ o% ~6, #
}
.
uF,
@*
ZVzX Z zX qe
$r
# & }
wZgzZg DZF,
x ZZ6,#
yg Z g
t we ]c*

X ["
$U*
IZ kZp%z H**
zx {CZZx Z

@*
Y |
/ Vzt X N { c*
i
wg~i Z
269


( yZ$
+Vzt p kc F,
~ i ZX
Z0R
q
-Z LZ yg ZX @*
7uVz * ~V;
*
@Y#
F,
gzZ#
}
.6,V1Z Z LZ H Z9Vxgu
bVz}uz F, c*
Xpe [Z L L: x ZQX
Z c*
qyZ W J
-g \g- 0
+
i]1V
x Z X 3g J
- ` WV ZxyZ$
+gzZ + g {0
+?b
X c*
wZ e~} kZyizZg7CZgzZ Hg Z6,
}zyg Z
gzZ @*
y ]!*
.~k
_
,
yg ZyZgz! NZ Cc*

V!~(,10* F,
@*
Zzt x Z{zX ]?
X {gzgz Z$
+~gzVz?Z
6,
4z]
.~
kZX _izI: g ZD
k h [Z Z eg ZD
J e W:
Z kZ @*

{C
bzx )kZ6,
\vZ {z B
Zeg kg~T'~H~y
WwZ ]!*
NZ X
uY ML
L
x F, kZ ' q
- Z
Z 20 ._
y .x **
IwP Z6, "7,X 7,g Z z EZ
(X _w$
+* 4~V PX Zwwz
D 0*
,y]!*
'
.yg ZX z VZpgzZ z z
_
Z ~g c*
x *gzZ 7,{g !*
zg Zt g7 ZZ
}g g fVzK L L: V- F,
g ZX yZZ6,
g LZ

L 3XZX V* Y~g ,KX V\ I6W~g VzKX } 2
270

ZwkZ%kZ X Y} 7yZZ}g X H}g yZZ

;g C *gzZ ;g ZC
g Z BkZ 20wZ ?CH
7 q=gzZ ! x Z Z}
.Z g yZxT#
}
.z $c*

X Yuzg
xsZN 6," ~ ] mgzZ D Y F,
v ~
ly

gzZ we } 7Z B7g72~ig6gzZ o ZVzI

VI{" VzV;z v Xce *
*t
~ [Zp
gzZ DoB; Ve O r Z Wg
2!Z e yZ {zce 7Z D Za Vx
.E
xsZV;z ,Wgm,H
X ZjVzg (gzZ+Z
+gVzI
c{X @*
$~ **
KZgzZ ! x Vzuz
| 7,
:X Ysp~! x **
{z| 7,
$tXce
8$
X CYsp~ **
c Z! xkZn

271

wVq
-Z~IZ
[Z {z c*
CYuD WD Wy
KZ @*
(Z L~0
+
i
# kC
Z
z kZ +ZX &4 {
6,
F,
{ Z g x Hq
-Z}g X J 7,
**
uF,
@*
ZIxsZ L L
wVq
-Zax **
uF,
@*
ZIxsZ L L
@*
3 s V- {gzC{ (gzZ]Zgy eg X 7
xi Z VrZX {:g
w) (Z W* ~g
g R
QX c*
g Z
I xsZuF,
@*
Z zg kZQX p
A7 Z6,kZYugzZ~V 0*
yC
c*
L YW
VY D WD W ! C>X6,ZztIxsZZy q
-Z
Y 1} g Z
=p 4 + IxsZuF,
@*
Z ?:
X}Q@*
y
KZ eQ
X sZ e6, `g ~ Zp pxi Z ! W
WK ~I xsZ ~ kZgzZJ uF,
@*
Z ~ zg kZQ
272

 g Z
x : Z
xi Z VI }g L LX nY Hc*
g
yY I 7x : Z
xi Zq ~ qz# kZ
xi Zg D ( : + T) + F,
xi Z1
zgzZ ~g ZY) ~gZ ZzgB<
Zx L L: V- p9
~z)~V
gzZ <
Z x ~ ]5(gzZ (Y
Z6,gO6,X**
g {zuF,
@*
Z X xi Zx **
w
sf `g CZ97Zgf y!*
i (ZgzZ YY I
xsZ L L
gzZ ~gZY)~gZ ZzgTB<
Z xxiZ @*
x yZX
X]!*
$
d
wg{zXbw~z)~o<
Zx
gzZ ]
.) {z Hx

6,u )6XNg Z MZ uF,
@*
Z
gzZx Zwi wZ e @*
6,kg ZgzZ]
.)]g @*
*!FX ~0*
6,kgZ
~Z
+~0*
6,i gzZyZ f Z~y!*
i! '~}g Z
qN
-Z~0*
q
kZ gy**
I xsZ Z
# ]z uF,
@*
ZX
~ ! y c*
Z{x t ~ V1x c)g f Zg Z

3Z f Z 2f X y ~ g @*
F,
{z M
hrgzZ yZ f Z
3Z f Zz J
-V F~]
.)X 0*
D zg V
kZX
Hc*
g Z
qN6,g~g u} /ze',q
-ZgzZ Z Zq
-ZX g CY~
k'
,
25X w 25g g y**
L LDD ~0*
6,
BuF,
@*
Z[Z N :q
-Z D Yxw6,}iuuF,
J
T e Z gZ
I xsZZ ;g VVzg x yZ
273

kZX eYaew 70 yZxuF,

{zvZw*X
Waeg uF,
~gzs
# z F,
~t:6,
kZ ` gzZ y F,
X 7oF,
7t
xsZ uF,
@*
Zi q
ZtqF,
s~ sZx Xy
sZ [Z X B xsZ ],
tzgt %6,xsZ X j ~I
X Ws] z]qZ
&[sa &ZpgzZ 8I Sh Z e a Vz%
~i Z0
+Z
LE

g bzg ~gZY)gzZ ~g Z Zzg ~ y

kZ X bg Z
Z`
:7
)**
g Z (,q
-Z' a]Zz)Zxi ZC
{z
HYgZIt Hz~(,
g bz@}gf T

A
/ZX} Z~
/VI<
tx F kZX
H
z{Z W* ~sZ s7u > [ zZ c*
!
-Z'g i !*
q

wkZ {gWZ Y Zg Z* VGyZ
4]a
VzuF,

6,
x uF,
&)**
gZzY0tg YJ0G
p Z w p Z ! y!*
i F,
t X gZ
r Z
# X xia
Z
C
6,]
g \TX wa

F,
6,g x ZZ Z Z t u| 7 <
Z x ~
N !*
kZX CY B; N Z6,gZ gzg Z g ! y!*
i
X
Hc*
Zz**
r!*
Z}i6,
izg~szw~ m,
ZB;
g @*
uF,
5x F,
wVgZ0
+
kZ : ~ F,
,
'
6,

274

&LZJ
LE
- ` W{zX Z e^ d
$uF,
gzZ[ Z uF,

**
xz * ~g7 zsZgzZ **
-6,e
$g/ kZX
gzZ
6,
uyZgzZg Zz xi Z6, T ! p{zh
+

uF,
@*
Z I xsZ L L[Z X CZz( uF,!*
!*
) uF,
@*
Z Z ~g Z'
,
LL
X CZz
*yW
gzZxsZ E
@*
Z L L: g x H
L 4X uF,
l ]z *yW
L L: YY c*
p Z yZyZ { i Z0
+Z
VrZp X ~7
-Ybzg5~ 4,ZX CYlt
K
p uF,
@*
Z6, T{zt *yW
H c*
C 7t
]!*
6,] ZZyZ kZ {zZ
# Zg }
z kZ6,
uxsZ ( v!*
f)
kZ *yW
X s Z 8 <
W
y!*
ikZB~0*
6,
) SyW
gzZ **
q bzg5 ]z
uF,
@*
Yc*
wF,
``p Z Zzy!*
ikZ~g ZgkZ
}i zg ~g7 wV ~I xsZ kZ : | 7,*yW
c*
! a
X: lI
YZ}
.X s J ~I Z uF,
@*
Z h
+'
VrZ
] sZ ]qZ sZ ] Z sZ ? H ~I Z
{zX @*
7,@ <
6,TSq kZC
uF,
@*
Z
X
H { Zv' @*
B VzK ' wZ #
|Zg Z
g @*
\W ? HgzZ 7~I Zt X ~ ~0*
6,y]
.)V;z
275

GkZ]z uF,
@*
ZZ
# c*
WA
$ ?NPsw
! wqX {g yK5 g y**
L Lt
m Z r
# ~g Z Zzg ~I wZZ $O kZ , Z**
g " F
{~y
W ZjV**
g yZkZ\WX wx}g
KZg yZ% X YY 7c*
P| , Hp - | 7,
.n!~
yZ uF,
@*
Z w L L: ~ wYgzZ ~E
L L[ Zg s Z c
gJ
-Y 1938 ]KZ Y 1923 !*

c*
g uF,
+]
h
.gzZg7 ^uF,
-Z Macedonia Resorta E Veritas g ` ~ Zq
q
-Z uF,
@*
ZX ; g
( 212 :m ) X 7 h
/ ` F,
gzZ~

.n!~
` Z
~E
~],
Zb
g ZZ a ]o kZ
4$~
.nG
q
-Z6, EE
2s W~yL L7]gzi ZB ;gg

isZ kZ `g6,**
g kZ x **
uF,
@*
Z ~ kZ X Z e
E
E
37X ~0*
Z GG
6,kZ
L L#

E
E
37gzZ}g Z Z2X c*
Z GG
e^
,Y**
x Zzr
H**
x x(Z(kZX : c*
{g !*
z L Hx(ZyZ0
+{
xsZ uF,
@*
ZX} Y: sx ZxuZzxsZ c*
xsZ :Zz
N Z (,Zc ~y
W XnY : lh
+
] ~(, kZ ~I
7uF,
@*
Z L L:
Hc*

~T
[~KY
0*
~Y 1923~gz
HX 1 gx **
CZa ~g @*
}g Z
<
V *xsZ
? $
wV~IxsZ4kZ
276

x **
6,g gI xsZ ~ g @*
g Z
<
VxsZ
/Z
H {z ? @*
H~ + IxsZ
eg **
,`g Y Y `g
'
kZ z!*
b xsZ %Z <
+4
xsZ
~g Z y
KC
C
xsZ uF,
@*
Z X Hg Z ~gZ V
xi Zx **
g ZI z kZX g7SZ D 3
vZ }X ,w ~IxsZZ ! Zg Z}
.17nZ Z
I xsZ .x **
' n
pg m F,
]Z|Vz ' yzg ; gzZ
4X3~I xsZ6,kZ {z B
X ,: E
LG
g Z} (,q
-Z ? D Y VYbkZ sZg 180
T ? D Y VY9Y z!*
g* Z
/yZk
,

E
D ~ g0
+Z vt ' g Z
~ *'zg L L>
bgZ
I xsZ{Z' f
ewJ+ ._
bg8 g @*
*Oh!d
$
bg Z
V Zz}uzx gzZ
$Ozg~* ~g
~IZX 7 **
{ i Z0
+Z kZ ?} V G
Og: w kZ
/Z Zz LY gzZ Zz X Cu
X Y`@*
g D ~IZh
+'
{

277

tgzuZPg @*
sZ
E
E
E
G
G
G
sZ (
L gzZ G
!OZ {Zg
L )6
L

37J
-Y 1924@*
Y 1282i Z w 642~kZX ~(,a g @*

E
E
37X yyZx 8 X Zg WyZx
X: Z GG

: q qzg q i Z Z Z'
,
usZ 7Z
+Z z yyZx,z 36 w Z yyZx,z 9 X
E
G
yZx~y
W
L Y gzZy]Z| 30J
-k
zgttr{zB4i Z Z z y
JXgW pg k0*
k #b}g c*
F,
6,ZZ ~g Z'
,
L LgzZ V! ! f
0*
w a Y 1922
G
3])g fZ Dh
xsZg Zg Z
8{6
LE
/
b~g Y ] Z ~g$
+o s OZ +Zzy
yX !*
[Z %Z y ug I**
kZa kZ
~y
W~,WZg Zg R
yZmz+Zz
278

gzZ # xsZQ%q
-Z Z F,
Y 1924 ag 3 1
Hc*

8{sZ~ ] uF,
@*
Z ]oVzgz6,[f
LZ xzZ: y~y
WbkZX 1gy
E
G

L 6BmzZ
QCg gzZ -g
X
HW7uZ o d6
&~y
W~V Zx 37yZ ._+[gzZg [
gzZ ~B; VvyZ
Z X yZxx **
Z'
,
{ zX *
*g
/
*~He
$g/ VM9g8{
~B; LZ!*
gt x **
Z'
,yZ~g OZ
ziZ
sV Zxp];zx wZzigzZ M:x ZZ n6,yZ @*

G
3]X V [
V7 + uF,
@*
Z gzZ [Z o d6
LE
X Z e zg~i Z0
+Z LZ ]Z|Z6,
ZWgZ MZLa'
,
wZziY , qz xzyyZx ,z 30 Y Zg f
yZz yZxZ
C kZ 1 Z V Zx&~y
Wp
/Zg
{z yZgz y*Z kZ X Z W y{ q
-Z ~ xw xg X
+E
~C
~ * [Z A uZ kZN Y D Wt lp[Z
Zz [Z yZ ~y
M X xz y#
ZgzZ :
L
kZgzZy*Z kZX,0
+
Ks }u +pyZgzZ
eA~ sZ Fy 0*
[ZbkZt }
X D Y0*
279

Y 1492 X C qz}k
,
x ,q
b
-Z Zzg 0*
]d
m,
+Zz
&
:~Y 1502 = c*
g k%Z~
%L Lg 0*
~ l ][OE
]dL LX Hc*
g {k
,
q
b
-Z ~ t
X ~gY g a 6,],
Zb
c*
g yZ yxg 8g- VZ
/
u
$Zzg
e
D ~ '
,p H !*
W #
Z
}k
,
kZ~ Y 1635
b
Z
Zlm,
zWyxg6'
,
gzZZ
J
-V'
,
FQX VV;z
E
"
45gH
z~,z18X @*
B G3G
L L{k
,
N*
b
gtX
Hc*
}~sA
H { z V X
/
% V
/
u ~g Z'
,
L L Zz WB {k
,
t ~
b
X x A
D X g
M F,
V Zz +Z ? g
E
"
45gH
X ~gw$
+* VZzgg &XN Za VH 2 ~ G3G
L L
ss Z@Z Z Zz 2yZX I0yJZq
-Zay
KZ q
X yW ~uz s@q
-ZX
HHg a
Az Z

X Za ~ Y 1763 t X @i q
-Z ~ yZ
X )Z
sZ X 7g Z { c*
i s@ @i X ~ ^g0*
**
1
g ~L Ly
/kZ%Z y Wzz g ZZ ! fgJ
-AzQ
t X xg% ugzZ )~xwyuF,
ZX Zg f x
[ g0
+Z: gzZ YY WJ
-xw: X x
D YK ] ZZ J
-0*
g e
/
g ZxwX yWgJ
-s@
nJ @*
Y ( eg cZ ) *1L Lg Z}PpHVgzZX
]**
kZZg
Zg Z'
,J
-xw V) bkZ X {P
280

 ?H]gt X DgzZ p +Z ]gq

-Z%Z D Y
: qkYq
-Z Z5yZT e**
g0
+Zxwv
yZ X CYY ]b~ xw]zZ &ZpZ
gzZ **
-LL
&ZptX D YBV>~\zgV )F,
gzZVz
/ZC

xwX C 4Z ~ xw |
# z
gzZ 3 ]Zg Z \g~bZX $
Yq6,Z,Z]
g~}g !*

4$~
.nG
( gyZ%i ZwYgzZ ~E
) X VZ[x~q] t
]gzpq
-Zd
$
Y 1784q] { Zp{ ! nZ
gzZ C[Z \5 VYZX ~ wZ {z! 14
: ]P`
1 { kZ X c*
( $;f C
Zz !*
W~( k%Z ) }iu5t @*
Cq
-ZC
{|
# z
X ~
X 1ZZ VZ
ZX~ zZ V ~ c*
Z
ZZ
[c*
i !*
VZ
Z c*
C: LkZX
H1Z[c*
i !*
yZVZi Z
Y 1774 i Z wzZ?Zyt ?c*
Z
X g Zi !*
~gzJ
- 1789 @*
{|
# z
X VJ
-
]& )kZg y
M
b YZJ
-gzZ {zxwy: b [x 1gzZ
IG
$E

~6~g7 x **
tX
Hc*
x **
w L L L~xw! 14 kZX
IG$E
Xp
Hc*
qz Z (,
L L 4Z~xw w L L LZ
# X Zg
E
G
I$
kZ ? g Hw L ?N Y q] ! Zg0
+Zxwt
X Xq
-Z Wg ]c*
Z@gzZ W'
,] ? **
Hh
+'

281

e**
Z7i !*
b~g ~g Z'
,
L Lpe**
t~wg!*
{g
gzZ YZ'
X Lg Z 7,~& e**
gzZ e i !*
X 7W
Vwgz!*
X `g{ e**
q +Z #
/Z
~xw Z
Zg/gzZC
~^V {gzZV SV
K{
X g iq
-Z gx gzZ ~g ZgJ
-V ;g ~g Y C
X HgOZBVrZp wJ W]7Z
E
G
3]Z
-ZtX
q
HZ (,
L LH{[/!Z{ 6
LE
#
kZ ?;g Y |Z (,ZzQ c*
{t9q
-Zt HX ]0Z ]
kZ6,
M F,
mKZX Y{zh
+
X Jy!*
i F,

-Z kZY 1785 ~Z 20 X :k
q
,
{ c*
i~ F,
Z~ wy
VZz 30 x **
xz U*
{z VZi Z X
H3g L Lx **
kZ X c*
a
E
IG$
kZa kZ Zzh
e , w L L LX ( Y 1839@*
Y 1808) y
&
C OCt X
Hc*
J
-~ Vz Zi R gzZ V }g
%N Vi
g @*
Z xyi W T y*Z sq
-Z F
O Y7Vzi{ c*
i ~l
L Lax kZX @*

X H qz
8~B;yZw
V y 7Z X HSq
-Z 6 ~l

gzZ lgz6,X a d6,g~

C~l
X @*
Y H C w

)  7ZX CY ~ 46,
uy%i q
Z I
M F,
z

M F,
~jdZe
$.QX CY~]xxsZw<

282

 y
Zg Z'
,t X @*
Y c*

~ 3 y
&**
~g LE
gzZ ~gZ z yZ yX{ [ZkZsgzZ
x dZ~` 7Zs: ]!*
kZX c*
#
g zz]7Z
c*
W(Z
zq
-ZX c*
Z { C"~cgzW,
ZgzZ
) ZyZ c*

VVX 0
/{
!*
Q{zgzZ 0{ayC
pZ &
+vt
E
G
I$
bZX
Hc*
w L g0
+ZbTVpMg
&aVZgz Y/{z**
LE
4Z g Z zL L~V- l

X
{ zX ~
w'
/{
!*
[uZg Z %Z kZxy
Le **
q]yZgzZ 8 ]V- l

X
H g eg WEL L c*
Nizami Cedits Z X ` { \ 5q
-Z kZ X
E
IG$
g Z[
{6,
: w L L LX :[xtkZ
A
D V- l
J (, g Zuq
-Z ~l
kZ X
H^ Z
E
G
I$
6]Z B ~,WZ~l
q
-Z ( C
) w L X c*
qz *
*wEZ
E
"
45G
J45kI
G
kZX Zzg ~,WZX | EG
zgzZ g
C
/ZVzh
G
I$E
Za 3 Zg wEZ A
D V- l
w L W W)g f

M F,
S]!*
kZVLZ ~g Z'
,
gzZ
/{
!*
~l
X 1
E
G
I$
d
WLZ~wqC
w L X ,1Vz
/{
!*
7V
!*
{z
CvsuF,
g
7CZZ {zY **
{ 6g y
WgzZ **
6,
QX
HH4Z s Z@Z SZ~xwXvszX
283

# 28 Z X
Hc*
wzdyX Hu| YZ kZ VrZ
H (Janissaries) V- l
x t X
H1{g@*
Z Y 1807
( ~g Y)Xg g !

284

~h WVzw
( m~uz )
dY 1808 28 xzy zdy
IG$E
y{Zz w L g L LgZg @i gzZ Az [Z X
Hc*

g x Zw#X yZx+F,
g ! * sZ gz kZgzZ ^
,6,%
* xz gzZ
~ KZ p
| (,
sLZZ (,X}{ #
V **

L L
W,
Z !*
Z {
!*
V { z X g {0
+
iJ
-k'
,29 Z g L LX ;g
$ X H qz **
d
=yZy ~!a kZ X V Z

X c*
hg < {)z E
0O8EgzZ ~ xzX CW
d
$Z
gzZ
Qk
,
zX'yZxVZz 37 gzZ VZz 36 'Y #z ~y
WX 1 CZ k]8 g@*
~g Zz**
g @*
X 3 k~ k]8g- a Z
yZxkZ,z 30?Z HV6yZ gz$ yZ
IG
$E

+Z
+qx ;g6,g U*
W l8g- 6, 0
+
i
w L
285

)g f~ Zi Wi Z F,
@*
c*
KZVzg Z ~g ugzZ
F,
T~ Zi W~g/ .x **
?x{z H ? ~ Zi WXnq
._ x 8 g- J e X c*
~ \g-
+C
Y)a
M F,
` Z Z g X
HH6,iwzuw
h
e~1VZi ZgzZsp` Z'
yZq] }
.
SfX b w} i Zzgd
$! f6,F,
X qz
X Yb}} (,} (,< \g- X Y 5\g- a
* T
C
) ) kZ **
uF,
yZ L L^W
s@ LZ^ ~g Z'
,X ` q
- f e
$g/I ]]
.gzZ8{
h WVzHCc*
M F,

S< \g- X ~g Y~
g s
- X ;g Z Z g Z CZ {$C
o X g i Z0
+Z W,
Z 6,~
X
Hqz**
W@o dsZ~ \ e
$g/
E
2~ ng ZL rgzZ t B
$Y 1839 J xz y
c*
d
$
~!]kZ [Z
zC
X
HwZg
` W g, z6,yZx5W
) Z
kZX
@*
Y 1839'wZZyg
CgzZdYkZX C6,Vz ZP[
HHy n

@*
gZ
/~ n6, Zz kg`!*
z { c*

i'Y 1861
ugzZ[ZX g 3 W,
Z ! fX
7u! f F,
kZX
y~g Z'
,c*
[f)g f X ,q {z X gbv bzg
V1 gzZ ;JV; }g X C6,K
eV Zx
286

HW

z[Z
M F,
z~\g- uF,
yZ X y
Iz6,S Zz Yb~yZgzZ Vzgz )avs
o {0
+?zq
-g @*
LZ zggzZ8
-gV;z{z @*
Yc*
wwYw
ugzZ [Z]gy
s !*
~ V Z- Z *! 600 X
IG
$E

[ZX ;gw1| m
uz Y w L L LX ~qz Z e ,h Zg
W ~! Vzg 0
+
i 8g- V Zx
HW
z
X Y*
c J (,
VZz 32 gzZ g
Cxzy'Y 1876 @*
Y 1861 'm,
+Zy
kZ~}gz kZX H{gz \g- ~Y 1867 T yy
gzZ 'y VZz 33 ' Z%z gzZ +Z - L L g
C kZB
J4&
Az G
Z] }gz kZX 'yVZz 34'?Z
zz KZ Z% yX 9 @xL LkZX ~
gzZ { Z {zX @*
Y Hgz!*
dY Z6,gZX g
X 7<egzZ[ZZyZgz}gz\g- X c*
Z: L0
+
i
?
ZtX [^gZzX H Z Zt]Z
Z] kZ
yZX {g
Zq
-Zt aV Zz\g- X W~ 6,}nkZ
BZ f <eB ~&
+Z'
,gzZ [Z8 g- { ZPyZ X : Z p
8g- 3g y wX #
u **
Zt X ;g Y z :Zz
~ LZ xsZ X ;g Y ~ ] Wx ZwgzZ ]!*
z
Q L
L ( ~))
VZ Z L y
L s !*

VrZXg YD[x
287

X c*
~V]vs X
$FZ
8g- X y Z Q Z% kZ E
+Zy
L i8 m,
-Z c*
q
B LZ }gz \g- {z tzf [ZgzZ ~&
+Z'
,
!%6f {z [Z]X ! Z~ q
-Z {z [ZX
H0]gz
0Zsq
-ZXg Yr"wzBkZX
H0
E
G
I$
!*
zg )g f w L J
-xwN Zz
X ;g Y H4z4z F,
~ 8 g- pwgzZ
gzZ !*
ze~
zC
{z ~g Y{ "z6,
~os kZs~uz
VZ ~g Z)f
c*
g0
+kZX Lg Z y~ $
LV Zz
yX ]gzx 6 Zx yZx6 o X 7.

[fx ygzZ {ze
$g/o dz ?x
?Y+4a sZ~
yZX gg :atg/uF,
6 ~g Z'
,
L LbkZ
6 X H Z Zg Z Z~ ~p6f V Z VgzZ Z"z6,
*
@Yc*
{~VyZX Kk
,
aZ h Z ZZ VhsZ *
g Z W8
-iq
-Z ~ k]sZ *B VsgzZ Sh Z e: Xz
z lpZrSh Z e~ k]}_s q
-Z~: }
x$f yZ
t X RZgh
+]
.~B; T Z9Z

s V LZ x Z @*
a u) ZggzZ
4$~
.nG
~E

tX @*
Y5g ZrV} 9JZa%
288

~ m,
Z~R'
,V; }g x X ;g Y H6,xi Z y-gzZ6,x **

Z ]gZ sZL L~ yj
jZ `WxX
HHajd
$
;gY H)gfVI **
y ZL L~o kz7,7}
Zh Z
/
6,
V**
g~g "yZgzZ[Zy

y]X
X 7YB; c*
zy
,@*
gZY)LgLzZ ZiW g p-L LZg
{zt X yVZz 34 xz?Zy lp Z%y
~h yZgzZ &V e yZ : W,
Zk
,
i~g Z'
, ~y
W
6,K
eZ
# kZ ~g Z'
,X [h wY ]!*
ZtX Lg
} "z6,
s kZX qzzIF,
Dx **

kZX YHs 3 Zg yZx~

Z @*
qz: gzZ
wz%Zg gpnz 8g- t y} "z6,s
-uN bq~ 5 Zg LZ^zg kZ ~g Z'
J
, YY c*
{ i Z0
+ZX
?_z
R'
,
" z6,{ ZegzZ V.: xz?Zy
5F
5G
Zxz!*
Vz HE
X ;g
0*
.B`
{g ~g Z'
,] 5#kZX g ~g Y
s6,
ZB V3 zlLZ kZ X g&
+ ` ~~ {z
Z 22X 1{wZ~Y 1909
gzZyZ- Zyg Zx Y 1909s6,
4]y6,gvZgiz

0*
GZ ~
VrZX ~ E
G3H
27 g Z MZ kZO Y c*
wzd?Zy H ~
}

KZ kZX
Hc*
z~ ZyzX
HY 1909s6,
Z
289

 kZ x`
Z kZ f`
L L ? Hx`
kZ X ~gZ
/z 0
+
i
! WX c*
gZ n]g Z6,~g Z'
,
: ZGzgkZ

G
256
L wu,
gze{ Z'
C
,
uq
-~Y 1901L L
/Z

U*
?Zyy,z 34 gzZ,z
\W , } ]i YZ ~g !*
W~ ~ }iu\W
150 = ?
/Z L L :c*
[Z y X , i&
+
7 ~ '
, 150
= @*
Y c*
0*
~ * ~g7 z} **
Zg {z Oi&
+
7 ~ '
,
t#
QgzZ * sZ w 30 ~Y 7wJ
~gv
zY !*
W}V T V VZ7x(Z ~X Vy]Z
7Z q
-Z }iuV- ~ X E
06,vsz #gzZ Z]
.Z
kZ VM !V t X 7! ~tY Zz
X Vc*
+ypaq
0
X [@*
" V b,
$ Dg
? qi [Zt
v**
X '(QC
i3!*
iX c*
sy c V7KZ VrZ
yX bu} $X b7
-bzx X g
?b
tX
H$h
e6,
r Z &p Z 7,**
o mzQgzZ zd
LZ~^ g |!*
yZ L LkZX ~6'
,\
ZX g: ^zg~ 5g~g Z'
, zdxz?ZyX c*
=6,
E
G
I$
[Z A Z w L L LX ;g| (,]~y
WX {g kZ
290

IG
$E

y?ZyX ;g Re ~ ^
U*
z U*
L
yZXZ] uF,
yZ L Ly
X 7 g (ZgzZ

x ZuF,
@*
ZX~{uF,
@*
Z)gfV- ZgzZV- Z)g f
kZ s b kZX ~{ V- Z y ;gt
@*
Zi W
z kZ y p wb dZ Z MZgzZg z Z
#
z
ZX C]gzwEZ6,ggzZ wEZx **
kZ Z
#
X wVg7q
-Z Vl Zz 1 h h ~
k'
,3 h
-Zt V X Y wyx @*
q
**
Y c*
zx uF,
@*
Z
E
5!~
C {zX ~ Z
t El4G
X ]gz7] w
~* Y7 :}X D Yw*g gzZ Zp
[ZX t t W ` ~
gzZ k ; 3,
g~ T {z ug c*
E
` ~
~^Vzyg et !*
k ;3,
g~TZuz
wzN D{z X ~Z
/
% R,Zz X ~ o }g
( ~g Y)XD

291

z}?g
CyY
( m~)
Q: ygzZ &6, F,
xz ?Zy
gzZ yp {: ~ yZpxzZgzZ +Zz
IG
$E

{z X [ ^ z Y w L L LX g (Z E

L 86,g{z: 6,` Z'

_x CZ~w 29lWypI z~yp )
E
G
6
L }uzgzZ o d6 ~ 2 ~y
WX
Hze ]yw(x X
H1x o d
kZgzZ k0*
( ZDh
/) GNAg ZM Zx 6,
g~guXgN
4$~
.nG
y ~ V ZxVzZZ X k0*
EE
)g f

Hc*
wzd}uzX
HHwzd+Zz
Z y*Z ]~y
W Xn : \G,b % {z p
w y*Z lZ kZ ! WX Zz yp wgzZ u Z
KVz:s$
+ ~ w#
Z0
+
z ]t h
+
X D hY
292

Xn}~vg ZzkZgzZ
wWvsxp
/Z ~ Vg V Zx 2 ~y
W T6
36X _lWypV |z ~~kZp yp y

k +Z z yx **
Zg7 TyZx ~y
W) y ,z
y 0
+
i t {z ~ g Vi CP ( (Muhammad VI)
~B; Z h
/F,
)g f~g/g ZM ZZX ;g}g7
~g 6kZY 1922JTX [v
~g Y ] Z g$
+o y C x`
% B X ~ }
B~g/~ Vw{
C C Z Z Xb
7
Z'
,z{
!*

~ TouZzp CY 0*

>
!*
c*
]g Z a kZ ~z Zg e
$g/X F,

HH
X x VuZz Zx~xsZg: !*
x
x`

] Zmz :g {g e k y
~d6,g~g aY oyZXawJZl
z Va %
` W>

!*
V; LZ6'
,z ! V; Y X !6'
,{z
Hc*
Zji
~ x
!*
V ZX g !*
6,gg c*
J
i **
c*
5gzZ c*
Z<
: V; g@*
g @*
~Z
Y
58EX
Hc*
~ Y 1913 i t X c*
{ g
xz xL E
gzZ ~,W~gxsZ ~XY NgP LZ yX
Hc*
h Z~ Y 1948
zgzZ y"yLZg Z~i ~dkZ { Z_
0*
=ZWZk
,
iz
293

w2{ s ~g Z'
,
L L 7Zi X z"
]|V t z ! V; Y X (Riviera) OZQgzZ { g t
ZX N VZ{{~lZ 0*
Y NgyZgzZ:
Z
g Z
/y0
+
i KZ 7Z V Y OZ yy
W t
_g y]z \WY 1926 # 16 Q Xg {0
+
iJ
-w 4 {z V;z X
X ~ **
( San Remo)
G
G
3]b;{
3]
g g Z]
.@*
~y
Wm
LE
~y
W6
LE
]!*
X B: }i
/z ~gc*
WZz +Zz yg Z]
.@*
%kZ c*

~g Z'
,
L L{ c*
i qC
bqC
xsZ z

L L
c*
gx xsZ c*
L L#
x V [fiW
~
{ *
* Zg ~ * x e
$g/'7Z X m
e
$.
~ le
$g/V; }g T x zt X XZ
NZ 19 Zz
yX 0V
$Zgz ) ~g/ 5 )g f]!*
|ZgZ x
#
7Zg y
WX B: ]i YZ vF,
{
y*G]g @*
1 (Tekkiya)
L LK gV
HHvw
7 yZ& Kzt X
x,z 10 Z LOE
Hc*
u {47Z ~
c*
Zg z **
y]ZyC
g xsZ yy%Z
X
kZ B mz k +Z z y
y 2 ( Y 1922 17) mzyZX
Hc*
yZ 8{
294

G
3]L LX
6

LE
Hc*

L L~,WZyY 1922 19
E
G
~g Z'
,
L gLzZ[fZg7 &
H{g6
L [Z8{

zoqzgzVz {zX9g -y-

kZ {z p ~x y-X T e 7
8w
~y
W X T e **
J
-0*
}}"~g7aX&{g[ZX By
& L L- fy*zy Sy*
Y 1924 @*
Y 1918
LG
{z Z c*
VF,
- ` Wq t X g gzi Zg7 )g f V|
J
q
-X n
pg/_
. ~g Z
/
]gzZ_"aV 0*
$E
yZ X )l ~g Z? yZg Z'
,Z~ w; b { c Z `z 0G
g " gzZ H
!*
~ !*
W L Lx **
Z XV Z ! {Zz yZ ~g
/
:yZgzkZX IW~yZy&Zp

Z
}

V Z

B1
C yY
g

*zy x X t 6,y!*
i a a X q ]]g @*

Xg}V*!*
bC

aXx ~V
e
$g/O Q
19 J Z uF, 6,x **
D~i y .x **
x : yZx Z
# ~ xg
" VzgzZ[ZXat]Zg (Zx y
~}g Z Z kZ V q])p` x **
Z'
,
gzZg (Z
295

xzn2~
q0yY~wqC
Z ~g Z'
,
L
L YYbzg
@ **
0*

w g y
WX g t J
-w 2 X Se b
+]
h
.Y 1924 ag 3
Hc*
g Z MZu'
,a kZ & Z
ugI**
8{
sZ L L Zzg Zg Z
)g fZ e
$g/
w
6,}iJ
-; ~y
W ~,z 19 Y 1924 X Z e
E8/5 W@*

Cyj
jZsZ]g Z vZE
X {z
:
HWt Z]kZ *X ~g
gp]gVZZIZ~V
O S "zeO QO Q"zeO S
X
H 0*
,
'
#~ V$~
gzZ * ! f6,! x0Z ]kZ
s~uz X ,7,~ yZy 5a8{]g Z kZ 'x

A a *
{g !*
zVzgyZX+@W`y zu" F
H Z
q
-ZQxsZ gzZ c*
d
$
100 qz#
X}{g !*
z|
# Z KZVzN ~g Z'
,
LL
z~y
WZ Ws{q]qDDyy*Z
hqz]HkZ Z ! WX !*
M
6,w {E
+ Zzg ~y
W[ZX`Y F,y~y
W ?
q ~"6,V!c*
Vt p
pg!%
gg
b &Z KZZhcg Vz Zz Za yZ
/Z%Z @*
7
w kZX $
{ Zg ] Y c*
6,
s@gzZx Z
296

7B; Q
z
H
N Yt Zsn~g Zzg
} (,
g $Vz - c*
.lpgzZB ` Wx ` WX @*
W
>}uZB; X Y ZzZ } (,
t kZX $ Z ZgzZXgz !*
WZg t X c*

!
X gYaJ(,
0
+
i ~g 7aq0
+
iL}G
V~g 2 kZgzZ % Zg X
8yZ t
LZX M
h{0
+
iQkZ Z-
6,Z}
.X 7gz { c*
i
G
g1yZa} zZyZ{ i @*

L/kZ ,B V6c*
-WW qJh
+
X D ZC
u xz0
+Zt ! W X M
h
X} 7,
3t
#~ wZ X
z zgzZ
xg Y 1924 ag 4 c*

Y zg
zkZ ~k
,
$ !*
Mz L L{ ;g ~g uxsZ
~
z kZ x {z ! l X w'~ ]z u0*
yW
Z
] Z u0*
yW
O]zu 0*
yW
gzZ D/
: ~}>
E3G
" z ]z
%NC
5E
Zz X ~g {g ZuZF
!*
@*
D E
G
gWDF,
t ZQX @*
yT{ +ZX
~ { Z_ x S{gq
-Z X 1=
sVzg e V2
X c*
Z{
xi 5 g Y X F
g . 6,} i Zzg ! W L L
N \W3,
g( ) wZgzZ [Y Z=
sC
~ q :Z
297

7Z D]5 y**
Z e3,
g~
X Te
{ Ug 7ZX B|0
+!*
y CZ {z Hc_gzZ H{ W Z
xi 5 m{X :g 6,
Z'
,7Z ~g Z'
,
L LX **

%X ~ g @*
Z^v]~]ggZ H{ W
W X ]Zw6,: wJ ZwkZgzZ Zwmz x`

n
Hc*
VZC
Z6,g6f 7ZX 16,] Z
XD 0*
:~p{z Z'

~ wq kZ e Z kZ wzd ] q
-Z
G
G
g' z
L ztX : ZVz} hPk0*
yZ
}=
g WDuF,
yZ0
+{X ZzyZ f ZgzZ Zz
Z
M gzZ L LV ;g Y c*
Y Z} wg wZ 7Z X 1 ~
+R,
Zza, stX **
YHzCg7Z)g f
ZX ZY 1883'
,
Z 4i WkZ ?CYJ
- g- F,
6,VZ'
,&tX&
+ 0*
~ '
,
g ZD
2 ~T
Hc*
Zq
-Z
: { L X3Z V +R,
X: Zg 2
+
n ~g ZS
n #

]Z ~ Cg X : Zzga Cg +R,
gzZ g Z
~} ]i YZ Z: { L X3Z yZgzZyZ #
w@*
7,Y
y
WX
) !*
.6,a#
,7(Z {z
c*
}wg Z {z @*
Y ot 6,
yZ0
+{ yZx6,VZ'
,&
( ~g Y)X Y: y*zy
298

$Pg @*
( ma)
}wg Z~y
W~g7V 8{
yZVX xsZ
/
%}wg ZX N YWy*zy {zQ c*
Y{ C~
^: gzZ D Y
/
yZQ Zz6,z YW
~^:
L L^4c*
guZz gZ V ~
_" z e
$w~ ^- fV D YWy*zy X Sg
gg Z
'
,
6, =m,
Z q
-g Zgzi +Z X g Zb
&
4)
: G
wY L L[Y Zg s Z cKZg ZuZX @*
Y
x0*
6,)j%#
Z kZ J
-Y 1990 Y 1923 dL L
e
$g/~ F,
(Dntertainment) ~ Y 1923:I
=s W> 6,yZ gzZ h
e 6,V x 6
Zz Y~F,
QgzZ yZ [Z Z (League of Nations)
g$
+ogzZ Zz{ 6)gfe
$g/kZ
299

~~{~, #
{z b}ia~ * ~g7
:N Wt 'g&kZX KI6,
Z
#
D]!*
kZ Z
gzZ6'
, V-

( 1)

:} { CVLZ{ Z'
,
u V;zgzZo Zi W4c*
Zi W
yZ gzZ Vx *O X} V LZ
gzZ WVLZ7Z: ~ { CgzZ H (Z V Zx
X ]i YZp
pg{0
+
ix
V LZZ o
/Z ]!*
kZ

( 2)

Za ]gt i Z ]i YZ p
pg V LZ:gzZ { C
.Z G
" gzZ)Z G$ <}w{z Y
0G
X N Y ,
/{ C ~ {g 3E
E
(Z7Z :w W0m,
+Z~QgzZ l pp
s W}@ kZ b ]i YZ kZC
X ~ 7]i YZ
gzZ6'
,a n 6V Zx[
6,x C ~igz
XgZ

kZa~
qY{g: !*
]ga
X ZX
H{g7eg
]!*
kZ Z
# 0#
Z 8{6

( 3)

pX Y~uz i Z mY: X{z

/Z
&i Z (Freemason Movement)q
-~
@ gzZ V-
.n!
+Z q
-Z (International Freemasonry)~E
300

7yZ0
OE
+{
{yg Z )l p.&
z~T~ Za
0{z gzZ t gZ Z g Z y{WgzZ Z
yZakZ: }u t:wWm,
+ZgzZN Y
i !*
ZW'
,
tVgzC
X 7 ]gzkZ ._
( 88&3:wYg ZuZ ) X x **
c*
o 7Z V ZxuF,~g/{gz6, ~g Z'
,
@*
Hc*

: ZzgCg o\g- Vzr!*

7ZX ~ : ]s
[fZg7~kZXn:Zg yZ q
-c*
}y
# Y 1924 ag 4 X q
Z
-[fgzZ
6,e
$g/ Zg7
~y
WX _
M#
ZD7Z g ZyF,
F,
}Wd
$
g Z
46,
ZgzZw~I]]
#
.
X [ fyuyZX
H {gZ Z X [Y Hz
`xx : Zg ZY +F,
+{z ?~ Zi W !~ Zi W ?5H~$
$
+
$w g [Zp F,
e
{zJ
-yg ZqX gz V yZ {z ! F,
X
\g- Cc*
F,
X
/
-u+F,
J
+uF,
$
X
Hc*
Z6,
x **

Vp~ Z$
+bo {ii
Z {z D~kz7,
vZg e
$g/X @*
Y c*
g Z
g z w}0
+ZgzZg Z`
yZh
X hg: {z ~
LZ Zz LZ
{
g ~,WZyZx~y
WgzZ ,yZ0
+{
: {zg0
+Z 7ZX 7Z'
nwJmz\e g
# b;
301

 Z
x c*
Z ~y
W yZ X c*
ju +p)gf VZ
\W ~ yZX q HZ OZ kcX}g
/~ kc #
|Zg Z
:tkZX ~I,{ ;g
Boulevard Suchet Parice Xvle France. 16th
arrondissement (Arrondissement de passy)

{gz w Y 1944 ~Z 23 yZgz ( Y 1939-45) xk

B ~uz
X ~lp~(,~uzt a~
X ZwZ yZ 7,
* ]EZ ZkZ kZXg: ~ * kZ [Z
kZX v wEZkZ ;~ V1 gzZ~
X n
y` W**
N*
g Z kZkZgzZg zkZ
V Zx~g/)~y
Wb y~y
W
~ {g 7Zy
s !*
X c*
g Z }i
/
P a ~z
G
3
gzZvZ g & 1Z **
xsZ [ZX
HHu {4~ G3 EZ
A
c*
gzZ '!*
t yV Zz *X y6,A VP~y
W
X 7e
$g/
L L#
x Zg
w 0*
wZ
~y
W yZ0
+{ kZ 8{
Z~y
Wt gzZ yw&g Z x **
yZX Z y Y 2009 m27
~y
WVz XKC
!*
g z yZ0
+{
X D7 ~,W
*zy V q
-ZX} q :Z ZgDX 7 ` W
!*
Wg
c*
g ~
g Zg ~ ZP~ Zq
-Z ~y
WX ~ V
302

[Z{ ZP} Z} (,
y{ Zyx gzZ ,
yj
jZ b yw&g Z D7 4Z}uz X y{ WZ
w&g Z X Z i F,
Mi ~ ZPg Zg R
5
y{vZ y Z {
~y
W
tz V)Xk
,
i~c*
7 W{z~Y 1924 Za ~Y 1912y
D 0*
~V-gE- 8g- Z
ZyZ0
+{ g YZC

yZ uF,
@*
ZB q :Z 7Z ( X D Yg D W~
{z V
0
+
i KZ0*
VrZX c*
z Z
Z x yZ0
+{
* LgZz6,
zZyZggq
-Z~ug c*
E( k'
,
60)z9
$~Y 2009m ~g* {zX c*
yZ w97 ,E
g Z
/
B5
Mi ~ ZP~
yg Z q7}g/^ ~ F,
z w Z

Lh8EyZ kZX zg wq ~g yZZ ~ wT#

{ i V Vzg ZD
~ ]i YZ :Zzz s: {
X ~ ]i YZ ~ y*G Z0
+{Zy Z Z yZ 7Z
X
!*
vZX vZx **
g
X
HH I ]: *z g z ?Z
t
.x **
izZ Y+ZgzZ wjZm,

X 1! %VLZgzZ CZyZ
o yz6,
eZf}g X ~^g?`}g Z Zk#
$Zu ~!d
e
$8 g- 5 Zg X
4 7D Z Zt]6,Y
V**
$ X CY Cg 5 uF,
d
yZ L LX CY C
[fd
$! fgzZ d
$! f! fX Z hg{ E
L%
303

gzZ 0
+?+F,
+6,x **
$
~ Zi WgzZ F,
X g} V Zx{gz6,
4$~
.nG
k0*
yZX gzZ {g OZHg OZ EE
X ;g Y wY
yVrZy
s !*
H
Z'
,J
-V- VrZX
z
(lyZgzZ 3V c*
3x {z)g f]gq
-Zo d
?`Hy*Z kZX :
@*
+
$Y ]gg Zz :Zxt
'/
y 0*
X yi L gL -u **

~ }igzZgi yiX
X ) Vc*
c*
Vc*
V Zx xsZ
]Z V ~]Z g ZX 4Z~ 0
+
i yZ6,g
Z L gLzZ
b V- yZ0
+{
}g7 yg Z ] ; ~ ]uc*
g Z X | ~ '
,c*
~ O%Z

Z Y Z ~ Zg t
K
:C
V
yZ {z
/Z M: Lx Z .
Z]uc*
gzZ ]Z
yZ Wt x **
V Zx{ iXXi~ yj
jZX D
] 0g q yZ 6,g CU*
qL LgzZ ) Vc*

Zg tgzZg wz**
Zi2 ivZvZX ^
,6,

a/zzi "sZgzZ ~O%Z Cheryl enardeg

CwL )
L H
q])gzZ yJ y{ yZ/[ yL bz@}g X |
W :Zz 5 Zg kZg Z wEZ V; ~g Z'
,
Z
O[ X 1&
+
e yZx] @*
y 0*
~ ^yZ ~g Z'
,:gz
-8E
-ZV- V- } (,]yZ* mE,G
q
ur
#
304

E
W Z
Z ] Ei4Z {
z ~ TM 'm{
yN
&t Y t Nz {1 ZgX 7{ c*
i M
hY
YN
**
L L{z + Y Z V|i KZ Vz z Vz ZP
7"w J
- x^
,N*
Cc*
?
xm,
gzZ X8 z Y]q~'
,
lWV Zz Zzc*
r ~g Zlm~[ZX 'hg
X D Yy
,@*
ayZyZx
tTX Sg C
{@t @*
W7p7Z 0X
{ n,Z, ZgzZ
?1
)g f kZ X } y- uz g [Zz**
i'/
X D ~g CZQg zc CZ gDV
KZ- kZgzZ {z

' 4z Q d
$z M
m g Zz ; c*
z J
X Z A%K/TwY{z ~g Z'
,
yZgzZ V Zx }g Z Z ([f'/
6,yZ VX szcz m6,gVV- ZgzZ Vz Z
9
yZ D EFx c*
x : C ~i f gzZ S
yZ Zz
3 | 7, V O X CY ~ c*
CY B
D Y Bi ]c*
! f~ ~ 7,
+Z D Y o LZ Z
#
G
3]QX
]gzh
+'
awZziosZ b6
LE
Z
Z LZ J
-odZ 7}g Z Z (o1% [fX Sg7
gzZ ~g ZC
)X g q ]ggzZ ,
305

?H y 0*
X gwEZ"wkZ vvZ [
$Z c*
^ Z Zg Zz { Z "7,
LL
W6,XgzyxzkZgzZ ]Y [ZX (
VzgZ Z du { yZ ~ w @*
g ~g tu
'
,
i
nZ
8z~ V **
kgVzg Z Z z XnY
g
X #
}
.
yZ '~ VjZ ! f K [f5'/
+Z 8 g- m{ X s Z B; e
i
$gzZ Q Z
G
(z Z Z}
.
L )&'a6,
eZ{ E

+Z c*
x Z
/
z6,
G
3] 6 }
X k
,
+wZziV;V Z uF,
5
6
LE
&**
wZzi ~y
W t Z lZ
LE
Pt
a ZzI$ V! X Dx6,t[Z
cg Z" [Z LZgzZ Tg zg 5 Zg w
X$
Y~7$J! xaV Zzg

306

?c*
0*
y 0*
c*
0*
{| (,
aKZkgZy 0*
T e
8Q#
uF,
vZ
,x Zu] }
. Zx Zf 0*

-8E
CG
yZg!*
5Zq E
2:wZ

E
9
3.
, Z ~i g Z E.W Z2/]1Z ?:}
^
- zZ
vZ:F,
!

X @*
x 7iZ LZ{ztS~(
,

yg Z/
X Z~(,
] kZV( !*
#
x Z
H| (,yZdwzZ
# X :x ZgzZ ~
Z wz` ~^/
X W6,
Vvs
X CYw$
+~.6,
pNx ZC
!*
p CpD YZ
# ~Vg /

VgzZ c*
W6,}gzkg Zy 0*
zq
-Z fF,
V/
307

Sh!t X y*F,
mY fyZX H{gz -kg Z} (,} (,

~Z G!YX n
pg m ]YgzZ kg Z VzZX w

7Z h
e {^
,Y gzZ V eY X ;g x - yZ
^#
{F,
~Tq
-ZByZyZgz kZX 5
3 F,
zg QX M ck
,
ib)vxsZgzZwx
wq]g
X g Y7a} ZMg B

-8E2L Ly : V- sg V uF,
CG
t X E
V
YE"
~ y!*
i F,
X g Z)f] G
5;XWZ G
G
0~g 5E
eYX Za ~Y 1961

~ Vzg Z F,
gzZ ! FbZ X 6
-8E
CG
] o o] ]$ D1E:tP E
2L LX g

f_ m] ] ^ D2E 1999 f_ m]
i^u ] n^ D4E 2002 f_ ] n^ D3E 2001
X2012^`j^ n] n] D5E
D ] }

.z oZ yZ X 5Z qL L x **
y}uz
nm] ^m n :sf
] ] ^ _e] ^ r o ^
!^ni o nq Vo^e n] ] ne]
: V Zjsf `g ] }
.yZ yZg !*
L L x **
y}
-Z / r gn_ ^ ^ni nm] ^m
q
X g Z)fg
308

///

-8E
CG
:x E
2

swx Z{z Ve **
lg Z
/q
-Z V 0*
: Za ~Y fgzZx Z @*
g:g~ kgZ sX ,zm{
y
KZ s: TWe} (,} (,ZnV X 0*
4Z DZgx Y fa kZX BY Z j
+Z Vzg Y
m{ V!*
+ZV ~ i kZF,
X Dx Z6,]x
Xcegw

:x 5Zq
gzZ Y [ kg Z \W @*
Wa kZ k0*
\W
~i Z0
+ZiZkg Zyz u0*
F
gtX , Zg~kg ZLZ
| (, aKZ V\WKZp Z
# p D J 7,
7)Yp ZpkZ ~g X ZyEZgzZyj N kgZtX c*
0*
Vzg Zi !*
Ve Igz]!*
-Z6,kZ~%ZX YYc*
q
z
Vzn yZ "
$x Z 0*
X y.6,} (, kZ X ~
# ~ Vg X g r$
Z
+w }g ~ V z yZ X g
X CYw$
+~.6,pNx ZC
!*
p CpD Y
X D
'
,
+'
h
\vZgzZDgV\W

:x yZg !*

309

g Zz p 3g ~}g !*
G
kg Z 0*

xZg Z Z
# ^g7k
,
Z X pNpX Y 7'
,
Z'
, Zz
0!sZ #
gzZLt G
ZX Z k\ZN
q x Z~ 5 Zg c Z
G
c*
l Z kC, Z= 4Z ~g Z
# p7F ` Z
kZvZY
yZX N 4 * C
!*
g\ M X V
HW~
XN ~F,
kgZ
///
?Zt y 0*
\W''/
Ve I]!*
~q
-Z [Z wZkZ ~''
ZV ZyZgzZxi ZZ
# o d6~F,
X
],
z g ZZ yv Z (,
yv gzZ V VrZ
4& kg ZX c*
X c*
6,g7Zg~g7 ]c*
gz x Z G
0E

G
sg x gzZ y * q
-Z x **
Z >uzL L~ kZ
m! J
-V X ~0*
6,J 7,]x ~ TX c*
Zz
Zz**
W W xEx ZF,
zz ZX ~ ~0*
6,J 7,
x Z @*
W7+ (Z ~ o }g7 ` WO D
Vz L L~ ]qyZXn7~ zg <
L z yW
i9])
D YJ 7,xE:~kg ZLgLg~VC
J 7,xE X Z 6, z Vg yZ #
p
xEx Zzz TX ~ VzgZ Z {g#
s]i YZ
310

 yg Z Y 2002 p Z 7,**
#
o r" gzZ ~(,~ yZy
~ Zi W bC
x Z #
yg ZX W~4~ ]qW
p+ gzZgn~ Zi WkZx ZF,` W]vZX ~
kg Z } g W~4~ ]qX ;g VZ {Z
+ ~ Zi WkZ
$Y~uzX cg kg Z Z~(,
+
-Z X Za
q
w{g !*
z~
gz${z D Y J 7,=xE ~ V-gE- #~ o}g7
,~ [Xg7Zg7 ]c*

gz x Zzz ZZ
kZ ~g Z)f KZ ~ ]q, ZX gz gzZg+X
4& kg Z ~ F,
yZd kZ @*
H G
0E
D
G
& kZ :Xn Y c*
~}g!*
kg Zy z u0*
G
00E
X
>z0
+ x\W 6 Za Y f} (,} (, V;z 3g
y 0*
X Za ]7} (, gzg gzZ - xZg Z Y !Z
a kZX +4x kg Z 3g~}g !*
kg Z~
X H]g c*
ikg ZgzZ Wy 0*
?W s Z@ZzH~y 0*
\W''/
yZ 2Z kg Z e 'Y ~ }gz kZ ''
X xEZ Zz Y J 7,~ yZgzZ ZZ [ Zz Y *
c J 7,
4&xEsHe'Yth
zsxE~z* c*
D J 7,G
0E
+'

G
zZgLZ kg ZtVeIs
# z~g7~? CY
6gzZ c*
0*
{e
$.u|zt Z yZ
M F,
kg ZX W
311

4& xE ~ V-gE- x\W

D {g{z D Y J 7,G
0E
G
6,hC
0
+
iX **
2u|z t Z J 7,xEyZX
kgZ VX @*
i Vzuz y
KZ t ZiZ
~ yZ "7,xEZX ZZ dhZ {zX p
! ys~ yZ !*
kgZ V; }g X @*
Y c*
0*
q~
X 7(ZVv:ZX @*
Y*
c J 7,
,gzZ
\W b kg Z Z
# o d6''/
?q V
4& kg ZZ
G
0E
# #
Hf~ 6:''
G
4& kg Z ~ ~0*
Zz LZ6,V X 6,gvgzZ )G
0E
6,
G
xi 5 ~g u~ Yr
# Zz }X Ve **
frq
-Z r
#
Z:7+F,
$
d
wyZX C~Vzh N i Zggz K- e yZX
J 7,7yW
~KVKx Zz!*
kZX 6,)]g e
~ ZVzh N Vr
# x ZqX Y
Y[z`gX D J 7,z J
-x
X D Y ~g q
-Z
V ] wqt X D YVzyLZ! Z! Z a ~}0
+Z
(Z k0*

/Z X ~0*
6,! c*
C 6X C Z
# Zz}X @*
r
Y 1g
/{z C ]g ! ~ T @*
Y tgz
:7= ;gg
/
gZi !*
~ c*
CVrZg !*
-ZXq!*
q
=fZ:7 X ^g e > }ZEZ
A ~X
312

 : D
{zX ;g~ ~6,kZX D
yW

XD c*
~Vzh !*
Vzg Ym
?etbeGxE ` Wx ZF,
/Z''/

} Z pZ J
-Z
# ^ [Z X ]) Z ''
7]i YZ "7,xE J
-
z kZZ}: Vzg Z Z g
X ])ziZ%g D
+
QX C
Vc*
0*
tQ k0*
VI xsZ #
V yZ''/
?t
sp2Z
{zp VzI xsZ #
p
/Z ''
XM
h7sp{z ez!*
2Z }g X $
7
Z w wY q
-Z x **
wjZ uF,u 0*
L L~ y 0*
''/
?}H~}g !*
vZ !*
yZ\W
M F,

~ kg Z Z6, F, r
# vZ :''
g (Z[|ZgZGy Z #$
+!*
gF,
VrZ~ZZX 0*
ZZ
# QX Xqz **
J 7, yZgzZg ZyZ D
Z **
g Z bg L LXK A
$%2Z 6 a
) ) KZ ZZ ~
yZ~ qzX Zsg[6 6 ~ kZX Bq=7Z
u ~(,{z ~ Tce **
~ xsZ }g7 wjZ F,
Zpt
mZ yZ * ! ft ]!*
k\Zp [xJ
z kZX ]iZgzZ}@ BLZuZgzZ k%Z SX

313

kZq X 9g c
eZ #
yg Z q
- vZ ~ F,
#
VyZtzz kZXKib) F,
#

gzZ##
t y kZ H7t #
&K ]]_
X zq
-Z li ~|gt X `Z
/#
g !*
F
Cc*
ag 30 V; }g X
x ZuF,
yZ vZ
: {g !*
z #
yg Z V Z X g ]!*
NZ
;gyg ZaVX Z (,t
H (Z3 Z Z}
.
/ZX
X }7Zuz X
? yDggsx Z''/
Vzg xE x ZF, w} *a ''
X H7 kZ 5(Z Z
# x ZakZX\ gzZxz
saJ 7,xE~ V-gE- F,
}g7 ~ ; }
ZVyZ
z kZv:ZX:Z
+Zig ZD
z~yZgzZ
X [%q
-Z xE~;gE- C
gzZ _Z
+Zi90
xEg v:Z p kZ X 7g ZD
{gG Z
g ~0*
Za Ve I]!*
-Z~p | (,~ w
q
~0*
gzZ ~ Zi Wa kZX {g {z
C a kZ
454XeW}
G
X 7g.
ZZdXg W7{z G
?Ze
S$Z%&ayg Zqg7''/

W(q
-Z Zz
(k#~p9yg Zq''
314

X [{g
awZ {z kZX ~wj (
M F,
kZX
~ ; } kZX [ J W~ #
~
/
%{z
yg ZX BkZe
$6IxsZTHp x
z zg0
+Z @*
X H qz **
x z} (, kZ W#

z~(, yg Z sT]!*
~uzXn 7 Vi z
~ ]) x ZF,
#
yg Z X #
}
. x Z{z ~
z s ~ VzgzZ ! c*
**
V h 0
+Zp **
~g izg" X } y
y CZa ])yZ yg Z q {)z **
: x OZ Z_
qV h~F,

zkZX c*

0*
1~i Z0
+Z W,
} (,
6,
yZgzZ Hq
-Z]Zg
Z X CY Z
j]c*
z ZgzZ @*
Y 3g w V%X h
+ .

` ZC
#
nX gHZ 9: ; aVzgmgzZV% b
yg ZX T e yYzwyg Zqx ZF,
akZX C
WzZ: ; W#
yg Z Z
# Iw {g !*
X HLZ (,u
Vzg Z Z ~g ux F,
X _ VJ
-Z eg ZD
11 [Z Z eg ZD
q
-Z
X g D ]) ~(,x R,
#
yg Z X 4
q
{,[Z Xv5
ag ZD
z~o}g7X '
,
Z'
,
: Xv
X [Zpq
-Z *
*^:
L tZ Vzi X _J
-
ag ZD

X D^6,
i wZ{ Z vd
$F,
zkZ

A ~ $Z Zz Wyg Z q BH\W''/

?Y
315

X Y
A $Z Zyg ZvZY
yZV&~''
?B(Z6,

C\W''/
X ~ ~ Zi W x Z ygZ t zz kZ ''
yg Z bZ X q
-'
,
Z'
,~ ~ Zi Wvx 3g w Z (, ]Zz)
Lg]) VzX b t x Z {z i~(,
~ x kZX f
e p ~ kZ o i } (,} (, : e
X c*
0*
16,kZB ~(, yg Zp$
Y #
yg Z
gzZX Z ~KZ {zpX Z7Xt J
-Z6,g}g7p
/Z
X [xJ
-u~kZ
?c*
qCZx yg Zq''/
z} (, yg Z V [ ~ 6''
; } gzZ Z c*
= X ;g k(,
WBi~(,gzZ H{C
b
PCO q
-Z ~~gzd
%q
-ZX ~0*
6,%1y!*
i~

~~ kZ c*
W Wq
-Z~Z;g]!*
~~~ Hyy
>~ bZX I1 y!*
i L
L 7x\W?g]!*
]!*
0x % e#
yg ZX ~0*
6,
qC
Z
x L L :c*
y ygZ g !*
-Z ox LZ X :
q
X ZZ (,
V(yt X 7Zz**
])
gx
/cs@*
]!*
Z
# 0x kZY
g Z3 ZgaLZ} yt yg ZX C q CZ x X @*
7
316

g66,+ t vuF,
X c*
Zzx ~%}uzX H
7g Z zyZC
X 20x ZF,
x X }g
X Dg Z !*
z x ,Z v V;z X Y Y H
x Z
/
z6,~ y!*
i ] a ~ T
HM
mq
-Z ~ %}
zkZX [x~0*

16,
kZygZg D
+kZX
5#7asZ ygZX gg Z
/0
+
iyj} (,

+
h
X T e9 7ygZ vI
M fgzZ+ ~XX
kZ q
-Z X q 7t V! g7 xsZ yg Z
VgzZ DOV { k
H" ? L L: WZk
,
iz ZuZ yg Z yZgz
]P`
g7q
-Z
H0*
,
'
Zi~* ~g7 X \ yp
~ ]5 F yg Z ?}# p Z yZ WZk
,
iz ZuZ
} (,
#
F,
~zzX Hg66,` F,
LZuZ
X {isp
;ga (
t yg Z BH\W''/
?} WW6IxsZgzZxsZ {z)gfkZ c*

Z LZ {zt S~(,
yg Z''
~(,] kZ V ( !*
X @*
x 7i
Z kZXY: {z&7]!*
+Z Lyg ZX Z
x ZuF,
{zX t} (, g kZx ZF,
akZX c*
3
X igzk0*
kZaT }Y~gz$dzZ
317

**
Z
/
#
yg Zv ZjyZd {F,
''/
?T e**
(ZVY{z? X ZyZT e
##
+Z q
-Z ]!*
~(,
t ! !*
Y ''
aC
{ i Zzg ~ Zi WXgw t gzZ 4~ #
}
.x Z **

VY # yg Z {z 7x5# t |X
[x6,C
ZgzZ D 5 V; ~ V; WZk
,
iz
t ce?
{z 7gkZ ZVyZX 7(Z ]!*
k\ZpD Z
!vZY
yZXN Z[x{g !*
zyg Zx ZF,
X N Y
A ]!*
NZ
~F,
?c*
0*
16,yZd z ~ OZ ygZ''/
?D Y0*
],
{f n
V, Zt:Kx &ygZaikZ''
yZpXq"WzgzZC
~gZ ~ OZ Xq] }
.
Ht x ZuzX {)z yY !*
!*
ZX ~ V1g Z VzhzJ
~Z

CY gZl~(,q
-Z Z
X c*
0*
16,*]g
**
ouTN Vc*
1~(,
~(,
6,
RtZX qz **

g 6~}g !*
F,
Ve I]!*
t V ~ X qz
%Z w ],
{ f]*nF,
X t7]*nV;z
qzx 6,% ]*n #
{X 7zskZ V
X H
?}H~}g !*
Zx
oz7,
LZ\W''/
318

kZX gg
/
yJZ} (,q
-Zyx
"''
H{ #

Zg t
K t* ! ftq
-Z :[Zz
9 7L~g ZM ZVzI xsZ {zgzZ X Y Wg Z MZu'
,
I xsZ
V gZ MZp Zg6,kZ {z ;gx OV{ k
H" X T e
e
$g/#
%g~^ X 7wJyZ {zk0*

58 %X ]!*
NZ s g!*
~ g @*
!^gzZ W~z)g f

M= se#
+
%z!*
kZ X c*
W~g Z MZ ^zz
X :x ZgzZ ~
Z wz` ~^X c*
qz **
x CZ
]!*
6,x
X W6,Vvs #
x Z
H| (,yZd wz Z
#
7ZX g 7p ~x Ox
* ! fzz Z g
! fX **
oyZk
,
Zzz ~uz X I xsZ Zz x
~
/]g z O~ x
tzz ~X , 7gz$LyZk
,
Z
gz$gZ {z g YA~gZ z[
F,
Xgz$F,
@*
g ~g Y
T7],
{f n~x
Ve **
Zt~zz a X
{yx
6,Vz
CyZXV;ZpZ V;z {zgzZ * ! f
X :
K ~
/c

319

$&b)&
&b)yZ @*
x Y H_ g @*
F,
iZ bT VrZX &z b)}g t Z E
L j8L L
7K7Z t Z L LX X $& kZ H
]gzpV- h +R,
')C
bP F,
F,
X D
% i X K rZ 6,( {)z V0*
,
k
!Z ekZ ' ~k
,
LG
X,% Z eq
-Z6,
x lZVt ZgzZb)'
g Z MZ La'
,~ ] yg Z +Z *Z~Y 1995I xsZF,
~0*
6,
Kg 0*
{ g
) ) yZ
ZyZ ` ~Y 1996p W
L LQ gzZ Kg 0*
x L L 7~ g ZM Z {z Z
# kZ X ~
` uF,
X _ ~0*
6,
yZ A
$Xgx x **
Kg 0*
s
#
g Z MZ i~h WT ZH{g Z Zq
-Zx **
kgKgcDL L
~i Z0
+Z gzZ^VzIxsZtX B
bg~B; LZ ` uF,
D WVMyZxq
-ZV}g c*
Mg X :
320

E
5_WS W
34G
uF,
@*
Z w c*

gzZ Z[k
,
a G
5ONz~ Zz V G
V {g Z Z (Z ~ i Z0
+Z uF,
@*
Z VrZ X , Va yZ
Xgx **
1
Kg 0*
L L D W:Zz ~ yZy yT 5 ygZ f *Z
VzI xsZ6,~0*
a kZ X ~Z
+ ~0*
Q~ Y 2001 6,T
3 Zg Za LZ a
b) yg Z qyZ f q
-Z ~
yZgzZ
HWsb):&{z i
Cb)Z
# X H
:gzZ e ~0*
6,kZ : J
- ` Wq ! x +Z ~ i
X XBkZx Z
yZ ! f6,
1kZgzZ ` X Z (,

VF,
I
Z ` yg ZX`{ F,
k
yZgzZ D m
V**
sZ
~g Y^S X V Z O + V [fg Ztu c*
s Zz F,
L LO Kg 0*
c*
] Xx **

) ) KZ kZ X 3g
@x |g0
+Zx **
kZpX B
bg Vg 0*
x **
(ZX 3g Kg 0*
{z VzI xsZ gzZ q z ] XZ 6, x Z
c*

g sZX Be
$ VF,
nxg c*
+ " +
~z* z X **
C
Z
s ZgzZ F,
kZ x Zn
{ Z'
,
u
ZZ kZ%$
+x **
sX s ZuIzgzZ 6,RC
gzZ F,
b
[fF,
aV.g LZB% ib):} (,&:gzZ
kZX ~
g~c~g YBV+ ~o {i
321

Dg Dz q
-Z 8 y
KZ Z
# @*
Y 7;g%b Z $;f
Hx **
(Z O}IgzZx **
sZ eAC
sq
-Z
?}ft V.g LZ s~uzp}:z
Z'
,[fgzZx
G8Na F, x ZgzZ o
Vzuz gzZ pgzZ **
Y E
: L sZ e^zg~ F,
: {gWX **
s Z Z
/
,Y**
^
D Z":gzZ$~W c*
} bz
h
e vZ n VE!*
KZ6,x IZ **

gzZ }lg \
-ZgzZ x g0
q
+Z x **
-Z !gX}c_ Y" kZ O
q
-yZ~E
F,
i W [fgzZ ` X| x gZEX=G
{ c*
i]YZy
ZX 2~ yZd +F,
+o -1 : &b)~EZ
$
X x ~ga LX D 0*
: wz ] -2X WgzZ
]Z$
+-3X: kZx ZgzZ Y: LBZZ
)lg \^
,Y**
X
Z$
+ bC
~kZX 3g^eg0
+ZVF,
}uF,
: +Znc*
+nX $
$]gV
X: Zgx ~
:x **
xsZ Dg (Z3 ZgVrIx yg Zq
s Zz wgzZ ~g Z0
+ZZzx XK ZzV26,

C}g x p 1
~ uzg ]Z% ~i q
Z Xb Ug ]YZy
Z ~gz)B bZ

Z Z X c*
J 7,$Y0:% 7Z ZY ZgizX I
a yy LX Q7wVkZ ~g Zz Z* c*
rz
Z]g
322

 OZ x ZXK **
2Z Ja yy **
gzZ yZ ]Z%gzZ Vp
X 6,
V- :Zz O{z, hkZ
c*
g\W *
c J (,
JZg F %X
H sp~ P oP }g ~ V g e s
hvypgzZgpt (Z pZ * Z WX Z96,V 0*
LZ
~!Zx CF,
X ;g ah
en
Z e[g Z 0*
F,
{g Z Z
Y 2011Y 2003X 5026^g7*ZX W~
w]c*

60 ]U*
q T y} z Z
a 13500 J
7g XI~ {z V-X
Hc*
l c*
jX
j[gX
C
Hc*
t34 t7.5 P X YYH
*V; Z$
+VzX
Hc*
g Up~A ;gE- "
CZ VzI xsZbZ
Vgz
KZ ~
Cax uF,

F,
{z 1 VF,
X W V\WKZ ~pVX 1 7Z
Vzga ]gzZ Z$
+S^zgC
bq~ { Zg s ZgzZ
6,5 Zg xsZ l{ c*
xsZ {z e X, B yg Z~
Z
4c*
g1 +F,
! Zj5Z Z t 4c*
g^ yg ZXg
iW$gzZ 0Z]
! xXwzx3,
Zj**
X
{zce **
i ( Z V# Mt kZ $
~g ~g7X N YZ c*
, hg3 Zg c*
O>WgzZ(,
+'
h

\~x O Z9s LZyZ c*

Z9s yZ
323

X . ~ }g !*
Zz t gzZ .lp~ }g !*
LZX Y ;g
V;z :Zz { ^
,Y )
.
c*
{ i Z0
+Z ZZ KZX Y
X Zqz^V
t 4c*
g {zyZa #
}
.x Zt ]!*
Z ~uz pg c*
) f { z
c*
gX hsZgzZ yZ N Y Z
]1~
CgzZ
\WQX g {w x ZgzZ yT zg }~g7 Vc*
g Z
pi Z xsZB\WvN : c*
N {B: c*
Bx **
xsZ
CZZ {z N~} ],
Zx ZyZ \WAQX ,
XN YD Wn

yZ Xce xg Z s gzZB; s V.g Ot $~y

W
4hI!gzZo Z-G
{P{z CZa OZ (Z~x Z~gz] <XE
$c*

v @*
YW
z {zX Dy!*
yWgzZ yYX {

B
c*
g~gagq
-ZwZ
M c*
` Zy
c*
Bzgq
-Z
Zzh
e gzZ Zz t Zz UX Bko xsZgzZ ~g Z
u 0*
VrI Xg**
, Zz ]ggzZ lg \X D Y0 Zz
x ~ Z$
+,g Z * s} {z @*
ce **
s
:
X [ g
/ kZ }pYg akZ6,{ 1 kZkZ OE
-Zx ZgzZ ~ Vg 6,"0
q
+!*
z6, LZ g Cc*
gzZ { Z'
,
u
/Z
X D Yg pp6,
"0
+!*

dZ $ Zz $c*
[AZ Z g ! % ~g ! nZ
324

A bgzi Z6,gz ])iz b) C x ZgzZ g

$&{z 'z + ZgzZ @*
Y c*
6,+C
b}uz
X X}@xzbq
-I
%N~X} y~b)4Z t Z E
xsZuG
L j8LtL H
: t Z L LtHQ ?} y ]{ c*
i I
x * kZ ? H ! x }uz: f
e $ V **
KZ
z 6,k
,
VgzZ D 2Z @ D 7 ] Z
:
Hc*
yZTy @
X $
+:
qKZ {zJ
-Z
# m$
+7
qx \vZgzZ L L

h]^e ] ] =]

325